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LIBRARY 

OF  THE 


MASSACHUSETTS 

AGRICULTURAL 

COLLEGE 


SOURCE..  Q^ 

496 
— —     v,l 


v.l 


DATE  DUE 

CARO 


University  of  the  State  of  New  York 


New  York  State  Museum 


Frederick  J.  H.  Merrill  Director^  TT*T?  A  T^'NT'-       ♦" 

HARS11913 


Bulletin  47      September  1901 


AQUATIC  INSECTS  IN  THE  ADIRON 

A  study  conducted  at  the  Entomologic  field  station,  Saranac  Inn  N.  Y.  under  the  direction  of 
Ephraim  Porter  Felt  D.Sc.  State  entomologist- 


JAMES  G.  NEEDHAM  Ph.D. 

Professor  of  biology,  Lake  Forest  university, 

AND 

CORNELIUS  BETTEN  M.A.  Assistajit 


PAGE 

Preface 383 

Part  I     Introductory:  the   undertak- 
ing,   location,    objects,  methods 

and  results 384 

Part  2     Life   of  Little   Clear  creek  400 

Part  3     Insect  life  histories 410 

Plecoptera 412 

Ephemerida 418 

Odonata...... 429 

Neuroptera 540 

Trichoptera,  by  Cornelius  Bet- 
ten 561 


Part  3     Insect  life  histories  (iT^K^V)     page 

Diptera 573 

Notes  on  other  orders 582 

List  and  two  new  species  of  saw- 
flies,   by  A.  D.  Macgillivray  584 
Original  descriptions  of  new  Dip- 
tera, by  D.  W,  COQUILLETT 585 

Descriptions  of  five  new  parasitic 
Hymenoptera,  by  W.  H.    AsH- 

MEAD 586 

Explanation  of  plates 590 

List  of  text  illustrations 597 

Index 599 


ALBANY 

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University  of  the  State  of  New  York 

REGENTS 
With  years  of  election 

1874  Anson  Judd  Upson    L.H.D.     D.D.     LL.D. 

Chancellor^  Glens  Falls 

1892  William  Croswell  Doane    D.D.     LL.D. 

Vice- Chancellor,  Albany 

1873  Martin  I.  Townsend    M.A.     LL.D.         -  -        Troy 

1877  Chauncey  M.  Depew     LL.D.        _        _  _        _  New  York 

1877  Charles  E.  Fitch    LL.B.     M.A.     L.H.D.  -        Rochester 

1877  Orris  H.  Warren     D.D.      -        -        -  -        -  Syracuse 

1878  Whitelaw  Reid     M.A.    LL.D.        -        -  _        New  York 
1881  William  H.  Watson    M.A.     M.D.        _  _        _  Utica 
1881  Henry  E.  Turner           -        -        -        -  -        Lowville 
1883  St  Clair  McKelway     M.A.  L.H.D.  LL.D.  D.C.L.    Brooklyn 
1885  Daniel  Beach    Ph.D.     LL.D.      -         _  _        _  Watkins 
1888  Carroll  E.  Smith     LL.D.      _        _        _  _        Syracuse 
1890  Pliny  T.  Sexton    LL.D.      _        _        _  ^        -  Palmyra 
1890  T.  Guilford  Smith    M.A.  C.E.  LL.D.     -  -        Buffalo 

1893  Lewis  A.  Stimson     B.A.    LL.D.  M.D.  -          New  York 
1895  Albert  Vander  Veer     Ph.D.  M.D.          -  .  -        Albany 
1895  Charles  R.  Skinner    M.A.  LL.D. 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  ex  officio 
1897  Chester  S.  Lord    M.A.  LL.D.     _        _        _        -  Brooklyn 
1897  Timothy  L.  Woodruff    M.A.  Lieutenant-Governor,  ex  officio 

1899  John  T.  McDonough  LL.B.  LL.D.  Secretary  of  State,  ex  officio 

1900  Thomas  A.  Hendrick  M.A.  LL.D.    _        _        -         Rochester 

1901  Benjamin  B.  Odell  jr     LL.D.    Governor,  ex  officio 

1901  Robert  C.  Pruyn    M.A.         -        -        -        -        -  Albany 


secretary 

Elected  by  regents 

1900  James  Russell  Parsons  jr    M.A. 

directors  of  departments 

1888  Melvil  Dewey    M.A.  State  library  and  Home  education- 
1890  James  Russell  Parsons  jr    M.A. 

Administrative,  College  and  High  school  dep''ts 
1890  Frederick  J.  H.  Merrill   Ph.D.  State  tnuseum 


University  of  the  State  of  New  York 


New  York  State  Museum 

Bulletin  47    September  1901 

AQUATIC  INSECTS  IN  THE  ADIRONDACKS 

PREFACE 

The  following  account  presents  in  part  the  results  obtained  by  a  close 
study  of  aquatic  insects  in  one  locality.  Saranac  Inn  proved  an  excep- 
tionally favorable  place  for  investigations  of  this  character,  and  the  labor 
of  two  earnest,  enthusiastic  workers  made  the  entomologic  field  station  a 
very  successful  institution.  Only  10  weeks  in  the  field  sufficed  for  work- 
ing out  in  more  or  less  detail  the  life  histories  of  about  100  species,  the 
discovery  of  10  new  species  and  two  new  genera,  and  for  material 
additions  to  the  list  of  insects  known  to  occur  in  the  state.  The  bred 
Chironomidae,  the  material  representing  the  suborder  Zygoptera  of  the 
dragon  flies  and  the  collection  of  fish  stomachs,  which  have  not  been 
included  in  this  report,  should  give,  when  worked  up  next  year,  a  large 
number  of  additional  interesting  and  valuable  facts. 

This  work,  even  when  all  available  data  are  brought  together,  does 
not  complete  the  desirable  investigations  along  this  line.  Dr  Needham's 
report,  though  thorough  so  far  as  it  goes,  is  largely  of  a  preliminary 
nature  and  will  prove  an  excellent  basis  for  subsequent  work.  It  is 
physically  impossible  to  do  more  than  this  with  10  weeks  in  the  field. 
The  solving  of  the  complex  interrelations  existing  between  the  various 
aquatic  forms  requires  persistent  efforts  extending  through  a  number 
of  seasons,  and  the  results  thus  obtained  should  be  verified  by  studies  in 
other  localities.  This  is  a  large  field  requiring  the  serious  attention  of 
the  botanist  and  zoologist,  using  these  terms  in  the  general  ^ense,  and 
the  practical  value  of  these  studies  can  not  be  fully  available  till  such  an 
investigation  is  made  along  broad  and  comprehensive  lines.  A  study  of 
this  character  could  be  conducted  at  a  comparatively  small  outlay,  and 
would  prove  of  great  benefit  to  fish  culture,  and  should  result  in  the  rear- 
ing  of  many  more  fish  in  the  fresh  waters  of  New  York  state. 

E.  P.  Felt 

State  efitomologist 


39728 


384  NEW  YORK   STATE  MUSEUM 

Part  I 
INTRODUCTORY 

THE  UNDERTAKING,  LOCATION,  OBJECTS,  METHODS  AND  RESULTS 

"  To  collect  and  study  the  habits  of  aquatic  insects,  paying  special 
attention  to  the  conditions  necessary  for  the  existence  of  the  various 
species,  their  relative  value  as  food  for  fishes,  the  relations  of  the  forms 
to  each  other,  and  their  life  histories"  :  such  were  the  instructions  under 
which  I  went  to  Saranac  Inn,  to  take  charge  of  the  opening  session  of 
the  entomologic  field  station.  Arrangements  had  been  previously  made 
with  state  entomologist  Dr  E.  P.  Felt,  that  the  session  should  extend  from 
June  15  to  August  20.  I  arrived  at  Saranac  Inn  on  the  evening  of  June 
12,  and  at  once  began  looking  the  ground  over.  Dr  Felt  came  on  the 
14th,  and  spent  the  day  with  me  canvassing  the  situations  to  be  studied. 
My  assistant,  Cornelius  Betten,  arrived  on  the  15th,  and  the  regular  work 
of  the  session  was  at  once  begun,  to  be  continued  without  cessation  to  the 
date  of  closing. 

Through  the  courtesy  of  the  New  York  state  fisheries,  game  and  forest 
commission  the  station  was  furnished  with  working  quarters  in  the  hatch- 
ery building,  and  was  allowed  the  use  of  parts  of  the  hatchery  equipment, 
not  then  otherwise  needed.  There  were  three  very  considerable  advan- 
tages to  our  work  in  this  arrangement :  i)  the  use  of  several  hatching 
troughs  with  their  continuous  supply  of  well  aerated  water  for  insect 
breedings,  2)  the  use  of  a  carpenter's  bench  and  tools  for  the  construc- 
tion of  special  breeding  cages,  3)  the  use  of  a  boat  for  collecting. 

We  were  soon  supplied  with  a  special  equipment  for  the  collecting  and 
rearing  of  aquatic  insects,  that  was  excellently  adapted  to  our  needs,  and 
without  which  the  work  hereinafter  recorded  could  not  have  been  done. 
Our  sincere  thanks  are  due  Dr  Felt  for  his  care  in  providing  exactly  the 
apparatus  asked  for.  Save  for  the  first  10  days,  during  which  we  were 
unable  to  find  living  quarters  within  2  miles  of  our  field  of  operations,  we 
had  the  still  farther  great  advantage  of  close  proximity  to  good  collect- 
ing grounds. 

The  season  was  one  of  excessive  rainfall.  The  first  week  of  the  session 
and  the  last  one  were  comparatively  dry;  but,  for  the  remainder,  it  was 
raining  more  than  a  third  of  the  time.  Thus  collecting  was  greatly  inter- 
fered with,  sweeping  of  vegetation  was  almost  prevented,  trap  lanterns  were 
flooded  night  after  night  and  their  catch  spoiled,  and  regularity  in  field 
operations  was  made  impracticable. 

The  routine  work  of  the  station  consisted  in  collecting  and  studying 
aquatic  insects  in  all  their  stages  of  development,  in  conducting  feeding 


AQUATIC   INSECTS   IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  385 

experiments,  in  making  quantitative  studies  of  the  life  of  certain  situations, 
in  gathering  the  materials  for  the  study  of  the  natural  and  habitual  food 
of  trout,  bullfrogs,  and  some  of  the  larger  species  of  dragon  flies,  in  run- 
ning trap  lanterns  and  sending  their  nightly  catch  to  the  state  museum,  etc. 
Besides  three  official  visits  made  by  Dr  Felt  during  the  course  of  our 
session,  our  station  was  visited  for  a  week  or  more  at  a  time  by  three 
scientific  friends,  who,  while  there,  participated  in  our  operations,  and, 
while  collecting  for  themselves,  gathered  also  valuable  materials  and 
information  for  us.  These  were  Louis  W.  Swett  of  Maiden  Mass.,  H.  N. 
Howland  of  Austin  111.,  and  Dr  O.  S,  Westcott  of  Chicago,  It  is  a 
pleasure  to  acknowledge  the  assistance  gratuitously  rendered  by  these 
gentlemen. 

Biologic  features  of  the  locality 

As  is  well  known,  the  Adirondack  region  of  northeastern  New  York 
is  an  extensive  area  of  forest,  having  an  average  elevation  of  about  1800 
feet.  Its  eastern  half  is  covered  with  a  succession  of  low  mountain 
ranges,  whose  general  n  n  e-s  s  w  trend  is  indicated  on  the  accompanying 
map  (map  i)  by  the  trend  of  the  streams  which  occupy  the  narrow 
valleys  between  them.  The  western  half  is  a  region  of  lakes  and  swamps 
and  bogs,  with  scattered  mountains  and  hills  and  ridges. 

Map  I  shows  the  principal  streams  that  participate  in  the  drainage  of 
the  Adirondack  region,  the  principal  lakes,  and  some  of  the  mountains. 
It  will  be  observed  that  the  lake  region  of  the  Adirondacks  is  drained 
principally  through  Racket  river  into  the  St  Lawrence. 

Saranac  river  is  the  only  one  on  the  Champlain  side  that  drains  any 
considerable  part  of  the  lake  country.  Our  station  at  Saranac  Inn  was 
at  the  head  of  the  Saranac  drainage  system.  Map  2  shows  the 
immediate  field  of  our  operations.  As  stated  above,  the  hatchery  was 
our  working  headquarters.  We  did  more  collecting  from  Little  Clear 
creek  right  on  the  hatchery  grounds  than  from  any  other  equal  water 
area,  and  obtained  more  material  of  value  there  than  in  all  other  places 
combined.  More  or  less  regular  collecting  was  done,  however,  from  the 
three  propagating  ponds.  Little  Clear,  Little  Green  and  Bone,  and  from 
Little  Bog  pond,  southwest  of  the  railroad  station.  Two  collecting  trips 
were  made  to  each  of  the  following  places :  Colby  pond,  at  the  western 
outskirts  of  the  village  of  Saranac  Lake;  Stony  brook,  just  north  of 
Axtonj  and  St  Regis  pond,  at  the  end  of  the  carry  from  Little  Clear, 
The  mornings  and  evenings  of  the  first  week  of  the  session  were  spent 
gathering  material  about  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Clear,  or  Big  Clear  at 
Otisville. 


386 


NEW  YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 


Map  1    Drainage  map  of  tlie  Saranac  region 
Lakes:    1  Raquette  ;    2  Long  ;    3  Tupper  ;   4  Ne-ha-sa-ne  ;    5  Cranberry;   6  Upper  Saranac  ;   7  St  Regis  ;    S  Rain 
^°:?^i<;L™MUl^eT&s'aranac  Junction;    c  Saranac  Lake  ;    d  Lake  Placid  :   e  Saranac  Inn  ;    /Tupper  Lake 
^  muntains  /^rnVhiteface ;  n  Marcy  (Tahawus) ;  o  Seward ;  p  Boot  Bay  ;  q  St  Regis 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE   ADIRONDACKS  387 

Saranac  Inn  is  very  near  the  Champlain- Ontario  divide,  on  a  sandy, 
undulating  mountain  upland  in  the  midst  of  almost  unbroken  forest. 
Round  about  it  are  numerous  lakes,  ponds,  bogs  and  clear,  slow  flowing 
streams,  with  here  and  there  a  low  ridge  built  on  outcropping  gneiss,  or 
a  sharply  rising,  densely  wooded  hill.  There  is  more  of  sand  and  less 
of  rock,  more  of  water  area  and  less  of  mountain,  than  in  most  places  in 
the  Adirondacks;  and  the  descent  of  the  streams  is  much  more  gentle. 

The  forests  are  composed,  as  elsewhere,  mainly  of  hemlock  and  balsam, 
beech,  yellow  birch  and  maple,  pine  and  spruce  having  been  mainly 
removed  by  lumbering,  and  oaks  and  our  cemmon  nut-bearing  trees  never 
having  been  present  in  the  Adirondack  woods.  In  the  drier  and  denser 
parts  of  the  woods,  where  there  is  little  undergrowth,  the  hobblebush. 
Viburnum  alni folium  Marsh.,  spreads  its  broad  leaves  on  strag- 
gling branches  to  catch  the  scanty  sunlight,  while  Indian  pipe, 
Monotropa  uni flora  Linn,  star  flower,  Trientalis  ameri- 
cana  Pursh,  rattlesnake  plantain,  Peramium  pu  bescens  (Willd.) 
MacM.,  Indian  cucumber  root,  Medeola  virginiana  Linn.,  the 
yellow  Clintonia,  C 1  i n  t  0 n  i a  borealis  Linn.,  the  dwarf  Smilacina, 
Vagnara  tri folia  (L.)  Morong,  several  pretty  species  of  ground 
pine,  Lycopodium,  and  innumerable  mushrooms  spring  from  the 
loose  leaf  mold.  Recently  burned  tracts  are  mainly  in  the  possession 
of  the  bracken  fern,  Pteris  aquilina  Linn.,  the  fireweed, 
Chamaenerion  angustifolium  (Linn.)  Scop.,  poplars  and  wild 
cherry.  In  wet  places  in  the  woods  occur  stemless  lady's  slippers,  C  y  p  r  i  - 
pedium  acaule  Ait.,  in  the  shadows,  and  in  the  openings  grow  cin- 
namon fern,  Osmunda  cinhamomea  Linn.,  and  clumps  of  the 
red  elder  berry,  Sambucus  pubens  Mx.,  which  in  midsummer, 
when  the  fruit  is  scarlet,  are  strikingly  beautiful.  In  the  bogs  the  trees 
are  balsam  and  tamarack  in  nearly  clear  patches;  the  shrubs  are  mainly 
Labrador  tea.  Ledum  groenlandicum  Oeder,  small  cranberry^ 
Oxy  coccus  oxycoccus  (Linn.)  MacM.,  lambkill,  Kalmia 
angustifolia  Linn,  and  the  pale  laurel,  Kalmia  glauca  Ait.; 
the  herbs  are  mainly  the  universal  sphagnum,  the  cotton  grass,  Erio- 
phorum  sp.?,  the  sundew,  Drosera  rotundi  folia  Linn.,  the 
swamp  five-finger,  Comarum  palustre  L.,  and  a  variety  of 
orchids.  The  more  strictly  aquatic  plants  will  be  mentioned  in  connec- 
tion with  the  situations  in  which  they  grew,  and  where  studies  were 
made  of  the  insect  fauna.  But  I  should  not  omit  to  mention  in  passing 
that  the  exposed  banks  by  every  roadside  were  covered  with  mats  of 


388 


NEW  YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 


V    -  ^  ■ 


Map  2    Saranac  Inn  and  immediate  vicinity 

Lakes  and  ponds :    1  St  Regis  pond ;    2  Grass  pond ;   3  Lake  Clear  ;   4  Little  Clear  pond ;  5  Little  Green  pond  ; 
1  Bone  pond ;  7  Rat  pond  ;  8  and  9  Little  Bog  ponds  ;  10  Upper  Saranac  Lake 
Places:    a  Saranac  Inn  railroad  station ;  b  Adirondack  hatchery  ;  e  the  sawmill ;  d  the  Inn 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  389 

mosses,  mainly  Polytrichium,  and  bunchberry,  C  o  rn  u  s  cana- 
densis Linn.,  and  the  latter  were  very  pretty,  when  covered  with 
white  bracts,  as  in  June,  or  when  covered  with  scarlet  berries,  as  in 
August. 

Propagating  ponds.  Since  the  three  ponds  reserved  by  the  state 
for  fish-propagating  purposes  were  the  scene  of  our  principal  field 
studies,  a  few  words  concerning  their  character  may  best  be  said  here. 

Bone  pond  is  quite  small,  as  our  map  will  show,  is  hidden  in  deep 
woods,  and  is  accessible  only  by  a  "  carry  "  from  Little  Green.  It  has 
gently  sloping  banks  round  about,  there  being  no  outlet,  the  hemlocks  of 
the  woods  come  down  near  to  the  shore,  and  there  is  not  the  usual  fringe 
of  tamaracks  outside  the  sphagnum  moss  which  thinly  fringes  its  banks, 
but  the  sphagnum  is  grown  full  of  lambkill  and  other  small  heaths. 
The  sphagnum  ends  in  shallow  water  and  is  followed  by  a  zone  of 
sedge,  Dulichium.  arundinaceum  (L.)  Britton,  and  manna 
grass,  Panicularia  sp.?  In  the  deeper  water,  but  not  forming  a 
continuous  zone  except  for  short  distances,  are  stretches  of  yellow  water 
lilies,  Nymphaea  advena  Soland.,  and  a  species  of  bur  reed  with 
very  long  stem  and  leaves,  the  latter  not  rising  from  the  surface,  but 
lying  flat  and  directed  generally  off  shore,  Sparganium  simplex 
angusti folium  (Mx.)  Englm.?  In  the  more  open  places  along 
shore  a  species  of  pipewort,  Eriocaulon  septangulare  Wither., 
was  observed  growing  abundantly,  and  extending  out  into  deeper  water 
by  a  succession  of  stolons,  which  rooted  readily  to  the  white  sand  of  the 
bottom.  Among  these  lay  loosely  small  masses  of  moss  and  filamentous 
algae.  In  such  places  the  sieve  net  brought  up  from  the  bottom, 
where  they  were  beyond  view  and  almost  beyond  reach  of  the  net, 
besides  the  pipewort,  moss  and  algae,  great  quantities  of  empty  caddis 
fly  cases  of  the  species  described  in  the  following  account  of  that  group 
by  Mr  Betten  as  no.  2,  p.  572,  and  also  the  loose,  flocculent  cases  of 
blood  worms  (larvae  of  gnats,  Chironomidae) ;  but  the  larvae  of  the 
gnats  themselves  were  not  found  except  in  the  stomachs  of  the  brook 
trout  which  lived  in  this  pond,  and  in  these  they  were  abundant.  The 
burrowing  nymphs  of  dragon  flies,  Gomphus,  were  also  common 
here,  where  they  burrow  along  under  the  thin  layer  of  silt  that  covers  the 
sand.  They  seemed  to  escape  the  trout.  Among  the  sedges  and  grasses 
nearer  shore  other  dragon  fly  nymphs  and  caddis  fly  larvae  were  also 
abundant. 

This  pond  was  farther  from  headquarters  than  were  any  of  the  other 
situations  in  which  we  planned  field  studies.     We   did  not  visit  it  till 


39P  ^'EVV  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

August,  and  we  went  to  it  then  only  because  it  offered  an  exceptionally 
good  opportunity  for  the  study  of  the  insect  food  of  the  brook  trout. 

Little  Green  pond  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water  half  a  mile  long  and 
nearly  as  wide,  with  steeper  banks  that  are  nearly  destitute  of  aquatic 
vegetation,  excepting  in  the  little  bay  on  the  north  shore,  and  with  a 
bottom  of  clean  white  sand.  The  vegetation  of  the  bay  is  somewhat 
similar  to  that  of  Bone  pond,  with  the  addition  of  the  white  water  lily, 
Castalia  odorata  ( Dryand.)  Woodv.  &  Wood.  Wintergreen, 
Gaultheria  procumbens  Linn.,  and  twin  flower,  Linnea 
b  o  r  e  a  1  i  s  Linn.,  and  the  pretty  little  Dalibarda  repens  Linn.,  as 
well  as  big  tufts  of  the  lichen  commonly  known  as  "  reindeer  moss," 
occupy  the  dry  and  abruptly  sloping  south  shore.  Little  Green  is  not  a 
trout  pond.  Frequent  plantings  of  fry  have  resulted  in  nothing.  Little 
collecting  was  done  there,  for  it  seemed  very  barren  of  insect  life. 

Little  Clear  pond  (pi.  i,  2)  is  nearly  a  mile  and  a  half  long,  a  mile  wide, 
and  is  said  to  be  in  places  more  than  a  hundred  feet  deep.  It  is  worthy 
of  a  more  pretentious  name.  Owing  to  irregularities  of  contour,  it  has  a 
very  long  shore  line,  that  varies  in  character  according  to  the  inclination  of 
the  adjacent  slopes.  Conditions  have  been  somewhat  disturbed  here 
within  recent  years  by  the  building  of  a  dam  at  its  outlet,  that  has  raised 
the  water  several  feet,  and  caused  it  to  encroach  on  the  surrounding 
timber,  which  now  stands  dead  along  the  shore.  Aquatic  shore  vegeta- 
tion is  not  abundant  except  in  a  few  places.  Two  places  were  selected 
in  Little  Clear  for  more  or  less  regular  collecting,  the  bay  in  Blueberry 
island  near  the  west  shore,  and  the  outlet. 

Blueberry  island  is  a  small  sandy  spit  of  burned-over  land,  now 
covered  with  a  thin  growth  of  poplar  trees,  with  broad  mats  of  moss  and 
lichen,  with  extensive  clumps  of  blueberries,  and  with  other  clumps  of 
Labrador  tea  overhanging  its  shores,  specially  in  the  bay.  The  banks 
are  strewn  with  decaying  trunks  of  fallen  hemlocks,  and  in  the  narrow 
channel  between  the  island  and  the  hill  to  the  westward  dead  trunks  are 
still  standing  in  water  of  considerable  depth.  The  water  is  shallow  for  a 
little  distance  in  the  bay,  and  contains  a  sparing  growth  of  aquatics,  such 
as  yellow  and  white  water  lilies,  sedges,  and  cat-tails.  Not  a  great  many 
species  of  insects  were  collected  from  this  bay,  but  some  of  these  were 
exceedingly  abundant;  as,  Chauliodes  rastricornis.,  and 
species  of  Gomphus  and  of  T e tragoneuria. 

The  outlet  of  Little  Clear  pond  offered  considerable  variety  of  situa- 
tion in  small  compass.  Its  east  shore  was  strewn  with  logs  so  thickly  as 
to  be  difficult  of  access  with  a  boat  except  next  the  lake,  where  was  a 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE   ADIRONDACKS  391 

low  hummock  of  land  covered  with  cat-tails.  Behind  this  hummock  was 
a.  shallow  stretch  of  water  in  which  we  did  some  most  profitable  collect- 
ing. The  bottom  here  had  once  been  dry  land,  and  was  covered  mainly 
with  fragments  of  bark  and  twigs,  but  it  was  the  home  of  numerous  caddis 
fly  larvae,  particularly  those  with  cases  of  stick  chimney,  or  cobhouse 
type,  and  of  the  nymphs  of  the  fine  May  fly,  Siphlurus  alter- 
n  a  t  u  s  Say.  The  west  shore  of  the  outlet  was  more  accessible  ;  and, 
though  collecting  along  it  was  not  easy  because  of  the  abundance  of 
brushwood  to  entangle  a  net,  it  yielded  a  great  deal  of  most  valuable 
material,  particularly  dragon  fly  nymphs.  My  only  specimens  of  the 
nymphs  of  the  two  beautiful  species,  Cordulia  shurtleffi  Scudd. 
and  Leucorhinia  glacialis  Hagen,  were  obtained  along  this 
shore  in  a  sheltered  place. 

Through  the  outlet  there  flows  an  imperceptible  current,  which  may  be 
responsible  for  the  presence  of  two  interesting  plants  there  which  were 
not  observed  elsewhere,  the  water  shield,  Brasenia  peltata 
Pursh,  and  shining  river  weed,  Potamogeton  lucens  Linn. 
Of  the  latter  there  was  a  bed  directly  in  the  channel,  and,  passing 
over  in  a  boat  it  was  delightful  to  look  down  into  the  depths  of  the 
clear  water,  at  the  long  graceful  sprays  of  shining  lutescent  leaves.  A 
species  of  bladder  wort,  Utricularia,  was  not  uncommon  in  the 
shallow  water  behind  the  cat-tail  hummock,  and  two  species  of  shinleaf 
grew  there  at  the  shore,  Pyrola  secunda  Linn,  and  P .  e  1 1  i  p  t  i  c  a 
Nutt. 

Little  Clear  creek  (pi.  7,-^)  will  be  discussed  below  in  connection 
with  the  account  of  the  special  studies  made  of  the  life  of  its  waters. 

Bog  ponds.  Of  the  numerous  small  ponds  in  the  vicinity  of  Saranac 
Inn,  hidden  in  the  woods  and  fringed  with  a  typical  floating  border  of 
bog  moss,  we  collected  extensively  at  but  one — the  one  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  southwest  of  the  station  and  south  of  the  track — and  visited  but  one 
other,  about  as  far  east  of  the  station  and  north  of  the  track.  Of  the 
former  only  I  will  speak  here;  the  other  was  very  similar. 

This  httle  pond  (pi.  7)  was  a  woodland  gem.  The  picture  of  it  presented 
herewith  gives  but  a  poor  idea  of  it;  for  the  fine  coloration  of  fringing 
vegetation,  of  forest  background,  and  of  water  and  sky  are  necessarily 
absent  from  the  picture.  It  was  a  peculiar  place  to  collect  in,  being  dif- 
ficult of  access,  and  very  difficult  to  collect  in  when  reached ;  but  it  was 
conveniently  near  at  hand,  and  was  peculiarly  attractive  on  account  of 
the  many  beautiful  and  interesting  plants  and  insects  found  there  Its 
vegetation  (pi.  8)  showed  a  beautiful  zonal  distribution.     Farthest  out 


39^  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

was  the  zone  of  the  very  abundant  yellow  water  lilies.  Next  came 
a  very  broad  zone  of  sphagnum,  floating  at  its  outer  edge  over 
water  5  feet  or  more  in  depth,  with  here  and  there  a  detached  and  float- 
ing island.  This  zone  was  fairly  sprinkled  over  with  pitcher  plants,  S  a  r- 
racenia  purpurea  Linn.,  and  with  a  succession  of  pretty  orchids, 
Limodorum  tuberosum  L.,  Arethusa  bulbosa  Linn., 
Habenaria  sp?,  while  a  few  clumps  of  lambkill  and  tufts  of  cotton 
grass  were  scattered  about.  Back  of  the  sphagnum  was  a  thin  fringe  of 
pale  green  tamaracks,  while  dark  hemlocks  of  the  forest  stood  close  be- 
hind, and  in  the  pools  in  their  shadows  nestled  beds  of  native  callas. 
Numerous  fine  dragon  flies  and  a  few  large  caddis  flies  and  the  handsome 
larva  of  some,  to  me  unknown,  diving  beetle  were  the  principal  insects 
observed  there. 

Objects  and  results 

This  station,  being  located  in  the  midst  of  a  region  whose  aquatic 
insect  fauna  had  scarcely  been  studied  at  all,  off"ered  a  wide  choice  of 
field  operations.  Being  established  solely  for  the  study  of  aquatic  insects, 
and  m  this  respect  unique  among  field  stations,  it  lacked  the  advantage 
accruing  from  the  simultaneous  study  of  other  forms  of  aquatic  life,  but 
offered  opportunity  for  concentration  on  some  of  the  problems  of  aquatic 
entomology.  The  following  objects  were  had  in  mind,  though  it  was 
realized  from  the  beginning  that  little  would  be  done  with  some  of  them; 
and  that  any  one  of  them  might  have  been  made  to  occupy  our  time 
profitably:  i)  to  increase  the  state  museum  collections;  2)  to  increase 
our  knowledge  of  the  aquatic  insect  fauna  of  the  Adirondack  region  ;  3) 
to  study  the  place  of  aquatic  insects  in  natural  societies;  4)  to  study  the 
reproductive  capacity  of  insects ;  5)  to  study  the  habits  of  aquatic  insects ; 

6)  to  study  the  food  relations  of  insects,  fishes  and  other  aquatic  animals; 

7)  to  study  the  Hfe  histories  of  aquatic  insects. 

Additions  to  the  state  museum.  Our  collections  of  specimens 
were  so  numerous  that  the  attempt  made  at  first  to  keep  some  record  of 
the  number  and  kind  of  specimens  was  early  abandoned.  When  hun- 
dreds and  even  thousands  of  specimens  were  being  collected  every  day, 
the  enumeration  of  them  would  consume  time  that  was  greatly  needed  for 
matters  of  more  importance.  Miscellaneous  collections  were  made  by 
sweeping  vegetation  with  a  net,  and  by  trap  lanterns  set  at  night  when 
the  rain  ceased  long  enough  to  permit  these  operations,  and  the  material 
thus  obtained  v/as  sent  while  fresh  to  Albany  to  be  prepared  there  for  the 
cabinet.  On  warm,  siill,  rainless  nights  the  lanterns  attracted  from  the 
surrounding  v/oods  a  very  large  number  and  variety  of  moths,  which  have 
been  preserved,  but  not  studied  as  yet. 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  393 

Special  collections  were  made  of  aquatic  insect  species  hitherto  insuf- 
ficiently known,  of  which  not  a  few  species  known  only  from  a  few  poor 
specimens  appeared  at  Saranac  Inn  in  great  numbers ;  and  we  took  oc- 
casion to  gather  good  series  of  specimens  of  such,  and  also  of  a  few 
new  species  which  were  no  less  abundant. 

The  most  valuable  collections  were  those  of  life  history  material.  All 
that  is  described  in  part  3  of  this  report  as  coming  from  Saranac  Inn  has 
been  added  to  the  state  museum;  and  so  important  is  this  material  that 
future  monographers  in  several  groups  will  find  it  very  desirable  to  con- 
sult the  collections  at  Albany. 

Aquatic  insect  fauna  of  the  Adirondacks.  All  that  has  been 
written  on  this  subject  is  comprised  in  a  few  short  paragraphs  in  two 
papers  by  Dr  Lintner,^  in  a  few  isolated  descriptions  of  Adirondack 
species,  like  that  ofSimulium  pictipes,  from  Ausable  river^  by  Dr 
Hagen,^  in  a  record  b}'  Dr  Calvert^  of  a  few  dragon  flies  collected  at 
Lake  St  Regis  by  J.  Percy  Moore  in  1890,  and  at  Keesville  by  W. 
Sheraton  in  1894,  and  in  rare  locality  references  in  other  lists.  The 
Adirondacks  are  not  less  interesting  entomologically  than  the  White 
mountains,  which  have  been  the  resort  of  New  England  entomologists 
for  half  a  century. 

The  following  lists,  while  not  even  pretending  an  approximation  to 
completeness  (excepting,  perhaps,  the  suborder  Anisoptera  of  dragon 
flies)  add  a  considerable  number  of  species,  not  hitherto  known  to  occur 
within  our  fauna;  and  also,  a  small  number  of  interesting  new  species. 
Of  these  I  have  described  three  species  and  a  variety  under  the  following 
names:  Leuctra  tenella;  Sisyra  umbrata;  Climacia 
dictyona;  Gomphus    descriptus   var   borealis. 

I  have  also  described  the  male  of  the  interesting  pygmy  May  fly, 
Baetis  pygmaea  Hagen,  hitherto  known  from  a  fragment  of 
a  single  female  specimen,  and  the  female  of  the  beautiful  dragon  fly, 
Leucorhinia   glacialis    Hagen  (pi.  10). 

Mr  D.  W.  Coquillet  has  described  at  my  request  two  new  genera  and 
species  of  Diptera  (see  p.  585  and  p.  586) ;  and  W.  H.  Ashmead  has 
described  five  new  species  of  parasitic  Hymenoptera  (see  p.  586)  and 
Mr  A.  D.  MacGillivray,  two  new  species  of  sawflies  (see  p.  585) . 

As  the  region  about  Saranac  Inn  differs  considerably  from  most  locali- 
ties in  the  Adirondacks,  as  stated  above,  its  insect  fauna  will  doubtless 

1  Liatner,  J.  A.    Collections  In  the  Adirondack  region.    5tli  rep't  N.  Y.  state  entomologist,  18S9. 
p.  381-86. 

10th  rep't  p.  376-77. 

2  Hagen,  H.  A.    A  new  species  of  Simullum  with  a  remariiable  pupa  ease  [S 1  m  u  1  i  u  m  picti- 
pes].   Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.  Proc.  1879.  30  :  305-7. 

3  Calvert,  P.  P.  Odonata  of  New  York  state.  N.  Y.  ent.   soc.   Jour.   1895.  3:39-18.    Additions,  1S97. 
5 :91-95. 


394 


NEW   YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 


be  found  likewise  to  differ.  It  has  an  abundance  of  dragon  flies  and 
caddis  flies  and  of  certain  Diptera,  while  certain  other  groups,  notably 
the  stone  flies,  which  require  more  rapid  and  rocky  streams,  are  not  well 
represented. 

Place  of  insects  in  natural  societies.  A  very  little  was  done  by 
us  in  the  study  of  this  subject,  but  that  little  constitutes  part  2  of  the 
present  report. 

Reproductive  capacity  of  insects.  But  one  thing  was  attempted 
under  this  head,  and  that  was  the  determination  of  the  number  of  eggs 
laid  by  individuals  of  a  number  of  species,  by  means  of  the  examination 
of  the  ovaries  of  newly  transformed  females.  This  undertaking  at  once 
revealed  some  interesting  biologic  facts,  which  might,  perhaps,  have  been 
inferred  in  advance,  and  which  may  be  known,  though  I  have  not  read 
of  them.     These  may  be  stated  as  follows. 

1  In  certain  insects  (as  May  flies,  caddis  flies,  gnats,  etc.)  which 
lack  functional  mouth  parts,  and  whose  adult  life  is  very  brief,  the  eggs 
are  well  developed  at  transformation,  and  may  readily  be  counted,  the 
difference  in  size  between  the  developed  eggs  and  the  egg  rudiments 
which  will  not  develop  being  very  marked. 

2  In  other  insects  (such  as  the  larger  dragon  flies)  the  eggs  are  very 
immature  at  transformation,  and  it  is  impossible  to  determine  how  many 
of  the  egg  rudiments  present  at  that  time  will  develop  into  eggs.  In 
other  words,  the  time  of  the  maturing  of  the  eggs  is  related  to  the  dura- 
tion of  the  adult  life,  and  to  the  amount  of  food  taken  during  adult  life. 

Having  read  that  the  larger  dragon  flies  of  the  gomphine  group  live  as 
imagos  but  a  week,  I  was  surprised  to  find  that  the  eggs  of  a  newly 
transformed  female  of  Hagenius  brevistylus  were  so  immature 
as  to  be  scarcely  recognizable  ;  but  I  have  since  observed  that  there  is 
in  this  and  in  many  other  large  gomphine  species  an  interval  of  about  a 
month  between  the  period  of  transformation  and  that  of  oviposition.  I 
am  inclined  to  think  that  the  dragon  flies  which  have  been  kept  success- 
fully only  a  week  in  confinement  have  died  of  starvation,  aiid  that  in 
any  case  the  length  of  imaginal  life  is  not  fairly  determined  so. 

The  few  counts  successfully  made  by  us  from  insect  ovaries  will  be 
found  under  the  discussion  of  the  species  on  which  they  were  made. 

Study  of  the  habits  of  insects.  What  animals  do  has  always 
been  an  interesting  subject  of  inquiry,  and  probably  will  always  be 
so.  A  knowledge  of  the  habits  of  animals  has  its  own  peculiar  cul- 
ture value,  now  generally  recognized.     It  has  a  higher  scientific  value, 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  395 

also,  than  specialists  have  always  been  willing  to  admit.  It  has  a  para- 
mount economic  value  also,  for  it  forms  the  basis  of  nearly  all  intelligent 
economic  procedure.  We  do  not  yet  know  how  the  teeming  aquatic  life 
of  our  streams  and  lakes  and  ponds  may  be  manipulated  as  terrestrial  life 
is  manipulated  to  serve  human  needs,  but  this  we  may  learn  in  due 
time,  and,  when  we  have  learned  it,  the  accurate  knowledge  of  the 
habits  of  aquatic  species  of  insects  will  be  as  necessary  then  as  such 
knowledge  of  economic  terrestrial  species  is  now. 

The  following  pages  contain  new  observations  on  the  habits  of  many 
species  —  occasionally  on  groups  of  species.  These  will  be  found  under 
the  accounts  of  the  groups  and  the  species  in  part  3  of  this  report. 

Food  relations  of  insects  and  fishes.  It  was  planned  from  the 
beginning  that  we  should  study  fish  food,  if  the  opportunity  offered  for 
making  a  real  contribution  to  the  present  knowledge  of  that  subject. 
When,  through  the  courtesy  of  the  state  fish  commission,  we  were  given 
working  quarters  in  the  Adirondack  hatchery,  we  were  the  more  desirous 
of  attacking  some  of  the  problems  which  scientific  fish  culture  needs  to 
have  solved;  what  problems,  it  was  at  first  a  little  difficult  to  decide. 

In  the  culture  of  all  animals  there  are  two  principal  objects  to  be 
sought:  i)  protection  for  the  young,  and  2)  forage.  Past  triumphs  of 
fish  culture  have  come  from  the  mastery  of  the  difficulties  in  securing  the 
first  of  these,  the  second  has  scarcely  been  seriously  undertaken. 
While  extensive  food  studies  have  been  made  by  Prof.  Forbes  and  a 
number  of  others,  from  which  we  have  learned  in  general  terms  what 
fishes  eat,  still  there  is  hardly  a  fish  of  which  we  may  say  we  know  what 
species  it  eats,  at  what  age,  at  what  season,  in  what  situations,  with 
what  choice  of  food.  And  so  little  are  the  essential  features  of  good 
foraging  ground  understood  that  each  planting  of  fry  in  a  new  place  is 
still  largely  an  experiment. 

So  it  seemed  to  me  that  any  new  study  of  fish  food  should  include  the 
study  of  the  feeding  grounds,  feeding  habits,  choice  of  food  offered,  and 
conditions  that  make  for  the  continuance  and  possible  increase  of  the 
food  supply.  The  two  smaller  propagating  ponds  at  Saranac  Inn,  Bone 
and  Little  Green  seemed  to  offer  an  excellent  opportunity  for  contrasting 
conditions  relative  to  these  points.  Bone  pond  has  been  well  stocked 
with  brook  trout  for  some  years,  while  Little  Green,  after  numerous 
annual  plantings,  has  remained  as  barren  of  trout  as  ever. 

Through  the  earlier  part  of  the  season  some  random  collections  of  food 
were  made  from  trout  caught  in  gill  nets  set  for  suckers;  but  not  till 
August  was  there  opportunity  to  make  the  studies  outhned  above,  and 


396  NEW  YORK   STATE  MUSEUM 

then  our  efforts  met  with  interference  which  made  their  successful  prose- 
cution impossible.  Before  they  were  abandoned,  however,  the  stomachs 
of  some  27  brook  trout  were  obtained,  and  their  contents  (consisting 
almost  wholly  of  insects),  cleaned  and  preserved,  are  now  part  of  the 
state  museum  collection.  The  records  of  the  numerous  insects  collected 
during  these  few  days  about  the  shores  of  Bone  pond  will  be  found  under 
their  respective  species  in  part  3  of  this  report,  and  a  brief  account 
of  the  vegetation,  above  in  the  introduction.  A  random  report  on  the 
fish  food  there  collected  may  yet  be  made  from  the  material  I  prepared, 
but  it  will  of  necessity  lack  the  features  which  I  counted  most  essential, 
unless  farther  study  be  made  at  the  pond  itself 

Bullfrogs  were  common  in  Little  Clear  creek,  and  I  collected  the 
stomach  contents  of  25  of  them.  Lack  of  time  is  the  only  reason  why 
they  have  not  been  studied,  and  are  not  reported  on  at  the  present  time. 

Life  histories  of  insects.  One  of  the  first  decisions  made  with 
respect  to  station  work  was  that  no  greater  service  could  be  done  for 
aquatic  entomology,  pure  or  applied,  than  adding  as  opportunity  offered 
to  present  knowledge  of  insect  life  histories.  So  long  as  the  species 
can  not  be  recognized  in  their  immature  stages,  little  progress  is  possible 
in  food  studies,  or  in  quantitative  studies  of  any  sort.  To  this  absolutely 
necessary  preliminary  work,  therefore,  much  the  greater  part  of  our  time 
was  given. 

We  were  able  to  work  out  more  or  less  completely  the  life  histories  of 
about  a  hundred  species  of  aquatic  insects,  immature  stages  of  most  of 
which  are  described  in  part  3  of  this  report.  Those  who  have  done  life 
history  work  will  not  need  to  be  told  that  this  work  occupied  rather  fully 
the  available  time  of  our  short  session. 

In  order  to  make  part  3  serviceable  to  teachers  and  students,  I  have 
filled  it  with  keys  and  tables  for  determining  the  orders,  families,  genera 
and  species  of  immature  stages  of  aquatic  insects,  and  have  illustrated 
these  with  special  figures  explaining  the  terms  used.  The  several 
orders  will  be  found  to  have  received  very  unequal  treatment,  because 
we  wished  to  add  chiefly  to  the  knowledge  of  the  things  least  known. 
For  this  reason  the  larvae  of  Diptera  and  Coleoptera  received  much  less 
than  a  fair  share  of  attention ;  for  they  are  already  much  better  known 
than  are  the  larvae  of  the  other  orders  treated. 

More  dragon  flies  than  anything  else  were  reared.  There  are  two 
reasons  for  this  :  Saranac  Inn  is  a  splendid  locality  for  dragon  flies,  and 
I  have  been  rearing  dragon  flies  for  a  number  of  years  and  have  learned 
how  to  do  it.     With  slight  additions  from  my  former  breedings,  I  have 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS  397 

been  able  to  give  in  part  3  an  account  of  the  dragon  flies  (suborder 
Anisoptera  of  Odonata)  which  is  almost  a  monograph  of  the  New  York 
species  of  that  group. 

But  two  species  of  stone  flies  were  seen  at  Saranac  Inn.  Both  of  these 
were  reared,  and  the  descriptions  of  their  nymphs,  published  herewith^ 
appear  to  be  the  first  to  be  printed  for  American  species. 

I  have  been  able  to  rear  representatives  of  all  the  New  York  genera  of 
May  flieS;  and  present  in  part  3  a  key  for  the  determination  of  the  nymphs 
of  the  same — apparently  the  first  key  to  be  pubUshed  for  American 
forms. 

In  the  Neuroptera,  with  its  two  famiHes  having  aquatic  genera,  I  have 
been  able  to  straighten  out  a  tangle  in  the  Sialidae,  and  to  report  the  dis- 
covery of  larvae  and  pupae  of  two  genera  of  Hemerobiidae.  These  two 
are  both  new  species  of  spongilla  flies,  representing  two  genera  whose 
larvae  live  on  fresh-water  sponges.  Entomologically,  their  discovery  was 
one  of  the  best  things  of  the  season.  Our  account  of  the  aquatic  Neu- 
roptera is  thus  considerably  more  complete  than  any  that  have  hitherto 
appeared. 

Mr  Betten  occupied  himself  during  the  intervals  of  routine  operations 
with  the  study  of  the  habits  and  transformations  of  the  caddis  flies.  He 
has  written  the  account  of  this  order  in  part  3.  He  collected  many  speci- 
mens in  all  stages,  and  reared  four  species  representing  as  many  genera. 
His  descriptions  seem  to  be  the  first  that  have  appeared  for  American 
larvae.  It  is  a  matter  of  regret  that  specific  determinations  could  not 
be  had  for  more  of  the  material  in  this  little  studied  group.  He  has  pre- 
pared a  table  for  caddis  fly  larvae,  compiled  from  the  descriptions  of 
European  writers  and  verified,  so  far  as  possible,  on  his  own  material, 
and  while  it  is  tentative  and  incomplete,  it  will  doubtless  serve  a 
temporary  purpose. 

Aquatic  larvae  of  flies  and  beetles  were  abundant  at  Saranac  Inn,  but 
there  was  little  time  available  for  their  study  after  attending  to  the  others 
mentioned  above.  A  few  of  the  more  interesting  ones  were  reared,  how- 
ever, and  will  be  found  described  in  part  3.  The  three  bred  Diptera 
there  described  make  an  interesting  addition  to  our  knowledge  of  the 
larvae  of  that  order. 

Apparatus  and  methods.  Little  need  be  said  on  this  head.  We 
used  the  insect  nets,  cyanid  bottles,  setting  boards,  pins,  and  preserva- 
tives used  by  all  collectors;  but  our  main  stay  in  aquatic  collecting  was 
the  sieve  net\  which  is  shown  in  use  in  plate  4 ;  leaning  against  a  tree  in 

1  Described  and  figured  ia  part  O  of  U.  S.  nat.  mus.  Bui.  39,  p.  4. 


398  NEW  YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 

plate  5.  On  the  sandy  bottoms  of  these  quiet  waters  it  was  specially- 
advantageous.  Extensive  use  was  made  of  white  wash  bowls,  soup 
plates  and  saucers  in  the  examination  of  our  catch.  We  habitually 
placed  teneral  specimens  of  most  orders,  when  found  in  the  cages  newly 
transformed,  in  paper  bags  to  await  the  maturing  of  their  colors. 

For  rearing  purposes,  the  screen  cage,  a  simple  cylinder  of  wire  screen 
with  a  loose  cover  (described  on  page  7  of  the  above  mentioned  bulletin 
and  shown  in  operation  in  plate  5)  was  most  useful.  The  larger  cages  of 
this  sort  were  set  down  in  the  sand  of  the  bottom  of  the  creek;  smaller 
ones  were  set  in  the  hatchery  troughs.  These,  of  course,  needed  a  bot- 
tom, which  was  supplied  by  inserting  a  piece  of  cloth  laid  over  an  open 
loop  of  spring  wire;  the  wire  when  released  holding  the  cloth  tightly 
against  the  sides  of  the  cage.  A  still  farther  modification  of  this  cage 
consisted  in  making  it  smaller,  and  of  fine  brass  screen,  and  attaching 
cork  to  its  sides  to  float  it.  Mr  Betten  made  a  very  good  egg-hatching 
cage  out  of  it  by  sealing  a  watch  glass  in  the  bottom  of  it  with  paraffin, 
and  attaching  the  cork  floats.  The  eggs  were  thus  kept  in  flowing  water, 
but  could  be  at  once  removed  to  the  stage  of  the  microscope  without 
disturbance. 

I  devised  for  our  work  at  Saranac  Inn  another  type  of  floating  cage 
that  proved  so  generally  useful  for  minute  insects,  and  was  so  easily  and 

rapidly  constructed  that  it  may  be 
worth  while  to  give  a  description  of  it. 
The  accompanying  figure  shows  its 
construction  in  the  main.  With  the 
five    little    pieces  of    wood    (which 

Plg.l  Floating   cage,   designed   for   rearing    ^hould  be  CUt  from  dry  pine)  at  hand, 

small  Diptera  ^  ^^gg  ^f  ^Y\[s  sort  Can  be  put  up  and 

ready  for  use  in  10  minutes.  The  cloth  is  attached  to  the  wood  by 
means  of  paraffin,  which  is  melted  and  applied  with  a  brush.  The  loose 
end  of  the  cloth  is  attached,  and  the  door  closed  by 
means  of  a  rubber  band  stretched  between  two 
tack  heads  over  the  convex  upper  edge  of  one  of  .^ 
the  wooden  side  strips  (fig.  i).  This  sort  of  cage  ^f 
was  most  successful   with  small  Diptera,  but  not  t*^ 


would  invariably  fall  into   the  water   and   die   at  uve'^'Tn'''Sdinr 


wliich  can  be  used  success- 
fully for  rearing  insects  that 
live  in  standing  water. 
Wooden   kit    with   covering 

once  on  transformation.  of  netting  tied  on 

The  trap  lanterns  we  used  (pi.  4,  5)  were  also  very  simply  constructed. 
The  idea  of  them,  however,  was  borrowed  from  some  lanterns  I  found  my 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN    THE  ADIRONDACKS 


399 


friend,'  Dr  Westcott,  using.  The  lantern  part  is  of  the  "  search  light  " 
type  to  be  found  on  the  market,  with  large  parabolic  reflector  having 
projecting  edges.  The  trap  part  consists  of  a 
circular  flaring  band  of  tin,  whose  slope  con- 
tinues that  of  the  edges  of  the  reflector,  inside 
which  it  is  pushed  and  fastened.  It  has  two 
transversely  placed  sheets  of  wire  screen  within 
it,  arranged  as  shown  in  the  accompanying 
figure,  and  on  the  lower  side  within  the  trap 
there  is  an  open,  detachable  cup  to  hold  the 
cyanid  of  potassium.  It  is  easily  managed  and 
very  effective,  and  the  specimens  are  in  the 
main  obtained  in  good  condition.  The  lantern 
of  the  markets  has  many  advantages  in  the  way 
of  conveniences  over  lanterns  of  home  construc- 
tion, ^'s- 


3    Sectional    diagram    of 
lantern  trap 
R,  edge  of  lantern 
V  the  globe 

w  edge  of  parabolic  reflector 
S,  the  trap 

a  catch  for  attachment    to 

reflector 
6  the  entrance  between  two 

sheets  of  screen 
c  detachable  cyanid  cup 


Assistance  in  preparing  this  report.    At 

the  conclusion  of  my  work  at  Saranac  Inn,  I 
went  to  Cambridge  Mass.,  where,  through  the 
courtesy  of  Mr  Samuel  Henshaw,  I  was  allowed 
to  spend  several  weeks  determining  the  specimens  I  had  collected,  by 
comparison  with  specimens  in  the  museum  of  comparative  zoology. 
During  this  time  Mr  Henshaw  showed  me  many  kindnesses  and  took  the 
trouble  himself  to  determine  the  names  of  a  number  of  species.  I  am 
also  under  special  obligation  to  Mr  D.  W.  Coquillett  and  Mr  William  H. 
Ashmead,  of  the  U.  S.  national  museum,  for  the  study  and  determination 
of  numerous  Diptera  and  Hymenoptera  respectively,  and  for  the  descrip- 
tions of  new  species  sent  me  by  them  to  be  published  as  a  part  of  this 
report.  I  am  indebted,  also,  for  determinations,  to  a  number  of  other 
gentlemen,  as  follows  :  Trichoptera,  Nathan  Banks;  Orthoptera,  Dr  S.  H. 
Scudder;  Homoptera,  Prof.  Herbert  Osborn;  leeches,  Dr  W.  E.  Castle 
and  Dr  J.  Percy  Moore  ;  moUusks,  Frank  C.  Baker ;  an  entomostracan, 
Prof.  E.  A.  Birge. 

The  colored  plates  have  been  made  by  L.  H.  Joutel.  The  figures  of 
Trichoptera  are  by  Mrs  J.  H.  Comstock.  Those  of  Diptera,  Plecoptera 
and  Ephemerida  are  by  Miss  Maude  H.  Anthony.  Those  of  Odonata 
are  drawn  by  myself.  The  figures  made  from  photographs  taken  by 
other  persons  than  myself,  contain  the  proper  acknowledgment  in  their 
legends. 


400  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

Part  2 
LIFE  OF  LITTLE  CLEAR  CREEK 

This  tranquil  little  stream  (pi.  3),  once  famous  for  its  trout  fishing, 
traverses  the  hatchery  grounds,  and  disappears  in  the  woods  below  under 
a  canopy  of  overarching  alders.  It  leaves  the  pond  at  present  by  a  little 
artificial  fall,  runs  through  a  big,  tubular  iron  culvert  under  the  railroad, 
tumbling  over  a  little  bed  of  stones  at  the  end  of  the  culvert,  and  then 
traverses  a  narrow  bit  of  brookside  meadow,  bordered  by  spring  bog  full 
of  balsam  trees.  Then  it  enters  the  fish  ponds.  Passing  the  hatchery, 
and  all  the  fish  gates,  it  is  free  again  for  a  little  open  space  before  enter- 
ing the  woods  below.  From  the  pond  to  the  woods  below  the  hatchery 
is  less  than  a  quarter  of  a  mile;  and  in  this  short  space  the  following 
studies  were  made. 

In  the  undisturbed  portion  of  this  course  the  brook  gHdes  alternately 
over  beds  of  rippled  reddish  sand  or  percolates  through  tangled  mats  of 
river  weed,  Potamogeton,  and  stonework,  Nitella,  or  clumps  of 
bur  reed,  Sparganium.  It  has  an  average  depth  of  perhaps  a  foot, 
and  a  width  of  about  10  feet.  Its  depth  varies  very  little  with  the 
weather,  a  continuous  downpour  of  rain  for  days  raising  its  level  but  a 
few  inches. 

In  the  edges  of  the  woods  were  seen  scattering  stemless  lady's  slippers, 
and  banks  of  that  dainty  little  favorite  of  Linnaeus,  the  twin  flower,  while 
the  star  flower  and  the  bunchberry  and  the  yellow  Clintonia  and  the  red 
elder  berry  made  these  places  bright  in  June  with  their  flowers  and  in 
August  with  their  brilliantly  colored  fruit. 

From  this  little  strip  of  water  we  did  more  or  less  collecting  every 
day  of  the  session.  While  we  thus  gained  some  general  information  as 
to  what  the  stream  contained,  we  were  desirous  of  making  our  knowledge 
more  exact  by  quantitative  studies,  for  which  unfortunately  our  breed- 
ings, requiring  constant  attention,  left  us  very  little  time.  We  did,  how- 
ever, make  quantitative  studies  of  the  animal  life  of  two  Uttle  patches  of 
the  creek,  made  a  count  of  the  cast  skins  of  dragon  flies  left  along  a  strip 
of  the  bank,  made  quahtative  studies  of  the  insect  life  of  the  ripple  below 
the  bridge,  and  of  the  hatchery  pipes  and  troughs,  and  made  some 
scattering  observations  of  more  or  less  interest,  which  will  constitute  the 
subject  of  this  chapter. 

Quantitative  studies.  These  were  made  from  two  patches  of 
Little  Clear  creek,  each  approximately  15  square  feet  in  surface  area. 
They  do   not  include    the   animals   that   slipped   through  our  nets,  the 


AQUATIC   INSECTS   IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  4OI 

coarsest  of  which  had  a  mesh  of  about  2.5  mm  square  (10  meshes  to 
the  inch).  The  method  was  the  same  for  both:  the  plot  was  staked 
out;  the  vegetation. was  swept  with  an  air  net  down  to  the  water  line  for 
its  aerial  forms  of  life;  it  was  swept  again  with  a  water  net  for  its  aquatic 
population;  it  was  then  pulled  up  by  the  roots  and  piled  in  pails  and 
examined  a  handful  at  a  time  in  a  bowl  of  clean  water,  having  all  the 
animal  life  separated  from  it;  the  soil  of  the  bottom  was  then  scraped 
up  and  sifted  for  a  depth  of  two  or  three  inches.  The  material  was  very 
quickly  gathered  up  from  the  plot  selected,  but  the  separation  of  the 
animal  life  from  the  plants  and  debris  was  a  whole  day's  work  for  two 
or  three  persons,  to  say  nothing  of  the  time  necessary  for  studying  the 
animals  later.  These  studies,  though  time-consuming,  always  yielded 
the  information  sought  as  to  the  relative  numbers  of  the  several  species 
present,  and  were  profitable,  also,  in  quite  another  way.  The  careful 
examination  of  the  situation  which  they  necessitated* always  revealed  the 
presence  of  a  number  of  species  not  found  by  more  superficial  collecting 
methods,  and  these  were  not  always  the  smaller  species. 

First  plot.  This  was  in  the  creek  just  below  the  hatchery.  The  site 
is  shown  in  plates  4  and  5.  The  plot  extended  from  the  edge  of  the 
current  in  open  water  12  to  15  inches  in  depth,  to  the  bank,  a  distance 
of  about  5  feet,  and  a  strip  3  feet  wide  was  selected.  Two  views  of  it 
from  opposite  sides  are  given  in  the  plates,  and  its  exact  site  is  indicated 
by  the  position  of  the  sieve  net  in  plate  4,  and  is  occupied  by  the  cage 
in  the  foreground  in  plate  5.  The  collections  were  made  July  10.  The 
water  was  about  3  inches  deep  at  the  bank,  and  descended  somewhat 
regularly  toward  the  current  side.  Over  nearly  the  whole  of  the  area 
there  was  an  abundant  growth  of  aquatics,  most  abundant  among  which 
was  a  species  of  matted,  submerged  Potamogeton,  intermixed 
with  a  variety  of  filamentous  algae,  and  a  httle  Nit  ell  a.  The  plants 
which  appeared  above  the  water  were  water-cress,  water- spec  dwell,  and 
a  thin  grass  which  I  took  to  be  a  species  of  Leersia.  There  was 
no  bur  reed  growing  in  this  plot. 

The  following  animals  were  taken  from  this  plot. 

Vertebrates 

I  full-grown  bullfrog,  Rana  Catesbiana  Shaw,  whose  stomach 
contained:  7  full  grown  snails,  Physa  heterostropha  Say;  i 
dragon  fly,  $  Calopteryx  maculata  Beauv.;  i  Crane  fly  (unde- 
termined); I  Scarabaeid  beetle;  1  female  winged  carpenter  ant ;  i  Syrphus 
fly  (apparently  one  of  the  smaller  members  of  the  genus  Syrphus);  i 


402  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

caddis  fly  (teneral  imago  ;  undeterminable)  ;  i  water  skater,  H  y  g  r  o  - 
trechus  sp.?,  and  fragments  of  a  number  of  others;  i  small  bullfrog 
tadpole ;  considerable  sand  intermixed  with  fragments  of  Potamoge- 
ton  leaves;  i  Entomostracan  (undetermined) 

3  grown  bullfrog  tadpoles 

I  young  green  frog,  Rana  clamata  Daud.  The  stomachs  of  the 
tadpoles  and  of  this  frog  were  empty 

1  small  salamander, probably  an  Amblystoma 

I  long-eared  sunfish,  Lepomis  auritus  Linn.,  whose  stomach  con- 
tained: 34  little  snails,' the  largest  not  over  1.5  mm  long,  apparently  of 
the  genera  P  h  y  s  a  and  Limnaea;  12  larvae  of  gnats  (Chironomidae), 
2  Chironomus  sp.?  and  10  Ceratopogon  sp.?;  i  larva  of  Chau- 

liodes  sp.?  in  fragments 

Mollusks 

305  snails,  retained  by  our  nets,  not  counting  innumerable  smaller  ones, 
which  fairly  covered  some  of  the  plants.     The  305  were : 
292  Physa   heterostropha  Say 
13  Limnaea   desidiosa  Say 
35  small  clams,  Sphaerium   similis  Say 

Leeches 
6   specimens   2-4   inches   long    of    Haemopis    (Semiscolex) 
g  r  a  n  d  i  s   Verrill 

A  large  number  of  minute  glossiphonids,  the  counting  of  which  was 

not  undertaken 

Insects 

The  following  were  taken  with  a  sweeping  net  from  above  the  surface 
of  the  water 

DRAGON    FLIES 

I  Aeschna  sp.?,  probably  constricta  Say,  found  transforming 
I  Ischnura   verticalis   Say  ?  . 

1  Lestes  unguiculata   Hagen  ^ 

2  Argia   violacea    Hagen  5  and  $ 

1  Nehallennia   irene   Hagen  % 

BUGS 

43  water  skaters,  Hygrotrechus  sp.?  (A  greater  number  got 
away) 

2  Helochara   communis    Fitch 
20  Cicadula   sexnotata  Fall 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN    THE   ADIRONDACKS  4O3 

I   C.    d  i  V  i  s  a   Uhler 

7  Liburnia  pellucida  Fabr.,  of  which  two  were  females,  one 
macropterous,  and  one  micropterous 

I  Chermes   sp.?  (apterous) 
3  Aphids  (undetermined) 
I  Lygaeid  (undetermined) 

FLIES,    AND    OTHER    DIPTERA 

65  Hydrellia   scapularis    Loew.      A   number   of  other  Httle 
Muscidae,  some  of  them  apparently  of  different  species,  escaped 
I  crane  fly  ^   (undetermined) 
I  mosquito  $   (undetermined) 

3  gnats  of  three  species  (undetermined) 

MISCELLANEOUS 

I   Psocid,  Peripsocus   madidus    Hagen 

1  Anthicid  beetle,  Notoxus   anchora    Hentz 

8  parasitic  Hymenoptera:  Telenomus  longicornis  Ashm^ 
I  3;  Brachystropha  quadriceps  Ashm.^  i  $  ;  Rhizarcha 
a  s  t  i  g  m  a  Ashm.^  i    ^,3  ?s;  Aphidius   nigripes   Ashm.^  23s 

The  following  insects  were  taken  from  the  water. 

DRAGON    FLY   NYMPHS 

4  Aeschna   constricta    Say  of  various  sizes,  one  full-grown 
7  Cordulegaster   maculatus   Selys 

3  Gomphus    scudderi   Selys 
6  Gomphus  spicatus    Hagen 

2  Ophiogomphus   aspersus    Morse 
2  Basiaeschna  Janata    Say 

2  Sympetrum    assimilatum    Uhler 

MAY    FLY    NYMPHS 

2  Hexagenia   variabilis    Etn. 

5  Ephemera   varia   Etn. 

3  Ephemerella    excrucians   Walsh 

5  Caen  is  diminut  a  Walker.  These  nymphs  are  so  hard  to  find 
among  the  stems  to  which  they  cling  very  closely,  that  more  were  prob- 
ably present  but  not  seen, 

1  Described  on  p.  586-88. 


404  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

CADDIS    FLY    LARVAE    AND    PUPAE 

15  Molanna   cinerea    Hagen 

8  Polycentropus   lucidus    Hagen 

2  Halesus  no.  i     (seep.  567) 

2  Halesus   no.  2    (see -p.  c^68) 

3  Halesus   no.  3    (j'^^  p.  569) 
13  unclassified  ...  43  in  all 

DIPTEROUS    LARVAE    AND    PUPAE 

3  Sepedon    fuscipennis  Loevv 

I  Bittacomorpha  clavipes  pupa,  probably  from  the  farthest 
point  in  shore 

7  Simulium   venustum  Say 

8  Tabanid  larvae  (undetermined)  from  the  bottom  in  the  edge  of  the 
channel  in  open  water 

I  crane  fly  pupa  (undetermined) 

107  gnat  larvae  (Chironomidae :  all  undetermined)  of  four  species 

Numerous  minute  Ceratopogon?  larvae  were  observed  in  the 
algae  associated  with  still  more  numerous  Limnicolous  oligo- 
chae t es . 

Second  plot.  The  second  plot  selected  for  study  was  in  the  upper  part 
of  the  hatchery  grounds,  just  below  the  railroad  bridge.  It  was  a  strip 
across  a  bed  of  bur  reeds  (shown  in  the  foreground  of  plate  3)  and  was 
similar  in  form  and  about  equal  in  area  to  the  preceding.  Collections 
were  made  precisely  as  before,  but  the  conditions  in  the  plot  were  some- 
what different;  the  water  was  of  about  the  same  depth,  but  there  was 
more  of  a  current  flowing  through  the  bur  reeds.  Potamogeton  and 
Nitella  and  filamentous  algae  were  perhaps  a  little  less  abundant  in  the 
water  here,  specially  the  algae.     The  date  was  July  27. 

The  list  for  this  second  plot  is  a  short  one,  in  species,  if  not  in  individ- 
uals.    It  is  as  follows  : 

I  bullfrog,  Rana  catesbiana  Shaw 

I  crawfish  (undetermined) 

MOLLUSKS 

13  snails:  11  Campeloma  decisum  Say;  2  Limnaea  de- 
si  d  i  o  s  a  Say 

245  clams,  mainly  Sphaerium  simile  Say 

117  CADDIS  FLIES 

27   Molanna   cinerea  Hagen 

22   H  y  drops  ych  e  sp.?»  (near'  phalerat  a)    Hagen  (j-<?^  p.- 566) 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  405 

17  Polycentropus   lucidus    Hagen 
8  Halesus   no.  i     (see  Tp-  567) 
10  Halesus   no.  2     [seep.  568) 

16  Halesus   no.  3    [seep.  569) 

17  unclassified 

260  beeti.es 

Donacia  emarginata  Kirby,  of  which  two  were  adults,  152 
were  inclosed  in  puparia  attached  to  the  bur  reed  roots,  and  a  few 
were  free  larvae.  Since  several  species  occurred  about  the  creek,  it  is  by 
no  means  certain  that  all  these  belonged  to  the  single  species  named. 

25    DRAGON    FLY    NYMPHS 

2  Cordulegaster    maculatus   Selys 

4Aeschna    constricta   Say 

4Gomphus    exilis    Selys 

5  Ophiogomphus    aspersus    Morse 

5  Argia    violacea   Hagen 

5  Sympetrum  assimilatum  Uhler.  Of  this  species  7  addi- 
tional specimens  were  picked  from  the  stems  above  the  water  in  trans- 
formation; but  one  other  insect  specimen  (a  stone  fly,  Leuctra 
t  e  n  e  1 1  a;    was  found  above  the  water. 

10    MAY    FLY    NYMPHS 

1  Ephemera    varia   Etn. 

4  Ephemerella    excrucians  Walsh 

5  Baetis    pygmaea    Hagen 

8    DIPTEROUS    LARVAE    AND    PUPAE 

2  small  crane  fly  larvae  (undetermined  Tipulidae) 
4  horsefly  larvae  (undetermined  Tabanidae) 

2  mosquito  pupae  (undetermined) 

Comparing  now  the  lists  made  from  the  two  plots  we  observe  some 
striking  differences.  Those  that  appear  in  the  number  and  variety  of 
aerial  forms  taken  in  the  first  plot,  and  the  paucity  of  them  in  the  second, 
may  be  due  mainly  to  weather  conditions :  the  first  plot  was  worked  on  a 
dry,  sunshiny  morning;  the  second,  on  a  partly  cloudy  morning  after  rain. 
The  plots  agree  iri  that  their  miscellaneous  plant  feeders  were  mainly 
mollusks  and  caddis  flies.  Mollusks  seem  to  constitute  a  larger  bulk 
than  any  other  single  group.  Snails  were  found  in  the  stomachs  of  frog 
and  fish,  and  are  known  to  be  the  food  of  horsefly  larvae  (Tabanidae). 
There  are  certainly  snails  enough  in  the  creek  to  justify  the  extraordinary 
abundance  of  horseflies  in  this  vicinity. 


406  NEW  YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 

The  plots  were  strikingly  unlike  in  that  there  were  fewer  species  in  the 
second,  fewer  dragon  fly  and  May  fly  nymphs  and  dipterous  larvae. 
They  differed  farther  most  strikingly  in  the  kind  of  moUusks  present :  the 
Campeloma  decisumofthe  second  plot  was  absent  from  the  first ; 
it  is  common  in  the  pond  above.  The  long-horned  leaf  beetles,  D  o  - 
n  a  c  i  a,  of  the  second  plot  were  a  special  feature  which  belonged  with 
the  special  habitat  furnished  by  the  bur  reed  growth.  Two  photographs, 
reproduced  in  plate  9,  show  these  insects  in  their  natural  positions  on  the 
plant. 

These  are  fragments — mere  fragments — of  real  knowledge  of  the  life  of 
this  stream.  While  not  without  interest  in  themselves,  they  seem  to  me 
chiefly  valuable  in  their  suggestiveness  of  possible  knowledge  to  be  gained 
by  farther  application  of  these  methods. 

Count  of  dragon  fly  exuviae.  In  the  midst  of  the  hatchery  grounds 
there  was  a  fish  pond,  made  by  impounding  the  creek,  with  its  eastern 
side  boarded  up  to  a  hight  of  15  to  20  inches  above  the  level  of  the 
water,  for  a  distance  of  perhaps  20  yards.  The  boards  \yere  rough,  and 
suited  dragon  fly  nymphs  very  well  as  a  place  to  transform.  It  was  an 
exceptionally  favorable  place  in  which  to  learn  something  of  the  numbers 
of  dragon  flies  to  emerge  from  a  given  water  area ;  for  the  cast  skins 
were  all  left  in  plain  view.  The  other  bank  was  not  boarded,  and  while 
the  cast  skins  appeared  to  be  about  as  common  there,  one  could  not 
be  sure  of  finding  all  of  them.  A  view  of  this  pond,  looking  up  stream, 
is  presented  in  plate  6. 

Conditions  here  were  right  for  determining  the  yield  of  this  strip  of 
water  in  dragon  flies  of  those  species  whose  period  of  transformation  falls 
entirely  within  the  last  three  weeks  of  June  at  Saranac  Inn.  I  do  not 
say  half  the  yield,  because  it  seems  fair  to  presume  that  half  were  on  the 
other  bank,  where  their  discovery  was  not  so  easy.  Nymphs  when  ready 
to  transform  are  blind,  and  wander  about  till  they  find  a  bank,  showing 
no  preference  as  to  which  bank  it  is.  These  time  hmits  are  taken  be- 
cause they  are  the  only  narrow  ones  that  will  include  the  entire  trans- 
formation period  of  a  considerable  number  of  species. 

I  found  quite  a  number  of  these  skins  already  clinging  to  the  boards  on 
my  arrival  June  12,  for  the  season  for  transformation  for  some  of  these 
species  was  already  at  hand.  It  appears  fair  to  assume,  however,  that  I 
obtained  practically  all  the  skins  that  had  been  left  there,  because  they 
had  apparently  not  been  disturbed  at  all ;  they  stick  very  tightly,  so  that 
moderate  winds  and  even  rain  do  not  quickly  dislodge  them.  The  weather 
previous  to  my  arrival  had  been  clear  and  calm,  and  the  season  of  trans- 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS  407 

formation  was  certainly  only  opening.  I  collected  all  that  appeared  after 
that  daily  till  the  end  of  June,  at  which  time  all  the  species  for  which  I 
thought  such  counting  practicable  had  ceased  transforming  for  the  year- 
The  results  of  the  count  are  as  follows. 

82    Gomphus    exilis    Selys 

20   Gomphus   brevis    Selys 

18    Gomphus    spicatus    Selys 

24   Ophiogomphus    aspersus   Morse 

II    Hagenius   brevistylus    Selys 
7    Cordulegaster  maculatus    Selys 
I    Didymops    transversa    Say 
I    Tetragoneuria   semiaqua   Burtn. 
6    Basiaeschna  Janata    Say 

Intermingled  with  these  were  the  cast  skins  of  a  number  of  species 
whose  period  of  transformation  was  not  finished,  perhaps,  by  the  end  of 
the  month  of  June;  viz  C  alop  tery  X  maculata  Beauv.  (12),  Argia 
violacea  Hagen  (20),  Enallagma  sp.?  (5),  Boyeria  vinosa 
Say  (3),  and  Aeschna  constricta  Say  (2). 

It  is  difficult  to  conceive  how  so  many  of  the  large  rapacious  Gomphine 
nymphs  can  get  a  living  in  so  small  space.  I  do  not  believe  that,  judging 
by  repeated  collecting,  they  were  more  abundant  here  than  in  other 
basins  along  the  creek.  I  collected  in  this  same  place  with  a  sieve  net 
after  this  count  was  ended  the  nymphs  of  the  next  season's  brood,  and 
obtained  in  15  minutes'  use  of  the  net  22  Cordulegaster  macu- 
latus, 2  Hagenius  brevistylus,  40  Gomphus  and 
Ophiogomphus,  8  Calopteryx  maculata  and  4  Didy- 
mops     transversa. 

The  life  of  the  rapids.  At  the  railroad  Little  Clear  creek  pours  out 
of  the  culvert  and  tumbles  over  a  little  bed  of  stones.  This  is  the  only 
rapids  within  easy  reach  from  the  hatchery.  There  was  no  time  for  a 
quantitative  study  of  its  life,  but  we  studied  it  as  carefully  as  time  would 
permit. 

The  most  abundant  and  important  animal  in  the  rapids  is  the  black 
fly,  Simulium  venustum  Say.  With  the  exception  of  a  few  Chiro- 
nomidae  which  live  in  the  "skin  algae",  covering  the  broader  surfaces 
over  which  the  water  glides,  all  the  life  of  the  rapids  seems  to  center  in 
the  Simulium  colonies.  These  are  very  extensive  indeed,  masses  of  the 
swaying,  dark  greenish  larvae,  or  of  the  yellowish  pupae  covering  the 
stones  over  considerable  areas. 


408  NEW  YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 

Plate  15  shows  the  forms  which  I  found  together  in  this  little  rapids  by 
the  railroad.  Simulium  is  vastly  more  numerous  in  individuals  than  all 
the  other  species  put  together  and  also  more  restricted  in  its  habitat. 
The  next  in  numerical  importance  would  probably  be  the  pygmy  May 
fly,  Baetis  pygmaea  Hagen,  though  a  larger  May  fly,  H  e  p  t  a  - 
genia  pulchella  Walsh,  and  a  caddis  fly,  Hydropsyche  sp.? 
(see  p.  566  )  seemed  almost  as  numerous.  These  three  species  are 
probably  predatory,  feeding  on  the  members  of  the  Simulium  colony. 
The  other  members  of  this  httle  society  are  much  fewer.  They  are  i)  a 
hitherto  unknown  fly  of  the  family  Empididae,  Roederiodes  juncta 
Coq.,  (described  post  at  p.  586  )  whose  larvae  crawl  about  among  the 
Simulium  pupa  cases,  and  pupate  within  empty  cases,  and  2)  the  stone 
fly,  Leuctra   tenella. 

It  must  be  another,  earlier  species  of  black  fly  which  makes  all  the 
trouble  in  the  Adirondacks  with  its  bites ;  for  this  one  is  quite  peaceably 
disposed.  Guides  have  a  saying,  that,  when  the  black  flies  put  on  their 
white  stockings  in  June,  the  trouble  is  about  over.  This  species  has  the 
"  white  stockings." 

I  was  interested  in  watching  the  females  of  this  species  ovipositing,  and 
saw  the  operation  very  frequently.  The  place  selected  is  always  at  the 
edge  of  a  little  waterfall,  on  a  surface  that  is  intermittently  washed  by  the 
swaying  current,  and  so  kept  wet  [see -pi.  15).  Here  the  females  flock, 
and  pile  up  great  white  masses  of  eggs,  which  with  a  little  age  turn 
yellowish.  Waves  dash  over  them  while  ovipositing,  and  often  sweep 
them  away,  but  they  at  once  return  to  their  task. 

I  do  not  know  what  Simulium  larvae  feed  on ;  but  their  tentacles  seem 
well  adapted  for  straining  plankton  from  the  water  that  dashes  over  them. 

The  life  of  the  hatchery  pipes  and  troughs.  The  life  of  the 
pipes  is  essentially  that  of  the  rapids.^  What  is  living  in  the  pipes  is 
learned  by  observing  what  comes  out  of  them,  into  the  hatchery  troughs 
and  into  the  windows.  Simulium,  Hydropsyche,  Hepta- 
genia  and  Baetis,  were  in  the  hatchery  windows  throughout  the 
session,  often  in  enormous  numbers.  Their  periods  of  greatest  abund- 
ance do  not  coincide  however.  The  windows  were  fairly  darkened  with 
black  flies  and  caddis  flies  and  the  larger  May  flies,  Heptagenia, 
during  the  earlier  part  of  the  session,  while  the  pygmy  May  flies  did  not 
appear  in  swarming  numbers  till  the  latter  part  of  it.  The  only  member 
of  the  Simulium  society  as  portrayed  in  the  plate,  which  was  not  observed 

1  It  appears  that  the  mollusks  which  get  into  city  water  pipes  and  sometimes  cause  trouble  are 
forms  that  normally  live  in  rapids. 


AQUATIC   INSECTS   IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  409 

to  come  into  the  hatchery  was  the  fly,  R  o  e  deri  odes  juncta.  In 
addition  to  these  forms,  and  the  green  stone  fly,  Chloroperla  bi- 
1  i  n  e  a  t  a  Say,  which  doubtless  belongs  with  them  in  its  season,  there 
occurred  in  the  hatchery  a  large  number  of  Diptera  of  various  sorts,  and 
the  spongilla  flies,  hitherto  accounted  so  rare.  Fresh-water  sponges 
from  the  lake  above  invade  the  pipes,  and  the  larvae  of  these  flies  come 
in  with  the  sponges  on  which  they  live. 

On  June  19  we  collected  the  contents  of  one  of  the  supply  troughs  in 
the  hatchery.  It  contained  more  than  125  little  fresh -water  sponges, 
averaging  the  size  of  peas,  from  which  were  picked  seven  spongilla  fly 
larvae,  nine  amphipods  (undetermined),  one  er.tomostracan,  Epis- 
chura  lacustris  Forbes,  about  a  dozen  each  of  two  species  of  May 
flies,  Heptagenia  pulchella  Walsh  and  Ephemerella  ex- 
crucians  Walsh,  a  large  number  of  black  fly  larvae,  a  few  H  y  d  r  o  p- 
s  y  c  h  e   larvae,  a  few  gnat  larvae  and  a  number  of  colonies  of  rotifers. 

Some  of  the  multitudinous  gnats  in  the  windows  were  of  the  same 
species  that  I  bred  from  larvae  taken  from  "  skin  algae  "  scraped  from 
the  races  outside.  Horseflies  (Tabanidae)  were  also  conspicuous  occu- 
pants of  the  windows,  but  I  did  not  find  their  immature  stages  in  the 
hatchery.  Possibly  these  may  have  come  in  through  open  doors  and 
windows,  being  so  active  and  so  abundant  outside.  The  handsome 
longicorn  beetle,  Leptura  canadensis  Fabr.,  which  was  not 
uncommon  in  the  windows  during  the  latter  half  of  the  session,  certainly 
entered  in  this  way. 

A  small  number  of  specimens  representing  a  new  genus  and  species  of 
Stratiomyiidae  (described  in  part  3,  p.  585  asZabrachia  polita  Coq.) 
were  picked  from  the  hatchery  ceiling,  while  gathering  spongilla  flies. 

Red  hydras  were  exceedingly  abundant  in  Little  Clear  creek  during 
the  first  half  of  our  session,  insomuch  that  they  fairly  covered  every 
trailing  stem  and  leaf  in  the  current,  and  occupied  every  available  sup- 
port, even  to  the  backs  of  the  dragon  fly  and  May  fly  nymphs,  one  of  which 
would  often  bear  half  a  dozen  or  more  of  them.  Then  they  gradually 
disappeared,  till  in  August  hardly  a  hydra  was  to  be  found.  A  single 
blade  of  Sparganium  brought  in  in  June  for  some  eggs  of  B  a  s  i  a  e  s  c  h  n  a 
Janata  which  had  been  laid  in  it,  bore  hundreds  of  hydras  profusely 
budding,  and  all  of  a  very  distinct  red  color.  An  observant  employee 
of  the  hatchery,  Milo  Otis,  who  attends  to  feeding  the  fry,  informed  me  that 
at  certain  times  the  water  flowing  through  the  ponds  is  tinged  with  red 
from  the  hydras  floating  in  it,  and  that  at  such  times  the  young  trout  sub- 
sist on    these,  and  refuse  to  eat  other  food.     It  would  be  interesting  to 


410  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

know  whether  this  abundance  of  hydras  always  occurs  when  the  trout  are 
newly  hatched. 

Two  fine  Diptera  belong  to  the  characteristic  fauna  of  Little  Clear 
creek,  but  do  not  live  in  any  of  the  situations  we  have  been  discussing. 
These  are  the  curious  phantom  fly,  Bittacomorpha  clavipes 
Fabr.,  and  our  largest  crane  fly,  Tipula  abdominalis  Say.  Both 
live  almost  out  of  the  water  in  very  shallow  bays  filled  with  red-rotted 
vegetation  and  both  are  very  common  in  such  places. 

Gomphus  scudderi  Selys  was  common  in  the  creek  below  the 
wagon  bridge,  but  was  not  taken  above  it. 

Fart  3 
INSECT  LIFE  HISTORIES 

In  the  following  pages  there  is  assumed  on  the  part  of  the  reader  such 
a  knowledge  of  the  external  parts  of  insects  as  is  obtainable  from  the 
elementary  textbook  of  entomology  or  of  zoology.  He  should  know 
that  the  body  of  an  insect  larva  is  composed  of  successive  rings  or  joints; 
that  the  first  division  is  the  head  and  bears  the  eyes,  antennae  and  mouth 
parts;  the  next  three  joints,  bearing  the  wing  and  leg  rudiments,  con- 
stitute the  thorax ;  and  the  remaining  joints,  often  with  prop-legs  or  pro- 
legs  under  them,  constitute  the  abdomen.  External  gills  are  arranged  in 
delicate  whitish  tufts  when  in  a  sheltered  position,  or,  when  exposed,  are 
thin  plates  traversed  by  delicate  air  tubes.  In  addition  to  these,  there 
are  at  the  sides  of  the  abdomen,  longer,  paired,  simple,  pointed  appen- 
dages, called  lateral  filaments,  which  also,  when  small  and  delicate,  may 
serve  the  respiratory  function.  Lateral  filaments,  gills  (with  very  few 
exceptions)  and  prolegs  disappear  with  the  end  of  larval  life,  and  are 
absent  in  the  adult  insect. 

In  the  immature  stages  insects  differ  wonderfully ;  but  there  are  two 
types  of  larvae,  which  have  been  distinguished  by  the  degree  of  differ- 
ence between  larva  and  adult  insect:  i)  those  called  nymphs,  which 
differ  but  little  from  the  adults  in  general  organization,  and  when  grown 
transform  directly  to  images,  without  having  entered  on  a  quiescent 
pupal  stage;  and  2)  larvae  proper,  which  differ  very  greatly  from  their 
images,  having  the  adult  appendages  reduced  in  size  or  altogether 
wanting,  wings  never  visible  externally,  and  requiring  a  quiescent  pupal 
stage,  when  they  have  done  feeding,  before  transforming  to  the  imago. 
These  two  groups  constitute  the  primary  divisions  of  the  table  given 
below.  The  student  will  find  in  Comstock's  Manual  for  the  study  of 
insects,  or  in  his  Insect  life^  or  in  a  number  of  other  books  that  are  not  so 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  4II 

good  as  these,  serviceable  tables  for  the  determination  of  the  adult 
insects.  We  give  here  a  table  that  will  serve  for  distinguishing  the  orders 
in  the  larval  stage.  So  few  relatively  of  the  larvae  of  aquatic  insects  are 
known  as  yet,  that  this  table  must  be  considered  tentative  as  to  its  state- 
ments of  group  characters. 

In  all  the  following  tables  and  descriptions  the  characters  described 
and  the  measurements  given  apply  to  fully  grown  nymphs  or  larvae 
except  when  otherwise  expressly  stated. 

KEY  TO  ORDERS  OF  AQUATIC  INSECT  LARVAE* 

a  Larvae  with  wings  developing  externally  (called  nyvijjhs  in  this  paper)  and 
no  quiescent  pupal  stage 
i  With  biting  mouth  parts 
c  With  long,  filamentous  caudal  setae;  labium  not  longer  than  the  head, 
and  not  folded  on  itself  like  a  hinge 
d  Gills  mainly  under  the  thorax ;  tarsal  claws  two ;  caudal  setae  generally 

two (stone  flies)  Plecoptera 

dd  Gills  mainly  on  the  sides  of  the  abdomen  ;  tarsal  claws  single;  caudal 

setae  generally  three (May  flies)  Ephemerida 

ec  Caudal  setae  represented  by  three  broad,  leaflike  respiratory  plates 
traversed  by  tracheae,  or  by  small  spinous  appendages ;  labium  much 
longer  than  the  head  when  extended;  at  rest,  folded  on  itself  like  a 
hinge  and  extending  between  the  bases  of  the  fore  legs 

(dragon  flies  and  damsel  flies)  Odonata 
bh  Mouth  parts  combined  into  a  jointed  beak,  which  is  directed  beneath  the 

head  backward  between  the  fore  legs Hemiptera 

aa  Larvae  proper,  with  wings  developing  internally,  and  invisible  till  the  as- 
sumption of  a  quiescent  pupal  stage 
6  With  jointed  thoracic  legs 
c  With  slender,  decurved,  piercing  mouth  parts,  half  as  long  as  the  body; 
small  larvae,  living  on  fresh-water  sponges.     Family  Hemerobiidae  of 
Neuroptera 
CO  With  biting  mouth  parts 
d  With  a  pair  of  prolegs  on  the  last  segment  only  (exceptin  Si  alls, 
plate  29,   which  has  a  single  long  median  tail-like   process  at  the 
end  of  the  abdomen)  these  directed  backward,  and  armed  each  with 
one  or  two  strong  hooks  or  claws 
e  Abdominal  segments  each  with  a  pair  of  long,  lateral  filaments 

I  Family  Sialidae  of  Ne  ur op  t  era 

ee  Abdominal  segments  without  long,  muscular,  lateral  filaments,  often 

with  minute  gill  filaments ;  cylindric  larvae,   generally  living  in 

portable  cases (caddis  flies)  Trichoptera 

1  The  Thysanura,  or  springtails,  common  on  the  surface  of  water,  but  not  living  In  It  are  not  In. 
eluded  In  this  table.  They  will  be  readily  recognizable,  If  collected,  by  their  very  minute  size, ' 
entire  absence  of  wings,  mouth  parts  retracted  within  the  head,  and  the  forked  spring  beneath  the 
abdomen. 


412  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

dd  Frolegs,   when   present,   on  more  than   one    abdominal  segment;  if 
present  on  the  last  segment,  then  not  armed  with  single  or  double 
claws  ;  often  entirely  wanting 
e  With  five  pairs  of  prolegs,  and  with  no  spiracles  at  the  apex  of  the 

abdomen -. (moths)  Lepidoptera 

ee  Generally  without  prolegs  ;  never  with  fi.ve  pairs  of  them;    usually 
with  terminal  spiracles ;  long,  lateral  filaments  often  present  on 

the  abdominal  segments (bfietles)  Coleoptera 

66  Without  jointed  thoracic  legs ;  with  abdominal  prolegs,  or  entirely  legless  ; 
in  the  more  degenerate  forms,  the  head  is  reduced  and  retracted  within 
the  pointed  apex  of  the  thorax,  no  appendages  of  the  imago  are  visible, 
and  the  pupa  is  formed  within  the  contracted  and  hardened  larval  skin 

(flies,  etc.)  Diptera 

Those  orders,  on  which  some  life  history  work  was  done  at  our  station, 
are  severally  discussed  below.  That  some  of  these,  notably  the  Coleop- 
tera and  the  Diptera,  were  slighted,  is  only  too  apparent,  and  no  one 
will  be  so  regretful  as  we  are  that  no  more  time  could  be  given  to  the 
study  of  these;  but  the  other  orders  treated  seemed  to  be  in  more  press- 
ing need  of  study;  and  we  always  had  more  life  history  material  avail- 
able than  could  be  attended  to  by  two  pairs  of  hands.  A  few  random 
notes  on  the  representatives  of  those  orders  which  received  from  us 
no  study  whatever,  will  be  found  grouped  together  under  a  final  heading. 

Order  PLECOPTERA 

Stone  flies 

The  stone  flies  are  all  aquatic.  They  frequent  rapid  streams,  and  are 
most  abundant  in  those  places  where  the  water  dashes  over  heaps  of 
broken,  half  submerged  rocks.  In  summer  one  may  often  see  in  such 
places  the  projecting  top  of  a  rock  decorated  with  the  empty  skins  which 
the  adult  stone  flies  left  behind  when  they  left  the  water  and  acquired 
wings.  To  find  the  nymphs  one  need  but  lift  a  stone  from  the  water 
quickly,  turn  it  over  and  look  at  it.  The  flat,  closely  clinging  nymphs 
will  be  seen  with  their  legs  at  full  stretch  and  their  claws  gripping  the 
rock,  or  running  from  one  depression  to  another,  seeking  to  hide. 

The  nymphs  are  little  known.  In  this  country  they  have  received 
hardly  any  attention,  which  is  surprising,  considering  that  they  are  so 
easy  to  collect  and  to  rear,  and  that  they  live  in  places  in  general  so 
attractive  to  us.  The  good  angler  who  has  the  blood  of  a  naturalist  in 
him  is  hkely  to  know  the  species  of  stone  flies,  both  nymphs  and  adults, 
better  than  does  the  average  professional  entomologist.  The  systematic 
study  of  the  order  is  little  advanced  beyond  the  point  where  Pictet  left  it 
60  years  ago^:  his  work  is  still  the  best  textbook  of  the  group  to  be  had. 

1  Historle  naturelle  des  neuropteres:  perlides.    Paris  1841. 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  4I3 

The  nymphs  of  stone  flies  require  well  aerated  water.  They  can  not 
live  in  a  stagnant  pool ^,  or  in  a  foul  stream.  A  large  number  of  the 
smaller  species,  including  the  two  described  below,  are  entirely  destitute 
of  gills.  With  these  the  air  supply  is  absorbed  directly  through  the  thin 
skin  of  the  ventral  surface.  At  the  ventral  sutures  one  can  readily  see 
that  the  skin  is  fully  permeated  by  fine  tracheal  branches.  Stone  fly  gills 
at  their  best  development  are  but  small  tufts  of  delicate  respiratory  fila- 
ments attached  to  the  ventral  surface  of  the  body,  oftenest  about  the 
bases  of  the  legs,  swished  about  by  the  motion  of  other  parts,  or  depend- 
ent on  the  motion  of  the  water  for  the  renewal  of  the  oxygen  supply. 
Nymphs  brought  in  from  the  brook  and  placed  in  a  vessel  of  still  water 
will  soon  be  seen  with  claws  affixed  vigorously  swinging  the  body  up  and 
down,  trying  to  get  a  breath  under  the  difficult  conditions  into  which  tiiey 
have  been  brought. 

In  two  important  respects  the  nymphs  of  May  flies  and  dragon  flies 
have  surpassed  those  of  stone  flies  in  the  development  of  aquatic  respira- 
tory apparatus  : 

1  In  developing  flat,  plate  like  gills,  which  offer  greater  surface  for 
contact  with  the  water ; 

2  In  developing  special  apparatus  for  the  independent  movement  of  the 
gills,  or  for  causing  currents  of  water  to  flow  over  them. 

It  is  the  smaller  species  that  are  gill-less.  The  extent  of  respiratory 
surface  is  in  a  measure  proportioned,  i)  to  the  size  of  the  nymphs;  2)  to 
the  condition  of  the  water,  whether  well  or  poorly  aerated. 

It  is  because  of  the  limitations  on  the  respiratory  system  of  stone-fly 
nymphs  that  they  are  so  restricted  in  their  aquatic  habitat. 

As  to  the  food  of  the  stone  flies  there  have  been  a  number  of  guesses, 
but  apparently  no  careful  and  continuous  observations  recorded.  It  is 
supposed  that  the  nymphs  of  the  larger  species  eat  smaller  May  fly 
nymphs,  and  soft-bodied  dipterous  larvae  associated  with  them  on  the 
rocks;  but  Benjamin  D.  Walsh  has  said  that  perHd  nymphs  eat  decaying 
vegetable  matter,  and  that  the  imagos  eat  nothing.2  Here,  then,  is  an 
opportunity  for  some  careful  observer  to  replace  inferences  with  facts. 

The  adult  stone  flies  may  be  collected  at  almost  any  season  of  the 
year.  The  little  black  capnias  emerge  in  winter.  They  live  mainly  in 
small  brooks,  and  are  often  found  in  transformation  on  the  edge  of  the 
ice.     Through  the  spring  months  the  dusky  and  grayish  little  nemouras 

1 1  have  bred  a  species  of  Acroneurla  In  some  numbers  from  nymphs  taken  from  rotting  oali 
leaves  in  the  edge  of  an  Ice  pond  at  Ithaca  N.  Y.;  but  the  water  about  the  bed  of  leaves  was  clear, 
and  could  not  be  called  stagnant,  since  the  turbulent  Cascadllla  creek  flows  through  the  pond. 

2  Practical  entomologist.    2  :73. 


414  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

are  emerging;  but  the  larger  stone  flies,  and  the  paler  and  green  ones  are 
to  be  looked  for  mainly  in  summer. 

Stone  flies  are  abundant  in  most  parts  of  the  state  of  New  York. 
Every  rocky  stream  swarms  with  them.  But  about  Saranac  Inn  there 
are  no  rocky  streams.  The  creeks  flow  leisurely  over  beds  of  sand  or 
filter  through  mats  of  river  weed,  and  are  destitute  of  the  stony  obstruc- 
tions which  afford  suitable  shelter  for  young  stone  flies.  But  two  of  the 
smaller  species  were  studied  there,  and  these  were  neither  abundant  nor 
very  important  members  of  the  aquatic  fauna.  Both  Hve  in  Little  Clear 
creek  and  in  the  pipes  which  bring  water  to  the  hatchery,  and  both  were 
taken  as  adults  at  the  hatchery  windows.  Nathan  Banks  has  pubhshed 
keys  to  the  North  American  genera  of  stone  flies  in  the  Trajisactions' of 
the  American  entomological  society,  20:328-29;  and  26:240-42,  The 
student  is  referred  to  these. 

CHLOROPERLA 

This  genus  includes  a  small  number  of  delicate,  pale  green  stone  flies 
about  half  an  inch  long.  At  emergence  they  fly  to  the  shelter  of  green 
vegetation,  and  thereafter  remain  concealed  most  of  the  time,  returning 
to  the  water,  perhaps,  to  deposit  their  eggs.  So  far  as  known,  the 
nymphs  which  live  in  clear  streams  are  entirely  destitute  of  gills.  C.  A. 
Briggs  has  recorded  a  curious  habit  of  the  adult  male  of  Chloroperla.i 
Placed  in  a  box,  it  struck  the  bottom  with  its  penultimate  abdominal  seg- 
ment to  make  a  noise. 

Chloroperla  bilineata  Say 

1823  Si  alls  bilineata  Say,  Godman's  western  quarterly  reporter,      2:165 

(original  description) 
1839  Chloroperla  transmarina  Newman  Ann.  «&  mag.  nat.  hist.  (2)  3:87 
1841  Chloroperla  transmarina  Pictet,  Perlides,  p.  283 
1852  Chloroperla  transmarina  Walker,  Cat.  neur.  ius.  Brit.  mus.  1:161 
1852  Chloroperla  picta  W^alker,  Cat.  neur.  ins.  Brit.  mus.  1:161 
1861  Chloroperla  bilineata  Hagen,   Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  30 
1892  Chloroperla  bilineata  Banks,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  19:342    (listed) 
1899  C  hloroperla  bilineata  Banks,   Am.   ent.   soc.   Trans.    25:200   (in- 
cluded in  a  key  to  species  of  Chloroperla) 

This  species  was  taken  only  in  the  hatchery.  It  was  already  disap- 
pearing when  we  arrived,  June  15.  A  few  could  be  found  about  the 
windows  each  day.  Many  more  dead  ones  were  discovered  in  the 
hatchery  loft,  entangled  in  spiders  webs,  or   fallen  on  the  window  sills, 


1  Ent.  month,  mag.  1897.    33  :  20T-8. 


•    AQUATIC   INSECTS   IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS  415 

having  made  their  way  upstairs,  seeking  their  freedom.  They  were  not 
observed  flying,  except  from  the  place  of  transformation  to  the  window. 

Empty  nymph  skins  were,  on  the  contrary,  very  abundant.  There 
were  hundreds  sticking  to  the  sides  of  the  hatchery  troughs,  thickest 
near  the  inflow  pipe,  but  some  were   to   be   found   on   all   the   troughs. 

Observing  that  the  season  for  the  species  was  waning,  we  lost  no  time 
emptying  the  supply  trough  and  sifting  its  contents.  Thus  we  obtained 
two  nymphs,  one  of  which  was  reared. 

Imago.  Length  to  tip  of  wings  12  mm;  antennae  7  mm  more. 
Setae  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  abdomen,  hardly  surpassing  the  tips  of 
the  wings.     Expanse  of  wings  21   mm. 

Color  light  green.  Antennae  brownish  black,  except  a  small  paler 
part  just  beyond  the  base.  A  broad  U-shaped  mark  on  the  top  of  the 
head,  just  including  the  ocelli.  A  blackish  brown  stripe  each  side  of  the 
prothorax,  darkest  anteriorly,  continued  on  the  mesothorax,  diffused 
posteriorly.  Abdomen  greenish,  washed  with  brown  dorsally,  specially 
toward  its  lateral  margins.  Setae  brownish.  Legs  greenish,  a  little 
darker  exteriorly  and  at  the  tips  of  the  tarsal  segments.  Wings  green  ; 
veins  very  faintly  touched  with  brown. 

Nymph.     Fully  grown,  measures  9  mm;  setae  ^.^  mm  more. 

Body  slender,  slightly  depressed.  Head  hardly  wider  than  prothorax 
or  than  abdomen;  the  latter  a  little  widened  in  the  middle  and  a  httle 
more  narrowed  at  the  posterior  than  at  the  anterior  end. 

Color  greenish  to  pale  brownish.  Antennae  green  at  base,  becoming 
brownish  at  tip,  stout  at  base,  rapidly  tapering.  The  broad  U-shaped 
mark  on  the  top  of  the  head  in  the  adult  is  present  in  the  nymph,  the 
base  of  the  U  being  laterally  extended  in  a  transverse  band  which  meets 
the  eyes  and  extends  two  angles  anteriorly  toward  the  mouth  each  side. 
Prothorax  with  two  lateral  stripes,  darkest  anteriorly.  Two  pairs  of  small 
spots  on  mesonotum  and  on  metanotum  between  the  bases  of  the  wings. 

Abdomen  with  three  distinct  blackish  brown  stripes,  a  median  one 
and  two  lateral  ones,  the  latter  ending  on  the  bases  of  the  setae. 
Setae  stout  at  base,  rapidly  tapering  ;  brown  at  base,  becoming  paler 
distally.     Legs  pale  greenish.     Ventral  aspect,  whitish  or  pale  green. 

No  tracheal  gills. 

Numerous  specimens.  Adirondack  hatchery,  Saranac  Inn  N.  Y. 
June.     Observed  till  June  21,  when  the  last  specimen  was  taken. 

LEUCTRA 

This  genus  includes  the  slenderest  of  stone  flies;  small,  brownish 
species,  with  wings  closely  inwrapping  the  body  on  the  dorsal  side.  Mr 
McLachlan  says  that  the  females  in  this  genus  carry  their  eggs  on  their 
backs,  extruding  thern  from  the  upturned  end  segment  of  the  abdomen 
and  pushing  them  toward  the  bases  of  the  hind  wings.  ^ 

1  Ent.  month,  mag.  1865.  1 :  216. 


4i6 


NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 


Leuctra'^tenella  Provancher  (pi.  15  and  fig.  4  and  5) 

1878  Leuetra  tenella  Provancher,  Petite  faune  eutomologique  du  Canada. 

p.  802  (without  descrijjtion) 
1892  Leuetra  tenella,  N.  Banks,  Am.  ent,  see.  Trans.     19  :  343  (cited) 

This  species  was  much  less  common  than  the  preceding  one.  Adults 
were  not  observed  in  flight.  A  few  were  taken  in  the  following  places  : 
at  the  hatchery  windows ;  on  aquatic  vegetation  close  above  the 
surface  of  the  water;  and  under  the  ends  of  some  boards  which  over- 
hung the  water  at  the  railway  embankment,  where  the  water  pours 
out  of  the  culvert,  forming  a  httle  riffle.  In  this  last  mentioned  place 
the  nymphs  were  obtained.  They  were  found  crawling  over  the  surfaces 
of  the  stones  and  boards  among  the  brown  and  empty  cases  of  Simulium 
pupae.  One  was  bred  July  31.  Sweepings  by  day  alongside  the  creek 
and  trap  lanterns  by  night  failed  to  find  this  species. 

From  the  foregoing  bibliographic  notes  it  will  be  apparent  that  this 
species  is  still  practically  undescribed. 


Fig.  4  Leuetra  tenella,  male  :  a,  dorsal  view  of  bead  and  prothorax ;  b,  end  of  male  abdomen 

Imago.  Length,  male  7.5  mm,  female  9  mm  to  tip  of  wings;  anten- 
nae, 5  mm.  First  and  fourth  segments  of  antennae  of  about  equal 
length,  the  third  longer,  the  second  shorter,  about  34  segments  in  all; 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  417 

moniliform ;  not  close  set  cylindric  and  tapering  as  in  the  more  typical 
Perlidae.     Median  ocellus  clearly  double! 

Body  slender,  with  sides  nearly  parallel.  The  prothorax  narrower 
than  the  head,  regularly  quadrangular,  with  straight  sides  and  ends,  and 
with  angles  all  a  little  rounded;  a  faint  median  raised  line  and  on  either 
side  of  it  a  faint  raised  circle  covering  nearly  half  of  the  prothoracic 
dorsum. 

Color  brown,  becoming  yellowish  on  legs  and  sutures.  Wings  smoky 
hyaUne  with  brown  veins     (see  pi.  15,  fig.  12). 

On  the  dorsum  of  the  abdomen  in  the  male  there  is  a  conspicuous 
prominence  on    the  sevenths  segment     _. 
which  rises  to  a  hight  equal  to  one 
fifth  of  the  thickness  of  the  abdomen 
(fig.  4^). 

Nymph.  Fully  grown,  measures 
12  mm  in  length  of  head  and  body; 
abdomen  alone  4.5  mm;  antenna 
4.5  mm;  abdominal  setae  4.5  mm. 
Width  of  head  .o  mm, 

T-ij  •,!  1  1,,         •!  Fig.  5  Wings  of  Leuctra  teneUa 

-body    With    nearly   parallel    sides. 
Head  as  wide  as  the  prothorax;  mesothorax  a  little  wider ;  abdomen  a 
little  narrower. 

Color  nearly  uniform  yellowish  fulvous,  pale  below  and  on  sutures, 
antennae  and  setae.  Legs  pale  yellow.  Eyes  blackish;  ocelli  brownish, 
with  a  faint  wash  of  brown  between  the  posterior  pair. 

No  tracheal  gills. 

Little  Clear  creek  at  Saranac  Inn  N.  Y.  June  21,  24,  26,  28,  July  31 
and  Aug.  2,  1900.     Not  common. 

The  two  stone  flies  discussed  above  fall  in  separate  divisions  of  the 
family,  which  I  regard  as  subfamilies,  distinguishable  by  the  following 
characteristics. 

1  Perlinae.  Imago.  The  median  vein  hardly  fused  with  the  radius 
at  the  base,  but  running  close  beside  it,  and  bending  away  from  it  very 
gradually,  not  forming  a  distinct  arculus. 

Nymph.  Flat  body,  flattened  femora  ciliate  on  the  sharp  and  convex 
margins,  and  with  tapering  abdomen.  Tracheal  gills,  when  developed, 
consisting  of  tufts  of  filaments. 

This  subfamily  includes  the  two  tribes,  Pteronarcini  and   Perlini  of 

Banks.^ 

2  Nemourinae.  Imago.  The  median  vein  fused  with  the  radius  at 
the  base,  then  bending  sharply  away  from  it  to  meet  the  cross  vein,  with 
which  it  forms  a  distinct  arculus. 

Nymph.  More  cyhndric  body;  femora  not  flattened  or  sharp  edged; 
abdomen    with   nearly   parallel   sides.     Tracheal    gills  when  developed 

1  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  1900.    24  :  210. 


41 8  NEW  YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 

consisting  of  single,  isolated  filaments.'      This  subfamily  includes  the  two 
tribes,  Capnini  and  Nemourini  of  Banks. 

Order  ephemerida 

May  flies 

Family  ephemeridae 

The  May  flies  are  all  aquatic.  A  few  of  the  larger  species,  which  sud- 
denly appear  in  countless  numbers  on  the  shores  of  our  larger  bodies  of 
water  and  as  suddenly  disappear  again,  are  very  well  known.  But  most 
May  flies,  being  less  concerted  in  their  period  of  adult  life,  emerging  a 
few  at  a  time,  resting  under  cover  and  returning  to  the  water  in  the 
twilight  to  oviposit,  are  little  observed. 

The  nymphs  live  in  all  sorts  of  fresh  water,  and  are  almost  everywhere 
abundant.  They  are  differentiated  into  highly  specialized  groups,  each 
finely  adapted  to  its  own  peculiar  situation.  There  is  great  apparent 
similarity  among  the  imagos ;  but  the  nymphs  of  the  several  principal 
groups  are  strikingly  unlike.  The  struggle  for  existence  has  fallen  mainly 
on  the  nymphs,  and  they  have  speciahzed  for  themselves,  more  or  less 
independently  of  adult  hfe.  On  this  account,  the  beginner  will  find  the 
study  of  the  group  greatly  facilitated  by  collecting  the  nymphs  along  with 
the  adults. 

Nathan  Banks  has  twice  published  keys  for  the  determination  of  the 
genera  of  our  North  American  May  fly  imagos,  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
American  entomological  society,  19:332  and  26:246-47.  Nearly  all  our 
species  are  described  in  Eaton's  monograph.^  The  following  table  will 
serve  for  the  separation  of  the  nymphs  of  the  genera  occurring  in  our 
fauna.  It  will  also  serve  to  indicate  what  I  believe  to  be  the  three 
principal  natural  divisions  of  the  family,  corroborated  by  important 
characters  pertaining  to  both  adult  and  nymphal  life.  It  is  based  in 
part  on  the  figures  and  tables  of  Pictet^ ,  Vaysseire'* ,  Eaton^ ,  and 
Schiller  ^,  but  mainly  on  my  own  breedings  of  New  York  May  flies.  So 
few  species  have  as  yet  been  reared  that  this  table  will  doubtless  need 
considerable  revision  when  more  of  the  nymphs  are  known. 

1  Rarely  developed.  They  are  known  from  the  European  Nemoura  cinerea  Oliv.,  In  which 
species  there  are  six  separate  filaments  at  the  front  end  of  the  prothorax  beneath.  An  undetermined 
species  of  Nemoura,  bred  by  me  at  Ithaca  N.  Y.  possessed  no  gills  whatever.  I  also  bred  at 
Ithaca  an  undetermined  species  of  Taeniopteryx  the  nymph  of  which  had  attached  to  the 
posterior  side  of  each  coxa  a  single,  tapering,  three  jointed,  telescopic,  gill  filament. 

In  the  Perllnae,  the  number  of  filaments  in  a  tuft  often  increases  with  the  age  and  size  of  the 
nymph. 

2  Eaton.    Revisional  monograph  of  recent  Ephemerinae.    Linn.  see.  Lend.    Trans.  (2)  3,  ISSS. 

3  Pictet.    Histoire  naturelle  des  neuropteres :    Ephemer.    Paris  184is. 

4  Vaysseire.    Organization  des  larves  des  Ephemerines.    Sci.  nat.  zool.    Ann.  (6)  11,  1881. 

5  Schiller.  Die  Ephemeriden-larven  Sachsens.  Sitz.  u.  abh.  der.  naturwiss.  ges.  Isis  in  Dresden. 
1890.    p.  44-49,  2  pi. 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  4T9 

GENERA  OF  EPHEMERID  NYMPHS  IN  EASTERN  UNITED  STATES 

a  Body  flat,  widest  across  the  rear  of  the  head ;  eyes  dorsal ;  legs  depressed  ; 
adapted  for  clinging  closely  to  flat  surfaces.  (Imagos  have  five  freely 
movable  segments  to  the  hind  tarsi) 

(Heptageninae)  Heptagenia,  sens.  lat. 

aa  Head  not  so  wide  as  succeeding  parts  of   the  body ;  eyes  lateral :  (imago 

with  but  three  or  four  freely  movable  segments  to  the  hind  tarsi,  the  basal 

segment  at  least  coherent  with  the  tibia) 

h  Body    widest  across   the   mesothorax;    legs  of  the  first   and   second  pairs 

about   equidistant  at  the  base.     (Imagos  have  the  cubitus  and  the  first 

anal  vein  nearly  parallel  toward  the  base)  (Baetinae) 

c  Gills  completely  concealed  under  the  enormously  enlarged,  conspicuously 

four  spined  mesonotum Baetisca 

cc  Gills  exposed  ;  mesonotum  normal 
d  Outer  caudal  setae  fringed  only  on  the  inner  sides  ;  gills  on  abdominal 
segments  1-7 ;  agile  swimmers 
e  Gills  simple 

/  Gills  oval  in  outline,  obtuse  at  the  apes Baetis 

ff  Gills  lanceolate  in  outline,  acute  at  the  apex..  Centroptilum 
ee  Gills  double,  at  least  the  anterior  pairs 

/  Antennae  hardly  longer  than  the  head  ;   the  thin  lateral  margin  of 
the  eighth  abdominal  segment  produced  posteriorly  in  a  very 

large  flat  tooth;  ocelli  on  the  face Siphlurus 

ff  Antennae  longer  than  half  the  body  ;   the  posterolateral  angles  of 
the  eighth  abdominal  segment  not  forming  a  conspicuous  tooth  ; 
ocelli  generally  on  the  top  of  the  head 
{/  Antennae  shorter  than  the  body;  gill  tracheae  pinnately  branched 

Callibaetis 
gg  Antennae  longer  than  the  body  ;  gill  tracheae  palmately  branched 

C  loeon 
dd  Outer  setae  fringed  on  both  sides 

e  Gills  on  abdominal  segments  1-7,  double,  similar 

/  Divisions  of  the  gills  narrowly  linear Leptophlebia 

ff  Divisions  of  the  gills  leaflike,  each  with  a  terminal  filament 

Blasturus 

ee  Gills  absent  from  one  or  more  of  abdominal  segments  1-7,  one  pair 

more  or  less  elytroid,  covering  those  behind  it 

f  Gills  present  on  the  seventh  abdominal  segment,  elytroid  on  the 

third  or  fourth  segment ;  a  pair  of  minute  tubercles  at  the  apical 

margin  of  each  abdominal  segment  beside  the  median  line 

Ephemerella 
ff  Gills  absent  from  the  seventh  abdominal  segment,  elytroid  on  the 

second  segment :  no  dorsal  abdominal  tubercles.  „ Caen  is 

ih  Body  somewhat  compressed,  widest  across  the  base  of  the  abdomen;  legs 
of  the  first  pair  much  more  closely  approximated  at  the  base  than  those  of 
the  second  pair ;  all  the  legs  appressed  against  the  sides  of  the  body  and 
adapted  for  burrowing;  mandibles  usually  produced  anteriorly  in  a  long, 
curved  tusk.  (Imagos  have  the  cubitus  and  the  first  anal  vein  strongly 
divergent  toward  the  base)  Ephemekinae 
c  Head  without  frontal  prominence  ;  gill  rudiment  on  the  first  abdominal 
segment  simple Polymitarcys 


420  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

cc  Head  with  a  frontal  prominence;  gill  rudiment  on  the   first  abdominal 
segment  bifurcated,  shaped  like  a  tuning  fork 
d  Frontal  prominence  rounded ;   the  flattened  fore  tibia  with  a  broad, 
rounded  lobe  at  its  apex,  close  behind  the  apical  burrowing  hook 

Hexagenia 

dd  Frontal  prominence  bispinoiis  ;  no   conspicuous   lobe   at    the  apex  of 

the  fore  tibia  behind  the   apical  burrowing  hook...  Ephemera 

I  describe  below  the  nymphs  of  seven  species  of  May  flies,  repre- 
senting as  many  genera,  bred  at  Saranac  Inn.  The  only  bred  North 
American  nymph  of  which  I  find  description  is  the  singular  Baetisca 
o  b  e  s  a  Say,  which  is  figured  by  Walsh,  Vaysseire  and  Eaton.  A  number 
of  undetermined  American  nymphs,  mostly  from  the  Cambridge  museum 
of  comparative  zoology,  are  figured  and  described  in  Eaton's  monograph. 
One  of  these  I  have  been  able  to  identify  as  Ephemerella 
excrucians,  described  below. 

Heptagenia  pulchella  Walsh 

Plate  15,  figure  15 

1862  Palingenia   pulchella     Walsh,  Acad.    nat.  sci.   Phil.   Proc.    p.   375 

(original  description) 

1863  Palingenia  pulchella  Hagen,  Ent.  soc.  Phil.  Proc.  2:177  (note) 
1863  Palingenia    pulchella  Walsh,  Ent.  soc.  Phil.  Proc.  2:203  (note) 
1863  Heptagenia    pulchella  Walsh,  Ent.  soc.  Phil.  Proc.  2:204  (merely 

refers  it  to  Hep  tagenia  ) 

1871  Heptagenia  pulchella  Eaton,  Ent.  soc.  Lond.  Trans,  p.  141  (de- 
scription in  Latin  from  the  original  by  Walsb) 

1885  Heptagenia  pulchella  Eaton,  Linn.  soc.  Lond.  Trans.  (2)  3:299  (a 
very  full  description) 

1892  Heptagenia    pulchella  Banks,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  19:347  (listed) 

Imagos  of  this  species  were  common  in  the  hatchery  windows  through- 
out our  session,  and  during  the  month  of  June  were  most  abundant 
there.  A  few,  mostly  males,  were  taken  regularly  in  the  trap  lanterns 
when  the  weather  was  favorable.  A  few  others  were  seen,  flying  in  the 
twilight.     The  species  was  little  in  evidence,  common  as  it  was. 

The  nymphs  were  abundant  in  Little  Clear  creek,  specially  in  the 
more  rapid  places,  clinging  closely  to  flat  surfaces  of  boards,  sticks, 
stones,  etc.  To  collect  them  one  needed  but  to  lift  these  obstructions 
from  the  stream  and  pick  the  nymphs  from  them  with  forceps.  Within  a 
few  days  after  our  arrival  we  had  reared  some  of  the  nymphs,  and  others 
were  reared  repeatedly  after  that.  Oviposition  was  not  observed.  I 
dissected  a  female  subimago,  and  counted  the  eggs  in  her  ovaries  in  part, 
and,  on  the  basis  of  this  count,  estimated  the  whole  number  at  about 
1340.      Imagos  and  subimagos  thrown   on  the  surface  of  the  fish  ponds 


AQUATIC   INSECTS   IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  42I 

were  snapped  up  eagerly  by  the  trout.     The  membrane  of  the  wings  of 
the  imago  is  in  this  species  finely  iridescent. 

Nymph.  PI.  15, fig-  16  Length  of  body  10  mm;  setae,  male  12, 
female  15  additional;  abdomen,  male  6.25,  female  7. 

Body  flat;  lateral  margins  of  the  head  and  prothorax  thin,  sharp 
edged,  flaring,  that  of  the  head  projecting  distinctly  beneath  the  eyes, 
antennae  reaching  the  tips  of  the  extended  fore  femora;  all  femora 
flattened,  sharp  edged,  edges  very  convex  and  fringed  with  hairs. 

Color  yellowish  or  greenish  brown,  mottled,  paler  below,  and  dorsally 
marked  with  paler  spots  as  follows  :  an  inverted,  mushroom-shaped  spot 
before  the  middle  ocellus,  a  triangular  patch  between  each  reniform, 
lateral  ocellus  and  the  eye,  a  transverse  band  at  the  rear  of  the  head; 
an  oblique  band  each  side  of  the  prothorax,  a  large  lateral  spot  each  side 
of  each  of  the  intermediate  abdominal  segments  with  a  black  mark  at 
its  hind  margin.  The  femora  and  tibiae  show  very  indistinct  transverse 
banding  of  color. 

Abdomen  with  sharply  toothed  posterolateral  angles  on  its  hindmost 
segments,  the  tooth  largest  on  the  eighth  segment,  where  it  surpasses  the 
middle  of  the  ninth  segment,  smaller  on  the  seventh  and  ninth,  and  a 
mere  sharp  angle  on  the  sixth  segment.  Setae  sparsely  fringed  with  hairs 
for  a  third  of  their  length. 

Gills  present  on  segments  1-7,  similar  on  1-6,  though  becoming 
smaller  posteriorly.  Anterior  gills  double,  the  anterior  leaf  thickened, 
trapezoidal  with  the  angles  all  obtuse,  a  sparse  fringe  of  slender  hairs 
around  the  distal  half  of  its  border,  a  strong  oblique,  longitudinal  ridge 
on  its  anterior  face  near  its  ventral  edge ;  posterior  leaf  thin  and  deli- 
cate, covered  by  the  anterior,  smaller  than  the  anterior,  cordate 
triangular  in  general  outline,  cut  into  a  peripheral  fringe  of  long 
respiratory  filaments  which  are  once  or  twice  forked  or  simple,  the  fringe 
being  as  long  as  the  body  of  the  leaf.  Gill  of  the  seventh  segment 
simple  (corresponding  to  the  anterior  leaf  only),  lanceolate,  fringed 
along  its  entire  margin,  its  apex  surpassing  the  lateral  tooth  of  the 
eighth  abdominal  segment. 

This  species  is  known  from  Rock  Island  III.,   Maryland,    New  York 

and  Quebec. 

There  is  in  the  Museum  of  comparative  zoology  a  specimen  of  another 
species  labeled  "Adirondacks,  New  York,  Aug.  1872"  in  Dr  Hagen's 
handwriting,  which  agrees  entirely  with  other  specimens  in  the  same 
museum  bearing  the  name  Heptagenia  vicaria  Walker. 

Baetis  pygmea  Hagen 

Plate  15,  figures  13, 14 

1861  Cloe'  pygmea  Hageu,  Synopsis  Neur.  N,  Am.  p.  54  (original  descrip- 
tion) 

1863  Cloe  pygmaea  Hagen,  Ent.  soc.  Phil.  Proc.  2 :  178-79  (notes,  "It  is 
the  smallest  epbeiuerous  species  known.") 

1871  Baetis  pygmaeus  Eaton,  Ent.  soc.  Lond.  Trans,  p.  122  (original 
description,  repeated  in  Latin) 


422  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

1885  Baetis  pygraaeus    Eaton,  Linn.  soc.  Lond.  Trans.  (2)  3: 170  (a  new 

description  of  the  fragments  remainiug  of  the  type) 
1892  Baetis   pygiuaea   Banks,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans,  19  :  348  (listed) 

All  the  above  are  bare  descriptions  of  the  single  female  specimen  in 
the  Hagen  collection  from  the  St  Lawrence  river. 

I  studied  this  fragmentary  type  specimen  in  Cambridge  Aug.  25  and 
28.  There  remains  of  it  a  bit  of  the  thorax,  bearing  the  greater  part  of 
one  fore  wing.  The  venation  of  this  wing  furnished  the  only  points  for 
critical  comparison  with  my  specimens.  The  descriptions  and  the  type 
specimens  agree  fairly  well  with  the  smallest  of  my  specimens.  I  could 
not  see  the  brownish  color  of  the  veins  described  by  Eaton  either  in  my 
specimens  or  in  the  type.  Also  the  veins  in  the  pterostigmatic  space 
vary  in  number  in  my  specimens  from  5  to  12,  and  from  being  simple 
and  straight  to  being  forked  and  anastomosing. 

This  species,  like  the  preceding,  was  common  in  the  hatchery 
windows,  was  taken  often  sparingly  in  the  trap  lanterns,  and  was  seldom 
seen  at  large.  Images  occurred  more  sparingly,  however,  through  the 
earlier  part  of  the  season,  but  they  became  very  abundant  in  August. 
From  the  window  in  the  hatchery  nearest  the  mouth  of  the  inflow  pipe 
carrying  surface  water,  hundreds  of  imagos  and  subimagos  could  be 
picked  at  a  time.  These  were  preyed  on  in  great  numbers  by  spiders 
which  lurked  in  the  crevices  of  the  window  casings.  Not  a  few  flew 
against  the  window  panes  when  these  were  wet  with  condensations  in 
the  mornings,  and,  striking  their  wings,  adhered,  and  were  unable  to 
free  themselves.  When  the  moisture  evaporated,  these  were  dried  down 
on  the  glass.  Among  these  I  noticed  a  number  of  females  which  had 
discharged  the  contents  of  their  ovaries  on  the  pane  in  masses  of  about 
200  eggs  each. 

Nymphs  of  this  species  were  found  most  abundantly  among  the  cases 
of  Simulium  pupae  in  swiftly  flowing  water;  a  few  could  be  taken  at  any 
time  from  the  hatchery  troughs. 

This  is  the  daintiest,  and  one  of  the  prettiest  of  our  May  flies.  It  is 
still  so  insufficiently  known  that  I  will  append  hereto  complete  descrip- 
tions of  the  stages  known  to  me. 

Male  imago.  Length  3-5  mm;  setae  7  mm  additional.  Colors 
black  and  white  varied  with,  reddish  brown  and  yellowish  red.  Head 
yellowish,  with  the  ocelli  and  the  inferior  part  of  the  eyes  black,  turbi- 
nate superior  part  of  the  eyes  yellowish  red  on  the  sides,  reddish  brown 
on  the  superior,  corneal  surface. 

Thorax  black,  paler  on  the  lateral  sutures.  Legs,  antennae  and  setae 
pale  yellowish  white ;  fore  legs  darker  on  the  sutures.  Wing  very  trans- 
parent with  a  faint  wash  of  yellow  on  the  extreme  base.  Hind  wing 
bivenulatCj  sometimes  with  a  short  third  vein. 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS  423 

Abdomen  black  and  white ;  segments  2-5  pure  white  (in  old  males) 
with  black  spiracles;  segment  6  yellowish;  segments  7-10  black,  paler 
below. 

Male  subimago  (undescribed).  Differs  only  in  having  the  setae 
about  5  mm  long  (as  in  the  female) ;  and  in  lacking  strongly  contrasting 
black  and  white  colors  on  the  abdomen,  all  the  colors  being  duller,  the 
wings  merely  translucent,  with  a  fine  fringe  of  hairs. 

Female  imago.  Length  3-5  mm,  setae  5  mm.  Color  reddish 
brown,  darker  on  the  thorax  and  paler  beneath  the  body;  discoloring 
badly  when  pinned.  Head  and  thorax  brownish  with  ocelli  paler  and 
eyes  black.  Thoracic  dorsum  brown,  darker  on  the  ridges,  with  a  pair 
of  oblique  pale  stripes  extending  from  the  hind  angles  of  the  prothorax 
to  the  wings,  and  a  pair  of  narrow,  submedian,  longitudinal  stripes  on  the 
mesothorax. 

Abdomen  reddish  brown,  apical  segments  paler. 

Female  subimago.  Differs  in  obscurer  coloration ;  on  the  top  of 
the  mesothorax  there  is  a  single  wide  middorsal  longitudinal  stripe. 

Known  only  from  the  St  Lawrence  river  and  Saranac  Inn.  Specimens 
are  deposited  at  Cambridge  in  the  Museum  of  comparative  zoology  and  in 
the  New  York  state  museum. 

Nymph.  Measures  4-5  mm;  setae  2.3-2.5  mm  additional;  anten- 
nae 2.2  mm. 

Body  slender,  .graceful,  smooth,  clean ;  brownish  above,  yellowish 
beneath  and  on  the  sutures;  a  narrow  middorsal  yellowish  line,  dilated 
on  the  middle  of  the  mesothorax,  and  expanded  again  into  a  quadrate 
spot  at  the  front  of  the  prothorax;  paired  yellowish  markings  beside  this 
line,  and  numerous  small  yellowish  spots  nearer  the  sides;  legs  and 
antennae  yellowish.  Setae  with  a  brownish  shade  near  the  bare  tip;  all 
fringes  short;  the  two  outer  setae  fringed  only  on  the  inner  side. 

Gills  present  on  abdominal  segments  1-7.  small,  separate,  widely 
extended  and  fully  exposed;  each  leaf  obovate,  a  little  oblique,  with  a 
chitinous  thickened  inferior  border,  this  border,  short  on  the  foremost  gill 
leaf,  reaches  the  apex  on  the  sixth  one,  and  comprises  the  greater  part  of 
the  narrow,  reduced  seventh  one. 

The  face  is  vertical,  with  the  ocelli  in  front,  somewhat  as  in  Siphlurus. 

The  nymph  is  an  exceedingly  agile,  little  fellow,  darting  hither  and 
thither  with  astonishing  speed  when  one  tries  to  pick  it  up. 

A  few  specimens  of  a  larger,  undetermined  species  of  B  a  e  t  i  s  were 
taken  at  the  hatchery  windows. 

Siphlurus  alternatus  Say 

Plate  11,  figure  7 
1824  Baetis  alternatus  Say,  Godman's  Avestern  quart,  reporter,    2  :  304 
1859  Baetis  alternatus  Leconte  (ed.),  Complete  writings  T.  Say,  1 : 204 
1S61  Baetis  alternatus  Hageu,  Synopsis  Neur,  N.  Am.    p.  49 

1862  Baetis  alternatus  Walsh,  Acad,  nat.  sci.  Phil.  Proc.     p.  369 

1863  Baetis  alternatus  Hagen,  Ent.  soc.  Phil.  Proc.     2  :  169 


424  NEW  YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 

1863  Baetis  alternatus  Walsb,  Ent.  soc.  Phil.  Proc.    2 :  189 
1853Baetis  ann  ula  t  a  Walker,  List  Neur.  ins.  Brit,  mus,     3:567 
1861  Baetis  annulata  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.    p.  48 

1876  Baetis  femorata  Provancher,  Nat.  Canadienne.     8 :  267 

1877  Baetis  femorata  Provancher,  Faun.  ent.  du  Canada.     2  ;  83 

1871  Siphlurus    aunulatus  Eaton,  Ent.  soc.  Lend.     Trans,   p.   127   (de- 
scription in  Latin :   figures  of  forceps   of   male,  and  ventral   abdominal 
markings  in  pi.  6,  fig.  4  and  4a) 
1871  Siphlurus  alternatus  Eaton,  Ent.  soc.  Lond.     Trans,     p.  129 
1877  Siphlurus  alternatus  Provancher,  Faun.  ent.  du  Canada.    2 :  83 
1885  Siphlurus  alternatus  Eaton,  Linn.  soc.  Lond.     Trans.     (2)  3:219 
1892  S  iphlur  us  al  t  ern  a  tus  Banks,  Am.  ent.  soc.     Trans.     19  :  346  (listed) 

This  handsome  brown  species  was  not  observed  at  large,  was  not 
taken  in  our  trap  lanterns,  and  was  only  obtained  by  rearing  nymphs. 
These  were  not  uncommon  in  shallow  water  about  the  outlet  of  Little 
Clear  pond  among  the  debris  of  fallen  brushwood.  Doubtless  the  imagos 
might  have  been  found  at  large,  had  careful  search  been  made  of  the 
shores  about  these  same  places. 

The  nymph  is  a  graceful  creature,  and  exceedingly  agile.  The 
beautiful  fringes  on  the  abdominal  setae  constitute  a  powerful  tail  fin, 
one  stroke  of  which  sends  the  nymph  through  the  water  with  a  speed 
the  eye  can  hardly  follow.  It  is  exceedingly  difficult  to  pick  up  one 
of  the  nymphs,  when  confined  in  a  little  dish  of  water,  with  a  forceps,  so 
quickly  will  they  dart  away.  In  a  water  net  of  some  size  they  are  easily 
taken,  however,  apparently  not  finding  themselves. ensnared  till  hfted 
from  the  water.  A  good  many  specimens  were  taken  in  shallow  water 
behind  a  large  hummock  overgrown  with  cattails  (  T  y  p  h  a )  to  the 
north  of  the  outlet  of  Little  Clear  pond.  These  transformed  July  21, 
22  and  23,  and  remained  in  the  subimago  stage  for  more  than  48  hours 
in  every  case,  undergoing  the  final  molt  during  the  second  day  after 
emergence  from  the  larval  skin. 

This  species  is  widely  distributed  throughout  the  eastern  United  States. 

Nymph.  PI.  n,  fig.  5,  6  Length  of  body  15  mm;  setae  6.5  mm 
additional;  abdomen  9.5  mm;  antennae  i  mm. 

Body  arched,  tapering,  very  graceful  and  exceedingly  well  adapted  for 
swimming.  Abdomen  somewhat  depressed  and  upcurved  at  the  tip. 
Face  vertically  elongated,  with  an  aspect  singularly  like  that  of  the  face 
of  the  common  grasshopper. 

Head  and  prothorax  short,  each  about  twice  as  wide  as  long;  meso- 
thorax  large  and  prominent;  abdomen  a  little  wider  in  the  middle, 
tapering  sUghtly  to  the  end,  serrated  on  each  side  by  the  prolongation 
of  the  posterolateral  angles  of  segments  1-9  in  sharp,  single,  back- 
wardly  directed  teeth,  which  become  largest  on  the  sides  of  the  8th 
segment,  and  sharpest  and  thinnest  on  the  sides  of  the  ninth;  loth 
segment  cylindric,  two  thirds  as  wide  as  the  ninth. 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS  425 

Color  yellowish  or  greenish  brown,  mottled  with  blackish  brown  on  the 
dorsal  side  in  a  pattern  of  short  streaks.  Legs  yellowish :  femora  with 
a  band  of  brown  just  beyond  the  middle;  other  brownish  marks  beside 
or  on  all  the  leg  sutures ;  tibia  shorter  than  the  tarsus  without  its  claw. 

Setae  yellow,  with  a  whitish  fringe  of  hairs  of  silky  aspect;  a  trans- 
verse band  of  brown  across  them  just  beyond  the  middle,  and  a  brownish 
shade  near  the  tip. 

Gills  present  and  double  on  segments  1-7  ;  the  posterior  leaf  with  a 
chitinous  ridge  on  its  ventral  (external)  margin,  not  reaching  the  apex, 
relatively  shortest  on  the  first  gill;  the  posterior  leaf  trilobed  on  segment 
I,  bilobed  on  segments  2-6,  and  simple  on  segment  7;  the  smaller, 
thinner  and  more  delicate  anterior,  leaf  bilobed  on  segments  i  and  2, 
simple  on  segments  3-7,  becoming  very  small  on  the  seventh  segment. 

In  contrast  with  the  gills  of  H  e  p  t  a  g  e  n  i  a  ,  in  which  the  anterior 
leaf  of  the  gill  is  thickened  and  protects  the  delicate  posterior  one,  we 
have  in  Siphlurus  the  anterior  leaf  thin  and  delicate,  the  posterior  one 
thickened.  The  latter,  having  muscles  attached  to  it  internally,  thus 
becomes  a  swimming  organ,  capable  of  a  smart  backward  stroke.  Each 
acts  in  concert  with  its  fellows  and  with  the  tail  fin,  producing  a  racing 
speed  for  a  succession  of  short  dashes  through  the  water.  The  respira- 
tory gill  leaf,  being  placed  at  the  front,  is  out  of  the  way  of  the  stroke. 

Two  specimens  ofCallibaetis  ferruginea  were  taken  at  the 
hatchery  windows  during  the  month  of  August. 

Ephemerella  excurcians  Walsh 

1862  Ephemerella  excruciaus  Walsh,  Acad,  nat.  sci.  Phil.  Proc.  p.  377 

(original  description) 

1863  Ephemerella  excrucians  Hagen,  Ent.  soc.  Phil.  Proc.  2  :  178  (note) 
1885  Ephemerella  excrucians  Eaton,  Linn.  soc.  Lond.  Trans.  3:130  (a 

full  description) 
1892  Eph  erne  r  ella   excrucians   Banks,   Am.   ent.   soc.      Trans.      19:347 

(listed) 
1871  Ephemerella  invaria,  in  part,  Eaton,  Ent.  soc.  Lond.  Trans,  p.  100 

Very  few  imagos  of  this  interesting  species  were  obtained,  notwith- 
standing the  nymphs  were  common  in  Little  Clear  creek  and  even  in 
the  hatchery  troughs  during  the  month  of  July.  A  single  pair  was  bred 
July  10,  transforming  to  imagos  the  following  day.  Specimens  were 
taken  at  the  trap  lantern  and  from  the  hatchery  windows.  The  species 
is  known  from  New  York,  Illinois  and  Michigan. 

The  nymph  is  no.  5  of  Eaton's  monograph. ^  This  being  the  type 
species  of  the  genus  Ephemerella,  a  genus  the  nymphs  of  which 
show  considerable  differences,  it  is  the  more  desirable  that  the  immature 
stages  should  be  made  known. 

iLlnn.  soc.  Lond.  Trans.  1885.  3  :  133-3i,  pi.  40,  fig.  18-20,  and  pi.  64,  fig.  3-7.  Unknown  genus 
"allied  to  Ephemerella." 


426  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

Nymph.  Length  8  mm  ;  setae  4  mm  additional;  abdomen  4.5  mm  ; 
antennae  1.5  mm. 

Head  twice  as  wide  as  long;  thorax  convex;  legs  short;  tibia  about 
equal  in  length  to  the  tarsus  without  its  claw;  abdomen  depressed, 
widened  on  the  fourth  to  ninth  segments,  with  thin  lateral  margins,  pro- 
duced at  the  hind  angles  into  thin,  flat  teeth,  which  appear  in  outhne 
like  the  teeth  of  a  circular  saw ;  third  segment  with  a  minute  tooth,  iirst 
and  second  segments  with  none  at  all,  lotb  segment  with  a  low,  longi- 
tudinal, lateral  carina;  setae  fringed  in  the  middle,  nearly  naked  at  both 
ends. 

Color  dirty  yellowish,  darker  above,  paler  beneath. 

Gills  double,  well  developed  on  the  fourth  to  the  sixth  segments,  rudi- 
mentary on  the  first  and  seventh,  and  absent  from  the  second  and  third  ; 
the  opercular  anterior  leaf  on  the  fourth  segment  covers  all  the  gills  pos- 
terior to  it;  on  the  fifth  and  sixth  segments  the  anterior  leaf  is  similar  in 
form  but  smaller  and  much  thinner;  the  delicate  posterior  leaf  on  the 
fourth,  fifth  and  sixth  segments  is  two  parted ;  on  the  first  segment  is  a 
simple  cylindric  rudiment,  jointed  on  a  low  pedicel ;  on  the  seventh 
segment  the  rudimentary  gill  is  leaflike,  single,  six  lobed. 

July  19  quite  a  number  of  nymphs  were  obtained,  both  from  Little 
Clear  creek  beside  the  hatchery  and  from  the  hatchery  troughs. 

Caenis  diminuta  Walker 

1853  Caenis   diminuta    Walker,  List  neur.  ins.  Brit.  nius.  3  :  584 

1861  Caenis    diminuta  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  55 

1861  Caenis    arnica  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  55 

1871  Caenis    diminuta   Eaton,  Ent.  soc.  Loud.  Trans,  p.  95  (description 

in  Latin) 
1885  Caenis    diminuta  Eaton,  Linn.  soc.  Lond.  Trans.  (2)  3 :  147  (a  full 

description) 
1892  Caenis  diminuta    Banks,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  19 :  348  (listed) 

This  dumpy,  little,  nocturnal  species  was  taken  abundantly  in  a  trap 
lantern  hung  on  the  side  of  the  boathouse  at  the  outlet  of  Little  Clear 
pond.  15  to  50  specimens  were  taken  at  a  single  lantern  each  evening 
from  the  14th  to  the  i8th  of  July.  This  appeared  to  be  the  season 
of  greatest  abundance  for  the  species.  It  is  quite  variable  in  size 
and  in  coloration  :  the  best  colored  of  my  specimens  agree  well  with 
Eaton's  detailed  description ;  but  the  size  is  often  much  larger,  reaching 
5-6  mm  in  length.  This  may  be  due  to  the  taking  of  published  measure- 
ments from  dried  specimens,  which  are  always  shriveled  considerably. 
The  species  is  generally  distributed  over  the  eastern  United  States. 

The  nymphs  are  common  among  the  trash  on  the  bottom  in  aU  quiet 
waters.     Their  inconspicuous  coloration   and   trashy   covering    protect 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  427 

them  well.     They  cling  closely  to  twigs,  bark,  etc.,  and  will  allow  them- 
selves to  be  lifted  from  the  water  without  stirring. 

Nymph.  Length  5.5  mm;  setae  3.4  mm  additional;  abdomen 
2.5  mm;  antenna  2.3  mm. 

Body  stout,  with  thick  thorax,  and  short  and  rapidly  tapering  ab- 
domen. 

Color  pale  brownish,  darker  above,  obscured  by  adherent  silt,  by 
diatoms,  vorticellae,  hydras,  and  other  adherent  organisms. 

Abdomen  with  large  and  sharp,  flat  teeth,  made  by  the  projecting 
posterolateral  angles  of  the  third  to  the  ninth  segments,  largest  on 
segment  7,  smallest  on  segment  3. 

Gills  present  on  segments  1-6;  on  segment  i  minute  rudiments;  on 
segment  2  thick,  elytroid,  covering  the  functional  gills,  squarish,  the  distal 
and  external  angles  rounded,  the  basal-internal  angle  square;  there  is  on 
the  anterior  face  a  piliferous  carina,  regularly  arcuate,  near  the  external 
margin,  extending  from  the  outer  basal  to  the  inner  distal  angle.  The 
gills  on  segments  3-6  diminish  in  size  posteriorly ;  they  have  the  shape 
of  the  hind  wing  of  a  pierid  butterfly,  and  bear  a  long  dense  peripheral 
fringe  of  respiratory  filaments.  These  filaments  are  unilaterally  several 
times  branched  on  the  anterior  side,  and  are  so  closely  crowded  that  they 
overlap  in  regular  series  around  the  margin  of  the  gill  leaf.  They  are 
longest  at  the  distal  end,  where  they  exceed  the  length  of  the  gill  leaf 
itself. 

Setae  slender,  thinly  fringed  along  both  margins,  the  middle  one  appar- 
ently a  little  shorter  in  the  males,  a  Kttle  longer  in  the  females  than  the 
other  two. 

Hexagenia  variabilis  Eaton 

Plate  16        * 

1843-45  Palingenia  limbata  Pictet,  Hist.  nat.  Neur.  v.  2  (Epheni.)  p.  146, 
p].  12  (the  original  description:  this  was  Serville's  name  for  another 
species) 

1853  Palingenia  lim  b  at  a  Walker,  List  neur.  ins.  Brit.  mus.     3:548 

1861  Palingenia  bilineata  Hagen,   Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.     p.  41  (a  full 

description) 

1862  Palingenia  limbata  Walsh,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.  Proc.     p.  373 

1863  Palingenia  limbata  Hagen,  Ent.  soc.  Phil .  Proc.     2 :  176 

1863  Palingenia  limbata  Walsh,  Ent.  soc.  Phil.  Proc.  2 :  197-99  (makes 
the  species  the  type  of  his  new  genus  Hexagenia) 

1868  Hexagenia  limbata  Eaton,  Ent.  mo.  mag.     5  :  85 

1871  Hexagenia  limbata  Eaton,  Ent.  soc.  Lond.  Trans,  i).  65,  pi.  1, 
fig.  7,  and  pi.  4,  fig.  3  and  3a  (description  in  Latin) 

1885  Hexageni  a  varia  b  il  i  s  Eaton,  Linn.  soc.  Lond.  Trans.  (2)  3  :  55, 
pi.  7,  fig.  lie 

1890  Hexa  ge  nia  variabilis  Hagen,  Stett.  ent.  zeit.  51:11-13  (dis- 
tinguishes this  species  from  bilineata  Say  by  the  form  of  the  forceps 
of  the  male) 

1892  Hexagenia  limbata  Banks,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  19 :  345  (listed) 


428  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

1888  Hesagenia  sp.?  (probably  vari  a  bili  s  and  bilineata)  Forbes, 
State  lab.  nat.  bist.  Bui.  3.  2:484-85  (estimate  of  tbe  value  of  Hexa- 
g  e  n  i  a  larvae  as  food  for  fisbes,  based  on  the  examination  of  the  stomach 
contents  of  1221  fishes,  representiug  87  species,  63  genera,  and  25  fami- 
lies: Hexageuia  larvae  constitute  nearly  one  tenth  of  all  the  food 
taken).    Summary  in  Insect  life.     1888.     1 :  158-61 

This  species  was  much  less  numerous  than  the  other  six  whose  life  his- 
tories are  discussed  here.  It  was  found  only  along  Little  Clear  creek. 
An  occasional  subimago  was  seen  in  early  morning  leaving  the  water  and 
flying  weakly  to  some  neighboring  tree  trunk  to  rest.  A  single  specimen 
was  taken  on  the  outside  of  a  trap  lantern  in  the  morning  twilight.  A 
few  were  picked  from  the  sides  of  the  hatchery  building,  where  they  were 
conspicuous  on  account  of  their  size. 

The  nymphs  were  easily  obtained  from  the  bottom  of  the  creek  with 
a  sieve  net.  They  were  obtainable  throughout  the  season,  this  species  not 
having  a  limited  period  of  emergence,  as  H.  bilineata  seems  to  have. 
Nymphs  taken  incidentally  while  collecting,  were  reared  at  various  times 
from  June  26  to  Aug.  i.  They  were  associated  in  the  creek  bed  with 
Ephemera  varia,  described  below,  but  were  very  much  less  num- 
erous. In  our  breeding  cages  the  subimago  emerged  one  night  and 
transformed  to  the  imago  the  night  following. 

Nymph.  PI.  i6,  fig.  2,  3.  Length  of  body  27  mm;  setae  12  mm  more; 
abdomen  of  male  18,  of  female  21  mm;  antenna  4.5  mm. 

Color  yellow,  with  some  paler  longitudinal  markings  on  the  thorax  ;  a 
series  of  mushroom-shaped  marks  on  abdominal  segments  6-9. 

Head  compressed  ;  a  shelf  like  prominence  above  the  base  of  each  an- 
tenna, straight  on  its  front  border,  round  on  its  exterior  side;  the 
frontal  prominence  semi-elliptic ;  mandibular  tusks  long,  stout,  upcurved, 
with  a  line  of  hairs  on  their  supero-external  margin. 

Antennae  at  base,  and  the  sharp  edges  of  the  legs,  and  the  lateral 
margins  of  the  prothorax,  densely  clothed  with  long  yellowish  hairs. 
The  antennae  are  bare  at  the  tips  and  do  not  surpass  the  extended  fore 
tarsi. 

Legs  (pi.  16,  fig.  3)  short,  stout,  twisted,  flattened,  closely  applied  to 
the  sides  of  the  body,  and  well  adapted  for  burrowing  ;  femora  and  tibiae 
scapulate  ;  the  tibia  produced  at  its  apex  into  a  terminal  burrowing  hook 
and  scraper,  the  edges  bearing  a  stiff  line  of  hairs  ;  the  hind  foot  chelate, 
the  distal  angle  of  the  tibia  forming  with  the  opposed  tarsus  a  pincer. 

Gills  on  segments  1-7  ;  gill  of  the  first  segment  small  and  shaped  like 
a  tuning  fork ;  of  the  six  following  segments  large,  of  a  rich  purplish 
color,  two  leaved,  the  leaves  similar,  lanceolate,  and  densely  fringed  with 
minute  linear  respiratory  filaments,  which  are  as  long  as  the  greatest 
width  of  the  gill  leaf.  On  the  flat  side  of  each  gill  leaf  is  a  yellow,  longi- 
tudinal median  line  closely  bordered  on  either  side  by  a  line  of  black.  All 
the  gills  are  directed  over  the  back,  where  they  are  gently  waved  back 
and  forth  in  intermittent,  graceful  motion. 

One  .of  the  largest  of  our  May  flies ;  generally  distributed  over  the 

United  States  east  of  the  Rocky  mountains. 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  429 

Ephemera  varia  Eaton 

Plate  11,  figures  3,  4 

1861  Ephemera   decora  Hageu,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  38  (d  e  c  0  r  a  was 

Walker's  name  for  another  species) 
1875  Ephemera  decora  Hagen,  Rep't  U.  S.  geol.  sur.  terr.  for  1873 ;  p.  578 
1885  Ephemera   varia   Eaton,  Linn.  soc.  Lond.  Trans.  (2)  3:69-70,  pi.  63, 

fig.  12h 
1892  Ephemera   decora   Banks,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  19:345     (listed) 

This  dainty  New  England  species  was  common  about  Little  Clear 
creek,  associated  with  the  preceding  species,  with  which  it  agrees  quite 
closely  in  habits.  Imagos,  while  not  sought  outside  our  cages,  were 
often  seen  sitting  lightly  on  the  bushes  near  the  b  anks  of  the  creek.  The 
nymphs  were  abundant  in  the  bed  of  the  creek  till  the  first  of  August. 

Nymph,  PI.  n.  fig.  i,  2  Length  of  body  18  mm;  setae  8  mm  addi- 
tional;  abdomen  11  mm;  antennae  4.5  mm. 

Color  yellowish  ;  abdomen  with  a  pair  of  submedian,  longitudinal, 
brown  streaks,  laid  on  yellow  ones,  which  they  divide. 

Antennae  sparsely  hairy,  much  surpassing  the  tips  of  the  tarsi.  Man- 
dibular tusks,  approximate,  slender,  bare,  gently  up  curved  and  divergent 
at  the  tips;  femora  and  tibiae  moderately  dilated  and  bearing  on  their 
flattened  edges  copious  fringes  of  hairs. 

Gills  as  in  Hexagenia,  but  slenderer,  and  less  deeply  tinged  with 
purple  color. 

Order  ODONATA 

Dragon  flies 

The  dragon  flies  are  all  aquatic.  They  frequent  fresh  water  in  all  sorts 
of  situations,  and  are  probably  the  most  important  predatory  aquatic 
insects.  They  are  strictly  carnivorous  in  all 
stages.  The  adults  feed  on  a  great  variety 
of  insects,  and  the  larger  dragon  flies  habitu- 
ally eat  the  smaller  ones.  The  nymphs  are 
very  voracious,  and  in  many  species  can- 
nibalistic, the  larger  nymphs  eating  the 
smaller  ones;  but  they  eat  chiefly  other 
aquatic  insects,  worms,  crustaceans,  fish  fry, 
and  tadpoles. 

The  nymphs  may  be  conveniently  grouped      Fig.  e  Pace  of  nymph  of  sympet- 

rumlllotum  Hagen,  showing  the 
according    to    habits    as  follows.  enormous  masls  shaped  labium 

o  Burrowiug  nymphs,  with  depressed,  wedged-shaped  heads,  abbreviated  and 
flattened  antennae,  approximated  fore  legs,  and  external  burrowiug  hooks 
at  the  ends  of  the  fore  and  middle  tibiae.  These  burrow  along  on  the  bot- 
tom of  the  pond  or  stream,  just  beneath  the  layer  of  silt,  with  the  tip  of  the 
abdomen  turned  upward  and  reaching  the  water  for  respiration  (Gomphinae) 


430 


NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 


T)  Squatting  nymphs,  with  the  face  vertical  and  the  eyes  capping  the  prominent 
anterolateral  angles.  These  settle  themselves  on  the  trashy  pond  bottom, 
some  of  them  covering  themselves  over  completely  with  sand  or  silt,  and 
thus  await  in  ambuscade  the  approach  of  their  prey  (Cordulegasterinae, 
Macromiinae,  and  some  Libellnlinae) 

c  Climbing  and  clinging  nymphs,  with  cleaner,  slenderer,  more  active  bodies, 
generally  showing  a  definite  color  pattern,  with  the  head  neither  euueate 
nor  vertical  in  front  (Agrionidae  Aeschninae,  and  some  Libellnlinae) 

All  nymphs,  when  ready  for  adult  life,  crawl  up  some  support  above 
the  edge  of  the  water,  fix  their  claws  firmly  and  transform ;   the  old 

nymph  skin  is  left  attached  when  the 
imago  flies  away.  Since  this  skin  pre- 
serves well  the  form  of  the  nymph, 
and  can  be  pinned  for  the  cabinet,  an 
easy  way  to  gather  life  history  mate- 
rial for  dragon  flies  is  to  pick  them  up 
when  newly  transformed  and  before 
the  imagos  are  ready  to  fly,  place  in  a 
coarse  paper  bag  each  imago  with  its 
cast  nymph  skin,  writing  locahty,  date, 
etc.,  on  the  bag  and  closing  its  top, 
leave  a  day  or  more  till  the  imago 
assumes  its  mature  coloration,  and 
then  preserve  as  specimens,  being 
always  careful  so  to  label  imago  and  nymph  skin  that  future  mixing  of 
specimens  will  be  impossible. 

The  two  suborders,  of  which  but  one  is  treated  in  this  paper,  may  be 
readily  recognized  by  the  following  characters. 

a  Fore  and  hind  wings  similar,  held  vertically  in  repose:   nymphs  with  three 
large  leaflike  respiratory  plates  at  the  apex  of  the  slender  abdomen,  and 
with  the  body  tapering  posteriorly  from  the  head.     Suborder  ZYGOPIERA  : 
damsel  flies 
aa  Fore  and  hind  wings   dissimilar,  the   latter  broader  at  the  base:   nymjths 
without  external  respiratory  plates,  but   with  a  respiratory  chamber  in- 
cluded within  the  wide  abdomen  ;  body  less  slender,  and  not  widest  across 
the  head.     Suborder  anisoptera  :  dragon  flies  proper 

Suborder   ANISOPTERA 

The  dragon  fly  fauna  of  New  York  state  is  somewhat  more  extensive 
than  that  of  the  few  other  states  in  which  careful  collecting  has  been 
done.  Dr  P,  P.  Calvert  has  summarized  the  local  lists  of  the  dragon  flies 
of  the  state  in  the  Journal  of  the  New  York  entomological  society,^  giving 

11895,  3  :  39-48  and  1897,  5  :  91-96. 


Fig.  7  The  transformation  of  Plathemls 
1  y  d  i  a  Dru.  1,  2, 3,  three  stages  in  the  emerg- 
ence of  the  imago  from  the  old  nymph  skin 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS  43I 

all  the  recorded  localities  of  occurrence  within  the  state.  The  list  in- 
cludes 102  nominal  species.  In  the  suborder  Anisoptera  belong  67  of 
these,  to  which  I  am  able  to  add  15  species  and  varieties  not  hitherto 
recorded.  These  are :  Ophiogomphus  aspersus  Morse, 
O.  johannus  Ndm.  (O.  c  a  r  o  1  u  s  Ndm.  has  been  previously  listed  as 
O.  mainensis  Pack.)  Gomphus  abbreviatus  Hag.,  Gom- 
phus  scudderi  Sel.,  G.  quadricolor  Walsh,  G.  furcifer 
Hag.,  G.  sordidus  Hag.,  G.  descriptus  borealis  n.  var., 
Corduleg aster  maculatus  Sel,,  Tetragoneuria  spinosa 
Hag.,  Cor  dull  a  shurtleffi  Scudd.,  Ladona  julia  Uhl. 
and  Leucorhinia  glacialis  Hag.  I  am  able  also  to  describe 
the  nymphs  of  all  the  genera  herein  characterized,  except  two : 
G  o  mp  h  a  e  s  c  h  n  a,  and  M  i  c  r  a  t  h  y  ri  a,  and  in  many  of  them, 
to  describe  the  nymphs  of  a  number  of  species. 

Immature  stages  in  this  order  are  still  very  little  known.  Of  the  80 
species  herein  discussed,  I  find  that  the  nymphs  of  20  have  been  more  or 
less  completely  described  and  referred  to  their  proper  species;  18  of 
these  have  been  described  by  Hagen  and  Cabot,  and  most  of  them,  well 
figured;  the  nymph  of  one  of  our  species  which  occurs  also  in  Europe, 
Libellula  qua  drimacu  lata  Linn.,  has  long  been  known  in 
the  old  world ;  and  recently  E.  B.  Williamson  has  been  able  to  get  for 
description  the  nymph  ofTachopteryx  thoreyi  Selys,  our  sole 
representative  of  the  Petalurinae  and  thus  to  fill  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant gaps  in  our  knowledge  of  the  immature  stages.  Most  of  these 
are  briefly  redescribed  below,  and  42  new  descriptions  are  added. 
Thus  the  early  stages  are  more  or  less  known  for  62  of  our  80  species. 

With  three  exceptions  I  have  given  herein  no  descriptions  of  imagos; 
The  descriptive  catalogues  of  Calvert,  Kellicott,  and  Williamson,  and 
other  available  special  papers  contain  descriptions  which  it  is  hardly 
profitable  here  to  duplicate.  In  absence  of  these  I  trust  the  keys  and 
tables  herein  given  may  be  sufficient  for  the  determination  of  the  species.. 

In  the  bibliographies  given  below,  completeness  has  not  been  aimed 
at :  the  student  who  desires  complete  bibliography  should  consult  the 
three  following  bibliographic  catalogues. 

Hagen,  H.  A.  Synopsis  of  the  Odonata  of  America.  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist. 
Proc.    1875.     18:20-96. 

Banks,  Nathan.  Synopsis,  catalogue  and  bibliography  of  the  ueuropteroid 
insects  of  temperate  North  America.    Am.  ent.  soc.      Trans.   1892.       19  :  327-73 

Kirby,  W.  F.  Synonymic  catalogue  of  Neuroptera  Odonata,  or  dragon  flies. 
Lond.    1890. 


432  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

Of  these  three  papers  the  first  named  is  most  complete  for  the  period 
it  covers,  and  it  is  the  only  one  containing  any  reference  to  the  literature 
of  the  immature  stages. 

The  four  descriptive  papers  most  continuously  referred  to  in  the  bibli- 
ographies of  images  are : 

Hagen,  H.  A.  Synopsis  of  tbe  Neuroptera  of  North.  America.  Smithsonian 
inst.  Misc.  coll.    1861. 

Calvert,  P.  P.  Catalogue  of  the  Odonata  of  Philadelphia  aud  vicinity.  Am 
ent.  soc.  Trans.  1893.     20 :  152-272,  2pl. 

Kellicott.  Odonata  of  Ohio  (a  posthumous  paper,  completed  and  edited  by 
James  S.  Hine).  O.  state  acad.  sci.     Special  papers,  no.  2.     1889. 

Williamson,  E.  B.  Dragon  flies  of  Indiana.  Dep'tgeol.  and  natural  resources 
of  Indiana.    24tli  an.   rep't  1900.     p.  233-333,  7  pi. 

The  first  of  these  papers  is  out  of  print ;  the  others  m.ay  be  obtained 
through  the  organizations  under  whose  auspices  they  were  published. 

The  bibliographies  given  below,  being  solely  designed  to  aid  the  user 
of  this  paper,  are  intended  to  cover  the  following  points, 

1  The  original  description  of  the  species 

2  The  principal  descriptions  which  have  introduced  synonyms 

3  All  available  descriptions  and  figures  in  American  periodicals 

4  The  records  of  the  occurrence  of  the  species  in  this  state  ;  at  least 
Calvert's  summary  of  such  records.  (In  most  cases  I  have  not  thought 
it  desirable  to  go  back  of  this:     Calvert's  paper  is  cited  on  p.  430). 

5  All  available  descriptions  and  figures  of  the  nymphs  of  our  species. 
It  will  be  convenient  to  treat  here  as  families  the  two  groups  that  are 

so  recognized  in  the  descriptive  works  to  which  our  bibliographic  refer- 
ences refer.  These  may  be  separated  by  the  following  keys.  The  tech- 
nical terms  used  in  the  keys  are  explained  in  figures  8  to  10. 

KEY  TO    FAMILIES 

a  Triangle  (see  fig.  9)  about  equally  distant  from  arculus  in  fore  aud  hind 
wing ;  stigma  with  a  brace  vein  at  it  sinner  end  (except  in  Cordulegas- 

ter) Aeschnidae    p.  434 

aa  Triangle  in  the  hind  wing  mach  nearer  the  arculus  than  in    the   fore  wing  ; 
stigma  without  brace  vein Libellulidae    p.  478 

JVymp/is 
a  Labium  (see  fig.  8)  flat  or  nearly  so,    without  raptorial   setae  (except  in 
Cordulegaster,    which  has  the  labium  spoon  shaped,  and  the  median 
lobe  cleft  at  the  summit  of  a  prominent  median  angle  into  two  divergent 

teeth) - Aeschnidae 

aa  Labium  mask  shaped  or  spoon  shaped,  when  closed  covering  the  face  up  to 
the  bases  of  the  antennae,  armed  with  raptorial  setae... .Li  bellulid  ae 


AQUATIC  INSECTS   IN  THE  ADIRONDACKS 


433 


Fig.  8  Group  recognition  characters  for  dragon  fly  nymphs.  B  and  D,  labium  and  end  of  abdo- 
men of  Anax  Junius  Dru.  (Aeschninae)  Aand  C, labium  andend of  abdomen  of  Peri themis 
domitia  Dru.  (LibelluUnae) 


Fig.  9  The  wings  of  Gomphus  descriptus  Banks.  Ccosta;  Sc subcosta  ;  iJ radius  ;  iJs radial  sector;  JIf media; 
Cm  cubitus ;  4  anal  vein;  n  nodus;  6r  bridge;  ooblique  vein ;  sn  subnodus ;  st  stigma:  ararculus;  *  triangle; 
t'  subtrlangle  ;  s  supratriangle  :  m  membranule.  Branches  of  media,  cubitus  and  anal  vein  membered  at  the  wing  mar- 
gin. The  dotted  line  In  the  base  of  the  subcostal  space  indicates  the  position  of  the  basal  subcostal  cross  vein  when 
dereloped. 


434 


NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 


Family  aeschnidae 
This  family  contains  four  subfamilies  that  are  so  different  in  character 
and  habits  they  may  be  best  discussed  separately.     The  following  keys 
will  serve  for  their  separation. 

KEY  TO  SUBFAMILIES 

Images 
a  Stigma  braced  at  its  inner  end  against  an  inclined   cross  vein  in   the  space 
below  it  (see  fig.  9) 
h  Cubital  vein  in  the  fore  wing  extending  directly  to  the  hind  angle  of  the  tri- 
angle,   not    appearing   forked  ;    subtriangle    consisting  of  one  cell,   or 
indistinctly  developed 

c  Eyes  widely  separated  on  the  top  of  the  head Gomphinae 

CO  Eyes  approximated  on  the  top  of  the  head Aeschninae    p.  462 

Vh  Cubital  vein  in  the  fore  wing  apparently  forked  at  the  base  of  the  second 

cubito- anal  cross  vein;  subtriangle  of  three  cells.  Petalurinae  p.  472 

aa  Stigma  without  a  brace  vein Cordulegasterinae    p.  473 

Nymphs 
a  Labium  flat   (or  with  the    edges  of   the  lateral  lobes   slightly  upturned  in 
T  a  c  h  o  p  t  e  r  y  x),    and  without  raptorial  setae 
J  Labium  with  its  median  lobe  entire;  antennae  four  jointed,  the  fourth  joint 
rudimentary;   fore  tarsi  two  jointed  :  burrowing  nymphs,  Gomphinae 

6&  Labium    with    a   short  median   cleft   (fig.    8B) ;   antennae  seven   jointed, 
setaceous;  tarsi  three  jointed  ;  climbing  nymphs,  with  eyes  at  sides  of  head 

Aeschninae 

Wh  Labium    with   a   shallow  median  cleft  (fig.  15);  antennae  seven  jointed, 

short;  squatting  nymphs,  with  face  vertical,  and  eyes  on  anterolateral 

angles;  depressed,  hairy;  tarsi  three  jointed Petalurinae 

aa  Labium  spoon  sbaped,  with  raptorial  setae,  differs  from  libellulid  nymphs 
in  having  the  prominent  median  lobe  of  the  labium  cleft  into  two  vari- 
ously formed  teeth  at  apex  (fig.  16) Cordulegasterinae 

Subfamily  ooimphinae: 
Mostly  large  species,  with  clear  wings,  bodies  striped  with  black  and 
green  or  yellow,  of  strong  but  not  well  sustained  flight,  inhabiting  mostly 


Fig.  10  Diagram  illustrating  the  parts  of  the  head  and  thorax  chiefly  used  in  the  tables  (Lan 
thus  alblstylus  Selys.).  Ahead  seen  from  front;  eeye;  /frons;  i) postclypeus ;  aantecUy 
peus;  1-labrum:  s  edge  of  labium  ;  t  side  of  mandible  ;  wgena:  v  vertex,  bearing  the  three  ocelli 
and  the  antennae ;  o  occiput.  B  Thorax  from  the  side ;  m  prothorax ;  n  abdomen  ;  a  and  h  consoli- 
dated nieso- and  metathorax  ;  &  collar;  c  carina;  d  crest;  a;,  j/,  zflrst  (humeral),  second  and  third 
latural  sutures  and  stripes ;  3  and  3,  bases  of  middle  and  hind  legs  respectively 


AQUATIC   INSECTS   IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  435 

flowing  or  clear  water;  abundantly  represented  throughout  New  York 
state.  The  nymphs  are  burrowers  in  the  beds  of  streams  and  ponds. 
The  females  oviposit  unattended  by  the  males,  and  liberate  their  eggs  in 
the  water  during  flight  by  descending  repeatedly  and  striking  the  surface 
of  the  Avater  with  the  tip  of  the  abdomen.  The  eggs  have  a  scanty 
envelop  of  gelatin ;  they  tend  apart  in  falling,  to  He  scattered  on  the 
bottom,  where  they  are  at  once  hidden  by  the  silt  which  adheres  to  the 
gelatin.  The  following  key  will  serve  for  the  separation  of  the  genera 
likely  to  be  found  within  our  limits. 

KEY  TO  GENERA 

Images 

a  Basal  subcostal  cross  vein  (see  fig.  9)  present ;  a  linear  or  spatulate, 
median,  sternal  process  on  the  first  abdominal  segment ;  legs  very  short, 
the  hind  femora  hardly  reaching  the  apex  of  the  first  abdominal  seg- 
ment   Progompbus 

aa  No  basal   subcostal  cross  vein;    no  median  sternal    process  on  the  first 
abdominal  segment;  legs  longer,  the  hind  femora  reaching  or  surpassing 
the  middle  of  the  second  abdominal  segment 
fe  Hind  wings  with   a  distinct  anal  loop  (see  fig.  18  a)  consisting  of  several 
cells 
c  Anal  loop  normally  consiatingof  three  cells  ;  first  and  fifth  antenodal  cross 
veins  matched  in  position  and  hypertrophied ;  stigma  broad  with  both 
sides  convex;  triangles  not  traversed  by  cross  veins.  O  phiogomphus 
cc  Anal  loop   consisting  normally   of  four  cells ;  first  and  seventh  antenodel 
cross  veins  matched  in  position  and  hypertrophied ;   stigma  long  and 
narrow  with  parallel  sides;  each  triangle  divided  by  a  cross  vein 

Hageniu  s    j).  440 

hh  Hind  wings  with  no  distinct  anal  loop,  or  with  one  consisting  of  a  single  cell 

c  Triangle  of  the  fore  wing  one  third  shorter  than  that  of  the  hind  wing ; 

generally  a  single  cell  between  the  bases  of  veins  A2  and  A3  . .  L  a  n  t  h  u  3 

cc  Triangle  of  the  fore  wing  less  tlian  one   fourth  shorter  than  that  of  the 

hind  wing ;  generally,  two  or  more  cells  between  A2  and  A3  at  their  origin 

d  Hind  femora  naked,  or  with  numerous  short  sjjines 

Gomphus,  sens.lat.    p.  443 
dd  Hind  femora  with  five  to  seven  long,  strong  spines 

Dromogomphusp.  461 
J\ymJ>/is 

a  Middle  legs  more  approximate  at  the  base  than  are  the  fore  legs;  fourth  seg- 
ment of  the  antenna  slender,  erect,  about  as  long  as  the  third  segment  is 
wide  ;  10th  abdominal  segment  about  as  long  as  the  ninth 

Progomphus 

aa  Middle  legs  not  more  (usually  less)  approximate  than  the  fore  legs  at  base ; 

the  fourth  segment  of  the  antenna  a  mere  rudiment,  orbicular  or  discoid, 

much  shorter  than  the  third  segment  is  wide ;  10th  abdominal  segment 

much  shorter  than  the  ninth 


43^  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

b  Wing  cases  strongly  divergent  on  the  two  sides;  lateral  lobe  of  labium  blunt 

at  apex Ophiogompbus 

Ih  Wing  cases  laid  closely  parallel  along  the  back;  lateral  lobe  of  labium 
ending  in  a  sharp,  incurved  hook 
c  Abdomen  very  thin  and  flat,  circular  in  outline  as  seen  from  above;  third 

segment  of  antenna  flat  and  subcireular ...H  a  gen  iu  s 

cc  Abdomen  less  depressed,  ovate  to  lanceolate  in  outline,  at  least  twice  as 
long  as  wide 
d  Third  joint  of    antenna    very  flat,   thin,    and  in   outline  circular  or 

broadly  oval Lanthus 

dd  Third  joint  of  antenna  elongate,  linear,  little  flattened 

e  Dorsum  of  the  ninth  abdominal  segment  rounded,  or  with  a  low,  obtuse, 

median  longitudinal  ridge , Gomphus,  sens.  lat. 

ee  Ninth  abdominal  segment  with  a  sharp  middorsal  ridge,  ending  in  a 
straight  apical  spine Dromogomphus 

The  genus  Progomphus  has  not  yet  been  found  in  New  York 
state,  but  it  will  probably  be  eventually.  It  ranges  from  Massachusetts 
southward  and  westward  across  the  continent,  a  single  P.  obscurus 
Selys,  having  been  taken  in  the  whole  northeastern  United  States. 

OPHIOGOMPHUS 

Four  species  of  this  genus  are  known  from  New  York  state.  A  fifth, 
O.  mainensis  Packard  is  in  our  lists,  but  erroneously,  I  believe. 
The  specimens  on  which  the  record  is  based  are  in  the  I^intner  collec- 
tion and  in  the  museum  of  comparative  zoology.  I  have  examined 
them  all,  and  they  certainly  belong  to  O.  carolus  Ndm.,  which  I 
believe  to  be  a  distinct  species.  The  error  seems  to  have  come  in  the 
associating  of  males  of  O.  car  o  1  us  from  New  York  with  the  female 
type  of  O.  m  a  i  n  e  n  s  i  s.  Our  four  species  may  be  separated  as 
follows. 

KEY  TO  THE  NEW  YORK  SPECIES 

Imagas 

a  Sides  of   the  middle  and    hind    femora    yellow ;    the  inferior    abdominal 
appendage  of  the  male  narrower  than  the  superiors,   not  visible  from 
above 
6  No  black  line  on  the  third  lateral  suture  (fig.  10)  of  the  thorax ;  abdominal 
segments  mostly  yellowish  or  brownish,  marked  with  black  apically 

rupinsulensis 
66  Third  lateral  suture  of  the  thorax  blaeli,  middle  abdominal  segments  black  on 

the  dorsal  side aspersus 

aa  Sides  of  the  middle  and  hind  tarsi  black  ;  the  inferior,  abdominal  appendage 

of  the  male  wider  than  the  superiors,   its  lateral  angles  visible  from  above 

c  Forks  of  the  inferior  abdominal  appendage  of  the  male  apparently  again 

forked,  the  apex  of  each  bearing  two  strong,   upcurved  teeth  separated  by 

a  deep  rounded  notch „ johannus 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  437 

cc  Forks  of  the  inferior  abdominal  appendage  of  the  male  ending  bluntly,  the 
obtuse  angles  bearing  low  teeth carolus. 

For  the  differential  characters  of  other  North  American  species,  see 
my  paper  "  Ophiogomphus "  in  the  Canadian  entomologist,  1899, 
31  :  233-38,  pi.  5. 

Ophiogomphus  rupinsulensis  Walsh 

1862  Erpetogomphus  rupinsulensis  Walsh,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.  Proc. 
p.  388  (original  description) 

1890  Diastatomma  rupinsulense  Kirby,  Cat.  Neur.  Odon.  p.  61  (bibli- 
ography) 

1892  Op hiogo mi)hu 8    rupinsulensis    Banks,   Am.   ent.    soc.       Trans. 

19:351   (listed) 

1893  Ophiogomphus    rupinsulensis     Calvert,    Am.    ent.    soe.    Trans. 

20 :  242  (description) 

1894  Ophiogomphus    rupinsulensis    Banks,   Can.    ent.    26 :  77  (listed 

from  Itbaca) 

1895  Ophiogomphus    rupinsulensis    Calvert,  N.  Y.    ent.    soc.    Jour. 

3  :  44  (listed  from  Ithaca) 

1897  Ophiogomphus  rupinsulensis  Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour. 
5  :  93  (listed  from  Schoharie) 

1897  Herpetogomphus  pictus  Needham,  Can.  ent.  29  :  181-82  (descrip- 
tion) 

1899  Ophiogomphus  rupinsulensis  Needham,  Can.  ent.  31:236,  pi. 
5,  fig.  3,  12,  21,  30  and  31 

1899  Ophiogom  phus    rupinsulensis    Kellicott,   Odon.  Ohio,   p.  53-54 

(full  description) 

1900  Ophiogomphus  rupinsulensis,    Williamson,    Dragon    flies    Ind. 

p.  298  (full  description) 

This  handsome,  widely  ranging  species  has  been  taken  at  several  places 
in  the  state.  It  was  not  met  with  at  Saranac  Inn.  The  nymph  is 
unknown. 

Ophiogomphus  aspersus  Morse 

1895  Ophiogomphus  aspersus  Morse,  Psyche,  7:209  (original  de- 
scription) 

1899  Ophiogomphus  aspersus  Needham,  Can.  ent.  31:  236,  pi.  5,  fig. 
2,  11,  20  and  29 

This  species,  hitherto  known  from  three  somewhat  immature  specimens 
in  the  Museum  of  comparative  zoology,  was  common  at  Saranac  Inn. 
Many  imagos  of  both  sexes  were  observed  flying  over  Little  Clear  creek 
in  the  places  where  the  shallow  current  rippled  over  sand.  The  males 
would  fly  back  and  forth  a  few  times  and  then  rest  for  a  time  on  some 
prominent  twig  near  shore,  generally  on  the  higher  bank.  They  were  not 
difficult  to  approach  or  to  capture  when  at  rest.     Except  when  oviposit- 


438  NEW   YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

ing,  the  females  seemed  to  remain  less  of  the  time  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
water.  The  female  makes  a  succession  of  sweeps  back  and  forth  near 
the  head  of  some  little  riffle,  striking  the  water,  after  short  flights,  again 
and  again  near  the  same  place,  leaving  her  eggs  in  it. 

Imagos,  living  and  mature,  are  of  a  rich,  deep  green  color  with  the 
usual  oblique  stripes  of  blackish  brown.  Unfortunately,  the  color  fades 
readily,  even  where  daylight  is  excluded.  The  few  imagos  which  I  took 
the  time  to  gather  were  nearly  all  netted  while  resting  on  a  water  pipe 
which  crosses  a  riffle  just  below  the  railroad  bridge. 

The  nymphs  were  very  common  in  the  sandy  bed  of  the  creek.  A 
great  many  were  raked  up  and  sifted  out  with  a  sieve  net  while  collecting 
for  other  material.  ,  The  cast  skins  were  abundant  along  the  banks 
through  the  months  of  June  and  July,  sticking  to  whatever  support 
offered,  within  a  foot  of  the  edge  of  the  water. 

Nymph,  (pi.  18,  fig.  5)  Total  length  27.5  mm;  abdomen  17.5  mm; 
hind  femur  5  mm;  width  of  head  5  mm,  of  abdomen  7.5  ram. 

Legs,  genae,  sides  of  the  antennae,  and  lateral  margins  of  the  abdomen, 
hairy;  the  general  dorsum  nearly  bare;  well  developed  burrowing  hooks 
at  the  apices  of  the  fore  and  middle  tibiae. 

Abdomen  oval  in  outline  as  seen  from  above,  abruptly  narrowed  on 
the  ninth  segment;  the  loth  segment  one  third  shorter  than  the  ninth; 
the  lateral  abdominal  appendages  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  others;  very 
short,  subequal  lateral  spines  on  the  seventh  to  the  ninth  segments ; 
dorsal  hooks  represented  on  the  second  to  ninth  segments  by  blunt  rudi- 
ments, which  are  erect  on  the  front  and  posteriorly  directed  on  the  hind 
segments,  each  surmounting  a  low  transverse  ridge,  which  extends  across 
the  dorsum  and  disappears  down  on  the  sides  on  each  segment.  Anterior 
two  thirds  of  each  segment,  including  this  ridge,  prickly  granulate; 
posterior  third  polished,  shining,  smooth. 

Mentum  of  labium  one  third  longer  than  wide,  dilated  beyond  its 
basal  third  and  upturned  so  as  to  be  flaring  upward  at  its  edges ;  median 
lobe  distinctly  rounded  and  fringed  with  flat  scales,  and  bordered  be- 
sides with  a  row  of  low,  broad,  rectangular  teeth;  lateral  lobe  incurved, 
rounded  on  the  apex  and  not  bearing  a  terminal  hook  or  sharp  angle,  its 
internal  margin  bordered  with  a  row  of  12  to  15  low  teeth. 

Color  greenish  or  brownish,  with  paler  and  darker  mottlings;  apical 
pale  rings  on  all  femora;  a  pair  of  transversely  elongate  whitish  spots  on 
the  dorsum  of  the  seventh  abdominal  segment,  repeated  on  the  eighth  seg- 
ment, but  there  divided  into  two  spots  each  side;  a  whitish  spot  each 
side  of  the  loth  segment  beside  the  base  of  the  superior  appendage;  tips 
of  all  the  abdominal  appendages  whitish. 

The  nymph  is  a  rapid  burrower,  trailing  along  at  slight  depth  through 
nearly  clean  sand  under  the  currents,  often  leaving  a  faint  line  behind 
showing  where  the  tip  of  the  abdomen,  upturned  for  respiration,  has 
pushed  the  sand  grains  aside. 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  439 

Ophiogomphus  carolus  Needham 

Plate  20,  fig.  1-4,  6,  7 
1897  Opbiogomphus     caroius    Needham,  Can.  ent.  29  :  183,  pi.  7,  fig.  1,  2, 

3,  4,  6,  7 
1899  Ophiogomphus     carolus    Needham,  Can.  ent.  31 : 235-36,  pi.  5,  fig. 

1  and  28 

This  species,  abundant  at  Ithaca  N.  Y.  and  taken  at  several  other 
places,  in  the  state,  was  not  met  at  Saranac  Inn.  It  is  a  very  secre- 
tive species,  few  imagos  being  seen,  even  where  nymphs  are  excessively 
abundant.  Like  the  preceding  species,  the  nymphs  prefer  the  sandy 
beds  of  running  streams. 

Nymph.  Total  length  26  mm;  abdomen  17  mm;  hind  femur  4.5 
mm;  width  of  head  5  mm,  of  abdomen  7.5  mm. 

Body  moderately  depressed,  widest  across  the  sixth  abdominal  seg- 
ment, suddenly  narrowed  on  the  ninth  segment.  All  ventrolateral  mar- 
gins closely  fringed  with  soft  hairs.  Color  yellowish,  the  surface  abund- 
andy  sprinkled  with  brownish  granulations  visible  under  a  lens. 

Abdomen  with  lateral  spines  on  segments  7-9,  a  httle  increasing  in 
length  posteriorly,  but  on  the  ninth  segment  distinctly  shorter  than  the 
loth  segment.  Dorsal  hooks  on  these  same  segments  developed  as  small 
blunt  posteriorly  directed  prominences,  which  hardly  surpass  the  narrow, 
bare  apical  band  on  their  respective  segments,  longest  on  segment  9,  and 
decreasing  in  size  anteriorly  so  as  to  be  barely  represented  on  segments 

6,  5'  4. 

Labium  as  in  O.  aspersus,  but  with  the  12  to  16  teeth  on  the 
inner  margin  of  the  lateral  lobe  a  little  longer  and  more  angulate  at  tips. 

Easily  distinguished  from  the  nymph  of  O.  a  s  p  e  r  u  s  by  the  unequal 
development  of  the  dorsal  hooks  on  the  abdominal  segments. 

This  species  is  very  common  at  Ithaca  N,  Y.  Few  imagos  have  been 
taken  at  large,  and,  indeed,  they  are  rarely  met  with ;  but  the  nymphs 
may  be  collected  by  hundreds  from  Six  Mile  creek  in  spring,  and  they 
are  very  easily  reared. 

Ophiogomphus  johannus  Needham 

Plate  20,  flg.  5 
1897  Ophiogomphus  johannus  Needham,  Can.  ent.  29  :  182,  pi.  7,  fig.  5 
1899  Ophiogomphus  johannus  Needham,  Can.  ent.  31 :  235,  j)l.  5,  fig.  9, 
18  and  27 
The  type  of  this  species  in  the  Cornell  university  collection  is  from 
Wilmurt  N.  Y.,  and  was  collected  by  Prof.  J.  H.  Comstock.  Since 
describing  this  somewhat  immature  specimen,  I  have  seen  specimens  col- 
lected in  Maine  by  Prof.  Harvey,  and  in  western  Pennsylvania  by  Mr 
Williamson.  From  these  I  learn  that  the  terminal  abdominal  append- 
ages of  the  male  are  not  well  represented  in  the  figures  I  have  published.^ 

1  Can.  ent.    1897.    29: 182,  pi.  7,  flg.  9,  18. 


440  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

The  superiors  are  well  enough  (and  in  these  the  chief  distinctions  between 
this  species  and  O.  c  a  r  o  1  i  n  u  s  Hagen  He),  but  the  inferior  is  incorrect. 
It  is  shrunken  in  the  type  from  which  the  figure  was  drawn ;  it  should  be 
shown  almost  exactly  as  in  O.  carolinus,  which  is  correctly  repre- 
sented in  fig.  8  and  17  of  the  same  plate.  Mature  specimens  show  also 
a  deep  green  color  on  the  thorax,  and  often,  the  humeral  and  antehumeral 
stripes  of  blackish  brown  entirely  separated  at  their  upper  ends. 

The  cast  skin,  pinned  with  the  type,  is  not  in  fit  condition  for  descrip- 
tion, and  the  nymph  is  therefore  practically  unknown, 

HAGENIUS 

There  is  a  single  North  American  species. 

Hagenius  brevistylus  Selys 

1854  Hagenius  brevistylus  Selys,  Acad.  Belg.  (2)  Bui.  21 :  82 
1861  Hagenius  brevistylus  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  114 
1890  Hagenius  brevistylus  Kirby,  Cat.  Neur.  Odon.  p.  75  (bibliography) 
1890  Hagenius  brevistylus   Beutenmiiller,  Dragon   flies  vs    mosquitos. 
p.  163  (listed  from  vicinity  of  New  York) 

1892  Hagenius  brevistylus  Banks,  Am.  eut.  soc.  Trans.  19;  352  (listed) 

1893  Hagenius  brevistylus   Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20 ;  241  (de- 

scription) 

1894  Hagenius  brevistylus  Banks,  Can.  ent.  26 :  77  (listed  from  Itbaea) 

1895  Hagenius  brevistylus  Calvert,  N.  Y.  eut.  soc.  Jour.  3 ;  44  (review 

of  lists) 

1899  Hagenius  brevistylus  Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  52-53   (good   de- 

scription) 

1900  Hagenius  brevistylus  Williamson,  Dragon  flies     Ind.   p.    282-83 

(good  description) 

Nymph 

1872  Hagenius  brevistylus   Cabot,  Immature  state  Odon.pt  2,  p.  9,  pi.  3, 

fig.  4 
1885  Hagenius  brevistylus  Hagen,  Am.    ent.    soc.    Trans.    72 :  279-80 

(very  full  description) 
1897  Hagenius  brevistylus  Needham,     Can.    ent.    29:168   (characters 

stated  in  table  for  gomphine  nymphs) 

This  big  species  frequents  clear  streams,  and  is  common  throughout  New 
York  state.  It  is  very  striking  as  an  adult  on  account  of  its  great  size  and 
black  color,  and  its  nymph  (pi.  18,  fig.  7)  is  a  most  grotesque  creature. 

At  Saranac  Inn  the  species  was  common  along  Little  Clear  creek. 
The  nymphs  were  found  an  the  midst  of  the  trash  on  the  bed  of  the 
stream,  and,  during  the  season  of  transformation,  exuviae  dotted  the 
banks  rather  conspicuously.  Few  imagos  were  seen  at  large.  These  fly 
swiftly  from  one  resting  place  to  another  about  the  stream.     They  are 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  44I 

easy  to  approach  and  proved  not  very  difficult  to  capture  with  a  net,  when 
resting  on  the  bridges  crossing  the  stream. 

The  eggs  are  dropped  by  the  female  during  flight.  She  descends  and 
strikes  the  water  repeatedly,  at  points  wide  apart:  10  to  20  eggs  are 
liberated  at  each  descent.  Thus  they  are  well  distributed.  Each  egg 
(pi.  19,  fig.  2)  is  somewhat  spindle  formed  in  outline  with  rounded  ends, 
at  first  of  whitish  color,  becoming  yellowish  after  a  few  hours.  The 
ovaries  of  a  teneral  female  from  a  breeding  cage  contained  no  eggs  that 
were  nearly  mature;  a  considerable  time  must  elapse  after  transformation 
before  oviposition  can  take  place. 

Nymphs  of  various  sizes  are  always  found  together.  These  sizes  fall 
into  three  or  more  possible  groups  of  sizes,  which  may  indicate  a 
developmental  period  of  four  or  more  years  duration.  In  other 
localities  I  have  observed  that  the  nymphs  are  likely  to  be  found  about 
the  deep  holes  in  the  creek  bed,  under  lodged  driftwood,  etc.;  but  in 
Little  Clear  creek  they  were  found  everywhere.  Even  in  the  shallow 
fish  ponds  made  by  impounding  the  creek  they  were  so  common  on  the 
bottom  that  one  or  more  could  be  taken  anywhere  at  almost  every  haul 
of  the  sieve  net.  11  exuviae  were  picked  from  the  boarded  side  of  one 
of  the  ponds  in  a  distance  of  20  yards. 

The  nymph  has  been  well  described  by  Hagen  and  figured  by  Cabot 
(//.  cc).  There  is  no  need  of  repeating  the  description  here,  since  it 
will  be  at  once  recognized  by  plate  18,  figure  7,  and  by  the  characters 
given  in  the  table. 

LANTHUS 

This  genus  includes  the  smallest  and  the  daintiest  of  our  Gomphinae, 
black  species,  striped  with  green.  Its  two  species  probably  both  occur 
within  the  state  of  New  York,  though  but  one  of  them,  L.  parvulus, 
has  been  recorded  for  the  state  hitherto.  They  may  be  easily  distin- 
guished as  follows. 

Abdomiual  appendages  black parvulus 

Abdominal  appendages  yellow  or  whitish albistylus 

Lanthus  parvulus  Selys 

1854Gomphus  parvulus   Selys,  Acad.  Belg.  (2)  Bui.     21:56 
1857  Gomjthus  parvulus  Selys,  Monographie  des  Gomphinae,  p.  157 
1861  Gomphus  parvulus   Ragen,  Synopls  Neur.  iST.  Am.  p.  109 
1890  Aeshna   parvula  Kirby,  Cat.  Neur.  Odon.  p.  65  (bibliography) 

1892  Gomphus  parvulus    Banks,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  19  :  352  (listed) 

1893  Gomphus  parvulus  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soe.  Trans.  20:242   (descrip- 

tion) 


442  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

1894  Gompbus  parviilus  Banks,  Can.  ent.  24 :  77  (recorded  from  Ithaca) 

1895  Gomphus  parvulus  Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.   soc.   Jour.  3:44  (recorded 

from  Iibaca) 
1897  Gompbus  parvulus  Needbam,  Can.  ent.  29  :  165,  166,  167  (made  tbe 
type  of  a  new  genus,  L  a  n  t  b  u  s  :  nymph,  found  at  Ithaca  N.  Y.  identified 
with  those  described  by  Dr  Hagen  from  Eoeky  creek  Ky.  in  Traus.  Am. 
ent.  soc.  1885,  12:281  and  doubtfully  referred  by  him  toUropetala 
(Tacbopteryx)   tboreyi:  nym^jb  figured,  pi.  7,  fig.  8-10) 

The  habits  of  the  images  of  this  species  are  unknown.  The  few  speci- 
mens 1  was  able  to  obtain  at  Ithaca  in  1897  were  all  bred,  and  I  saw  no 
imagos  at  large.  The  nymphs  are  very  interesting  little  fellows,  quite  as 
different  in  certain  habits  as  they  are  in  structure  and  appearance  from 
other  gomphines.  They  seem  to  prefer  little,  trickling  streams  fed  by 
springs,  and  burrow  in  beds  of  sand  in  the  deeper  parts.  They  are  more 
agile  than  other  gomphine  nymphs,  burrow  more  rapidly,  and,  when  with- 
drawn from  the  water,  unlike  others,  they  feign  death,  and  lie  quite  still 
for  a  number  of  minutes.  On  account  of  this  habit,  as  well  as  on 
account  of  the  mottled  coloration  of  the  body,  they  are  much  more  diffi- 
cult to  detect  while  collecting  than  are  the  others  which  begin  active 
struggling  as  soon  as  the  net  is  lifted  above  the  water. 

Nymph.  (PL  i8,fig.6and2o,fig.8-io)  Total  length  23  mm;  abdomen 
14  mm;  hind  femur  5  mm;  width  of  head  5  mm,  of  abdomen  6  mm. 

Body  somewhat  depressed,  a  little  hairy  on  the  genae  and  on  the 
tibiae,  elsewhere  bare  ;  head  concave  on  the  hind  margin ;  antennae, 
with  the  two  basal  segments  short  and  angular,  the  first  a  little  larger, 
the  articulation  between  the  first  and  second  a  little  oblique,  the  third 
segment  obliquely  oval,  flat,  one  third  longer  than  wide,  with  a  depressed 
smooth  oval  area  within  the  scurfy  pubescent  marginal  rim,  the  fourth 
segment  a  minute  round  rudiment,  at  the  inner  apical  angle  of  the  third ; 
labium  mentum  a  little  longer  than  broad,  its  front  border  appearing 
convex  by  the  rounded  fringe  of  scales,  in  the  midst  and  at  the  base  of 
which  are  four  to  six  brown,  minute  quadrangular  teeth  ;  lateral  lobe 
little  arcuate,  the  distal  angle  produced  and  incUned  internally,  but  hard- 
ly differentiated  from  the  six  teeth  on  the  inner  margin,  these  teeth  all 
largest  in  the  middle,  and  a  line  connecting  their  summits  would  be  con- 
vex internally. 

Abdomen  stocky,  widened  to  the  seventh  segment,  and  thereafter  nar- 
rowed, most  narrowed  on  the  ninth  segment;  no  dorsal  hooks  at  all, 
but  a  median  impressed  line  ending  on  the  seventh  segment;  lateral  spines 
well  developed  on  segments  8  and  9,  on  9  broadly  triangular,  and  con- 
siderably shorter  than  the  loth  segment,  against  the  sides  of  which  they 
are  closely  applied;  loth  segment  one  half  as  long  as  the  eighth,  one 
third  as  long  as  the  ninth,  three  fifths  as  long  as  the  superior  and  inferior 
appendages;  three  fourths  as  long  as  the  others. 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  443 

Lanthus  albistylus  Selys 

1878  Gomphus   albistylus   Selys,  Acad.  Belg.  (2)  Bui.     46:460  (original 

description  of  $  from  Maine) 
1878  Gomphus  naevins  Acad.  Belg.  (2)  Bui.  46:462  (original  description 

of    5  from  Pennsylvania) 
1890  Aeshna   albistyla   Kirby,  Cat.  Neur.  Odou.  p.  66  (bibliography) 
1890  Aeslina   naevius   Kirby,  Cat.  Neur.  Odon.  p.  66  (bibliography) 
1892  Gomphus   albistylus  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  19 :  351  (listen) 

1892  Gomphus   albistylus   Banks,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  19 :  352  (listed) 

1893  Gomphus   albistylus   Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20:242  (descrip- 

tion) 
1898  G  o  m  p  hus  albistylus  Harvey,  Ent.  news.  9 :  63-65  (description,  figure 
and  notes) 

Still  known  only  from  Maine  and  Pennsylvania,  in  which  states,  how- 
ever. Prof.  F.  L.  Harvey  and  E.  B.  Williamson,  respectively,  have  col- 
lected a  goodly  number  of  specimens  of  both  sexes.  There  is  in  the 
Cornell  university  collection  a  specimen  lacking  half  the  abdomen, 
probably  of  this  species,  from  North  Carolina.  The  nymph  is  not 
known  (unless  the  ones  described  by  Hagen  should  prove  to  be  of  this 
species,  instead  of  L.  parvulus,  as  I  have  supposed.  I  have  not 
compared  my  own  nymphs  with  Hagen's  types). 

GOMPHUS 

The  United  States  is  the  center  of  abundance  for  this  great  genus, 
and  it  is  nowhere  better  represented  than  in  New  York  state.  Our  list 
includes  17  regional  species,  only  two  of  which  have  not  yet  been  act- 
ually taken  in  the  state.  They  are  species  of  medium  or  large  size, 
often  very  local,  and  locally  very  abundant.  They  are  found  about 
water,  and  in  woods  and  copses  adjacent  to  it.  They  are  often  flushed 
from  a  bare  path  or  roadway ;  they  are  perhaps  most  commonly  seen 
resting  flat  on  the  surface  of  some  log  which  stretches  its  length  across  a 
stream;  they  rarely  perch  atop  a  slender  twig  after  the  manner  of  the 
skimmers  (Hbellulines).  Our  species  fly  mainly  in  June,  though  G. 
scudderi  is  a  midsummer,  and  G.  spinicepsa  late  summer- 
species. 

The  nymphs  form  a  most  important  part  of  the  bottom  fauna  in  all 
clear  waters.  They  are  active  burro wers,  taking  their  prey  either  on  or 
beneath  the  surface  of  the  bottom  silt.  They  are  very  rapacious,  and 
will  eat  almost  any  living  animals  small  enough  to  be  held  by  their  pow- 
erful grasping  labia.  The  nymphs  are  highly  specialized  for  their  pecu- 
Har  Hfe.     They  are  more  unlike  than  are  the  imagos,  and  in  general  more 


/|/1/)  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

easily  referable  at  a  glance  to  their  place  in  the  genus.  The  images  ex- 
hibit with  shght  variations  one  color  pattern,  one  plan  of  venation,  one 
habitus,  and  are  therefore  not  easy  to  distinguish.  I  give  below  an  arti- 
ficial key  to  aid  in  the  recognition  of  our  species,  and  follow  it  with  a 
synoptic  arrangement  of  the  genus,  in  which  is  included  a  statement  of 
the  more  important  characters  of  lesser  groups  within  the  genus.  For 
all  of  these  I  prefer  to  retain  the  old  generic  name  Gomphus  till  more  of 
the  nymphs  are  known. 

ARTIFICIAL  KEY  TO  IMAGOS 

1  Face  entirely  yellow 2 

Face  yellow,  trausversely  bauded  with  black 10 

Face  snifused  with  brownisb  black  ;  large,  very  elongate  species,  with  a  dis- 
tinct anal  loop  of  a  single  cell,  a  pair  of  narrow  oblique  yellow  stripes  on 
the  dark  background  of  the  thoracic  dorsum 14 

2  Hind  margin  of  the  occiput  with  a  distinct  median  tooth villosipes 

"  without  "  3 

3  Tibiae  yellow  externally 4 

"        black        "  7 

4  Abdominal  segments  7-9  strongly  dilated  about  as  wide  as  the  thorax 

fraternus 
Abdominal  segments  7-9  little  dilated,  much  narrower  than  the  thorax...     5 

5  Length  under  45  mm exilis 

Length  over  45  mm 6 

6  Superior  abdominal  appendages  of  the   male   with   a  sharp   inferior  tooth  ; 

vulvar  lamina  of  the  female  composed  of  two  acute  triangular  lobes,  one 

fourth  as  long  as  the  ninth  segment si^icatus 

Superior  abdominal  appendage  of  the  male  with  a  low  inferior  lobe;  vulvar 
lamina  of  the  female  composed  of  two  low  rounded  lobes,  and  hardly 
longer  than  one  10th  of  the  ninth  segment sordid  us 

7  Length  under  40  mm abbreviatus 

Length  over  40  mm  and  under  50  mm 8 

Length  over  50  mm 9 

8  Abdominal  segments  7-9  greatly  dilated,  as  wide  as  the  thorax 

ve ntri  c osus 
Abdominal  segments  7-9  little  dilated,  much  narrower  than  the  thorax 

quad  ri  color 

9  Dorsum  of  the   10th   abdominal   segment   and   the   superior   appendages 

black descriptus 

Dorsum  of  the  10th  abdominal  segment   and  the  superior  appendages 
yellow ._ furcif  er 

10  Yellow  of  the  thoracic  dorsum  reduced  to  two  narrow,  oblique,  isolated, 

yellow  stripes scudderi 

Yellow  stripes  of  the  thoracic  dorsum  broader,   not  isolated,   dilated  at 
their  anterior  ends 11 

11  Side  (anterior  face)  of  the  hind  femora  yellow amnicola 

Sides  of  the  hind  femora  black 12 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  445 

12  Two  cells  between  veius   Ai   and   A2   at    their   origin;    length   less  than 

45  mm brevis 

A  single  cell  between  veius  Ai  and  A2  at  their  origin  ;  length  more  than 
45  mm 13 

13  Midlateral  thoracic  stripe  complete ;  length  about  46  mm adelphus 

Midlateral  thoracic  stripe  interrupted,  not  exteuding  above  the  spiracle  : 

length  about  54  mm vastus 

14  Ninth  abdominal  segment   little   longer  than   the   eighth,   ground   color 

brown plagiatus 

Ninth  abdominal  segment  much   longer  than  the   eighth;   ground   color 
black spiniceps 

SYNOPTIC  ARRANGEMENT  OF  THE  GENUS,  IMAGOS  AND  NYMPHS 

Subgenus  gomphus 

Imago.  Generally  with  two  cells  between  veins  Aj  and  A2  at  their 
origin,  when  with  but  one,  that  one  generally  longer  (in  the  axis  of  the 
wing)  than  wide,  and  never  so  thickened  in  its  bordering  veins  as  to  con- 
stitute a  distinct  anal  loop ;  hind  femora  similar  in  the  two  sexes ;  pos- 
terior genital  hamule  in  the  male  generally  nearly  vertical  in  direction, 
at  least  not  directed  anteriorly;  eighth  abdominal  segment  generally 
squarely  cut,  rarely  a  very  Httle  longer  on  the  dorsal  than  on  the  ventral 
side. 

Nymph.  Abdomen  wider  than  the  head;  lateral  spines  on  abdominal 
segments  6-9 ;  an  impressed  middorsal  line  on  abdomen  more  or  less 
evident,  often  appearing  to  divide  the  segments  longitudinally,  present 
even  on  the  bases  of  segments  which  may  bear  dorsal  hooks  apically ; 
median  lobe  of  labium  straight  on  anterior  border,  or  very  slightly  con- 
vex, and  not  bearing  a  median  tooth. 

A  synthetic  group,  offering  evident  points  of  departure  for  the  three 
subgenera  which  follow  it. 

KEY 

1)  Ninth  abdominal  segment  a  little  shorter  than  the  eighth ;  two  cells  be- 

tween veins  Ai  and  A2  at  their  origin;  male  with  the  fork  of  the  in- 
ferior abdominal  appendage  not  extending  laterally  beyond  the  superiors ; 
female  with  a  low  carina  on  the  vertex,  at  whose  extremities  arise  black 
thorn! ike  spines;  small  species. 

a)  Imago  Face  yellow :  Nymph,  Length  when  full  grown  24  mm ; 
lateral  spine  on  the  sixth  abdominal  segment  less  than  half  the  length 
of  the  one  on  the  seventh  segment G.  abb  re  vi  at  us 

aa)  Imago  Face  transversely  lineate  with  black.  Nymph  Length  when 
full  grown  26  mm ;  lateral  spine  on  the  sixth  abomlnal  segment  more  than 
half  as  long  as  the  one  on  the  seventh  segment G,  brevis 

2)  Ninth  abdominal  segment  as  long  as  the  eighth,  or  often  a  very  little 

longer;  inferior  abdominal    appendage  of  the  male  widely  forked,  its 


446  ■   NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

apices  appearing  at  the  sides  of  the  superiors ;  female  generally  without 
thornlike  vertical  spines. 

a)  Imago  A  single  cell  between  veins  Ai  and  A2  at  their  origin;  seg- 
ments 8  and  9  of  abdomen  of  about  equal  length,  7-9  greatly  dilated,  in 
width  almost  equaling  the  thorax;  vulvar  lamina  of  the  female  about  half 
as  long  as  the  ninth  abdominal  segment.  Nymph  with  a  broad,  obtusely 
pointed  abdomen ;  lateral  spines  on  the  ninth  abdominal  segment  twice 
as  long  as  the  10th  segment,  the  latter  segment  thus  appearing  incased 
in  the  ninth ;  median  impressed  line  on  abdomen  distinct,  and  no  dorsal 
hooks  except  the  merest  rudiments  on  segments  8  and  9. 

Z>)  Face  of  imago  lineate  with  black.    Length  of  full  grown  nymph 

29mm G.  adelphus 

ii)  Face  of  imago   entirely  yellow.     Length  of  full  grown  nymph 

33  mm G.  fr  a  tern  us 

aa)  Imago  Normally  two  cells  between  veins  Ai  and  A2  at  their  origin  ; 
ninth  abdominal  segment  a  little  longer  than  eighth;  segments  7-9 
less  dilated ;  vulvar  lamina  of  female  one  third  to  one  10th  as  long  as 
the  ninth  segment.  iVj/mj)7i  with  lanceolate,  pointed  abdomen  ;  the  lateral 
spines  on  the  ninth  segment  generally  shorter  than  the  10th  segment  and 
not  inclosing  it;  dorsal  hooks  represented  by  rudiments  of  some  of  the 
segments  before  the  eighth;  impressed  middorsal  line  visible  only  toward 
the  bases  of  the  middle  segments. 

&)  Imago  Length  45  mm  ;  legs  all  black  ;  nymph  unknown 

G.  quadricolor 
1)1))  Imago  Length  over  50  mm  ;  fore  femora  yellow  or  green  below  ; 
nymph  with  very  low,  obtuse,  inconspicuous  rudiments  of  dorsal  hooks, 
c)  Imago  Tibiae  black  externally ;  inferior  abdominal  appendage 
male  with  an  inferior  tooth ;  vulvar  lamina  of  the  female  about  one 
third  the  length  of  the  ninth  abdominal  segment.  Nymph  with  about ' 
eight  to  10  teeth  on  the  inner  margin  of  the  lateral  lobe  of  the  labium 

G.  descriptus 
cc)  Imago.    Tibiae  yellow  externally  ;  superior  abdominal  append- 
age of  the  male  with  an  obtuse  inferior  lobe;  vulvar  lamina  of  the 
female   about   one   lOtb   as   long  as   the   ninth   abdominal  segment. 
Nymph  with  about  six  to  eight  teeth  on  the  inner  margin  of  the 

lateral  lobe  of  the  labium G.    sordidus 

bM)  Imago  Length  about  48  mm;  tibiae  yellow  externally  ;  yellow 
on  the  dorsum  of  abdominal  segments  9  and  10.  Nymph  with  pointed 
rudimentary  dorsal  hooks  on  segments  6-9 G,  exilis 

Subgenus  gomphurus 

Imago.  A  single  cell  between  veins  Ai  and  A2  at  their  origin,  hav- 
ing a  thickened  margin,  forming  an  anal  loop;  abdominal  segments  7-9 
greatly  dilated,  as  wide  as  or  wider  than  the  thorax :  eighth  segment  cut 
squarely  on  apex ;  posterior  hamule  of  male  perpendicular ;  hind  femora 
similar  in  the  two  sexes. 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS  447 

Nymph.  Abdomen  a  little  wider  than  the  head,  the  ninth  segment 
hardly  longer  than  the  eighth ;  lateral  spines  on  segments  6-9,  a  well 
marked  middorsal  impressed  line  extending  to  the  eighth  segment,  and 
very  minute  rudiments  of  dorsal  hooks  on  segments  8  and  9 ;  tibial  bur- 
rowing hooks  large;  front  border  of  median  lobe  of  labium  straight, 
lateral  lobe  with  its  terminal  hook  bent  inward  at  almost  or  quite  a  right 
angle;  apex  of  abdomen  regularly  narrowed  beyond  the  middle. 

KEY 

a)  Imago    Face  entirely  yellow;  nymph,  unknown G.  ventricosus 

aa)  Imago    Face  with  ijarrow  black  lines  on  sutures ;  sides  of  hind  femora 

yellow ;  nymph  unknown G.  amnicola 

aaa)  Imago  Face  with  broad  transverse  bands  of  black  ;  hiud  femora  black  ; 
abdominal  segments  with  basal  rings  of  yellow ;  nymph  with  the  lateral 
spines  of  the  ninth  segment  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  10th  segment 

G.   scudderi 

aaaa)  Imago    Face  with  broad  transverse  bands  of  black;  hind  femora  black; 

yellow  of  middle  abdominal  segments  restricted  to  triangular  spots  on 

the  dorsum;  nymph  with  the  lateral  spines  of  the  ninth  segment  about 

as  long  as  the  10th  segment G.   vastus 

Subgenus  stylurus 

Imago.  A  single  cell  between  veins  Ai  and  Ag  at  their  origin,  that  cell 
strongly  bordered ;  abdominal  segments  7-9  not  greatly  dilated  (much 
narrower  than  the  thorax),  but  considerably  elongated;  eighth  segment 
cut  squarely  at  apex ;  posterior  genital  hamule  of  male  strongly  directed 
anteriorly ;  hind  femora  similar  in  the  two  sexes. 

Nymph.  Abdomen  narrower  than  the  head,  and  greatly  elongated ; 
tibial  burrowing  hooks  very  small ;  lateral  spines,  middorsal  suture  and 
dorsal  hooks  of  abdomen  as  in  Gomphurus;  ninth  abdominal  seg- 
ment longer  than  the  eighth,  sometimes  twice  as  long. 

KEY 
a)  Imago.    Ninth  abdominal    segment    of   imago    mnch    shorter  than  the 
seventh.     Nymph  with  the  lateral  spines  of  the  ninth  abdominal  seg- 
ment longer  by  half  than  the  10th  segment .-  G.   plagiatus 

aa)  Imago  with  segments  7  and  9  of  abdomen  about  equal  in  length.  Nymph, 
with  the  lateral  spines  of  the  ninth  abdominal  segment  shorter  by  half 
than  the  10th  segment * G.   spiniceps 

Subgenus  arigomphus 
Imago.     Two  cells  between  the  base  of  veins  Ai  and  A3  at  their  origin ; 
eighth  abdominal  segment  obhquely  cut  at  apex,  longer  on  the  dorsal 
side;  hind  femora  different  in  the  two  sexes,  in  the  male  hairy,  and  in 


448  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

the  female  armed  with  numerous  stout  spines  below;  posterior  hamule 
of  male  directed  posteriorly. 

Nymph.  Abdomen  wider  than  the  head ;  flattened,  lanceolate  pointed, 
suddenly  narrowed  on  the  ninth  segment,  which  is  longer  than  its  apical 
width;  no  impressed  middorsal  line,  instead,  a  ridge  without  distinct 
dorsal  hooks;  lateral  spines  on  segments  7-9  or  8-9,  none  on  segment  6; 
median  lobe  of  labium  prominently  rounded  or  dome  shaped,  and  usually 
bearing,  besides  the  usual  brush  of  flattened  hairs,  a  median  tooth. 

KEY 

a)  Imago  with  abdominal  appendages  black ;  superiors  of  male  with  an  in- 
ferior tooth  ;  nymph  with  bare  median  narrow  ridge  on  the  abdomen; 

lateral  spines  on  segments  7-9 G.  spicatus 

aa)  Imago  with  a  tooth  in  the  middle  of  the  occipital  border.  Abdominal 
appendages  yellowish,  no  inferior  tooth  on  the  male  superiors.  Nymph 
with  an  obtuse  scurfy  or  rough  pubest-ent  middorsal  ridge  on  the  abdo- 
men ;  lateral  spines  on  segments  7-9 G.   villosipes 

aaa)  Imago  with  no  tooth  in  middle  of  hind  border  of  the  occiput;  abdominal 
appendages  yellow ;  male  superior  appendages  apparently  bifurcated  at 
apex;  nymph  unknown G.   furcifer 

Gomphus  abbreviatus  Selys 

1878Gomphus   abbreviatus  Selys,  Acad.  Belg.  (2)  Bui,    46 :  464  (original 

description) 
1890  Aeshna  abbreviata  Kirby,  Cat.  Neur,  Odon.    p.  66  (bibliography) 

1892  Gomphus  abbrev  i  atus  Banks,  Am.  ent.  soc.     Trans.     19  :  351  (bibli- 

ography) 

1893  Gomphus  abbreviatus   Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.   20:243   (de- 

scription) 
This  species  is  not  recorded  from  New  York  state.  In  June  of  1897  I 
found  some  nymphs  at  Ithaca  N.  Y.  in  Fall  creek  opposite  the  Cornell 
insectary,  and  bred  a  few  of  them.  The  imagos  I  did  not  observe  at 
large.  Nothing  has  been  written  as  to  their  habits.  The  species  appears 
to  be  distributed  through  the  northeastern  states  as  far  south  as  Penn- 
sylvania.    It  was  not  found  at  Saranac  Inn. 

Nymph.  Measures  in  length  23-24  mm;  abdomen  14  mm;  hind 
femur  5  mm;  width  of  head  5  mm,  of  abdomen  6.5  mm.  It  diiffers  from 
G.  b  r  e  V  i  s  nymph  only  in  size  and  in  the  relative  length  of  the  foremost 
lateral  spines  on  the  abdomen,  characters  already  stated  in  the  table; 
there  is  no  need,  therefore,  of  a  separate  description  of  it,  since  G, 
b  r  e  V  i  s  is  described  in  full  below,  and  the  description  would  be  but 
repetition  of  the  characters  stated  for  that  species.  I  will  therefore  add 
but  a  note  as  to  the  differences  of  the  situations  in  which  I  found  the  two 
nymphs  :  a  b  b  r  e  v  i  a  t  u  s  in  the  rocky  basins  of  a  gorge  trav^ersed  by  a 
foaming  creek,  destitute  of  the  commoner  large  aquatic  plants ;  b  r  e  v  i  s , 
in  the  bed  of  a  reed-choked,  slow  flowing,  upland  stream. 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN    THE   ADIRONDACKS  ,  449 

Gomphus   brevis    Hagen 

1854  Emmons,  Agric.  N.   Y.    v.  5,  Insects,   pi.   15,    fig.   2,     (colored 

figin'e,  no  name  or  description) 
1878  Go  mp  bus   brevis  Hagen,  Acad.  Belg.    (2)    Bui.  46  :  461     (original   de- 
scription'* 
1890  Aesbna   brevis   Kirby,  Cat.  Neur.  Odon.  p.  66.     (listed) 
1892  Gomphus   brevis   Banks,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  19:351     (listed) 
1895  Gomphus  brevis   Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.   3:45 
1897  Gomplius   brevis   Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  5 :  93 

This  species,  originally  described  from  specimens  obtained  by  Dr 
Lintner  at  Schoharie  N.  Y.,  v/as  common  at  Saranac  Inn.  I  captured 
but  a  single  imago,  and  saw  but  few,  but  the  nymphs  were  very  plentiful 
in  Little  Clear  creek.  The  few  imagos  seen  flitted  about  the  edge  of  the 
water  in  the  warm  sunshine  in  a  manner  very  similar  to  that  of  other 
small  gomphines;  oviposition  was  not  observed. 

The  season  of  transformation  was  apparently  about  ended  on  our 
arrival  at  Saranac  Inn  in  the  middle  of  June ;  exuviae  which  I,  having 
bred  abbreviatus  before,  was  able  at  once  to  refer  to  this  species 
were  thickly  sprinkled  over  the  boards  on  the  sides  of  the  fish  ponds 
made  by  impounding  the  creek.  I  collected  many  of  them  during  the 
first  two  or  three  days  of  our  stay;  thereafter  but  few  additional  exuviae 
appeared,  the  season  being  past.  The  species  was  not  bred,  but  there 
can  be  scarcely  a  doubt  that  the  nymphs,  referred  to  it  here  by  supposition, 
belong  to  it. 

The  original  description  of  this  species  is  not  generally  accessible  in 
this  country ;  no  other  has  been  published,  apparently.  Therefore,  be- 
lieving th.it  an  accessible  English  description  will  be  of  service  to  some, 
I  give  a  brief  one  below,  and  follow  it  with  a  description  of  the  nymph, 
hitherto  unknown. 

Imago.  Measures  in  total  length  42-45  mm ;  abdomen  30-33  mm  ; 
hind  wing  25-27  mm. 

Colors  black  and  green ;  face  with  heavy  black  lines  on  all  its  sutures 
and  margins,  these  lines  sometimes  overspreading  the  whole  face  except 
the  upper  part  of  the  frons  and  the  sides  of  the  post-clypeus  and  the 
labium ;  rear  of  the  frons,  all  of  the  vertex  (excepting  the  tips  of  its 
horns),  and  the  front  and  lateral  margins  of  the  occiput  black;  the  occi- 
put otherwise  clear  yellow,  distinctly  wider  and  more  convex  in  the 
female. 

Middorsal  thoracic  stripe  short,  with  parallel  sides,  narrowed  to  a 
median  line  before  the  collar,  divided  by  a  yellow  carina ;  humeral  and 
antehum.eral  stripes  contiguous  near  their  upper  ends,  leaving  an  isolated 
yellow  triangular  spot  above,  and  an  isolated  narrow  line  below  between 
them;  midiateral  thoracic  stripe  incomplete  above,  disappearing  above 
the  spiracle;  stripe  on  the  third  lateral  suture  complete  but  narrow;  legs 
all  black  ( ,3  )  or  with  the  front  femora  green  beneath  (  $  ). 

Wings  hyaline;  costa  black;    stigma  brown. 


450  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

Abdomen  black  with  a  middorsal  line  of  yellow  triangles  pointing  pos- 
teriorly, elongate  and  twice  constricted  on  the  basal  segments,  becoming 
very  short  and  restricted  to  the  base  on  several  segments  before  the 
ninth,  and  entirely  absent  from  the  ninth  and  loth  segments.  There  is  a 
line  of  yellow  at  the  extreme  apex  of  some  of  the  terminal  segments 
beyond  the  spiniferous,  apical,  transverse  carina;  the  nth  segment, 
"anal  tubercle,"  of  the  female  yellow  except  at  the  sides;  appendages 
black;  sides  of  segments  1-3  mainly  yellow ;  segments  4-7  with  small 
basal  lateral  yellow  spots  in  the  female;  the  slightly  expanded  lateral 
margins  of  segments  8  and  9  yellow  in  both  sexes. 

Described  from  a  $  from  Saranac  Inn  taken  July  2,  1900,  and  from  a 
$  collected  on  Mt  Tom  in  Massachusetts  ;  the  larger  measurements  are 
for  the  female  specimen. 

This  Saranac  Inn  female  was  the  first  imago  seen  there,  and  it  will  be 
noted  that  the  date  is  two  weeks  after  the  nymphs  had  ceased  emerging. 
I  think  this  time  represents  the  period  necessary  for  the  maturation  of 
the  eggs  after  transformation.  A  similar  lapse  of  time  between  the  period 
of  transformation  and  that  of  oviposition  was  observed  in  the  case  of  a 
number  of  other  gomphines.  I  believe  these  insects  live  longer  as 
imagos  than  is  commonly  supposed.  As  is  well  known,  they  will  die 
within  a  week  after  transformation  if  kept  in  confinement,  but  apparently 
no  one  has  tried  feeding  them  well  while  keeping  them  as  yet.  May 
they  not  die  of  starvation  ? 

Nymph.  PI.  18,  fig.  3.  Total  length  26  mm;  abdomen  17  mm;  hind 
femur  5  mm;  width  of  head  5  mm,  of  abdomen  6.5  mm. 

Body  depressed,  abdomen  with  sides  parallel  to  the  eighth  segment, 
then  rather  abruptly  narrowed  to  an  obtuse  point;  lateral  spines  on  seg- 
ments 6-9,  the  margins  which  bear  them  thin,  and  on  the  ninth  segment 
finely  spinulose  serrate ;  spines  of  the  ninth  segment  about  as  long  as  the 
loth  segment ;  very  minute  rudiments  of  dorsal  hooks  on  segments  8  and 
9;  before  the  eighth  segment  there  is  an  observable  trace  of  the  median 
impressed  longitudinal  line  of  the  typical  Gomphus  nymph.  The 
loth  segment  is  about  one  third  the  length  of  the  ninth. 

The  mentum  of  the  labium  is  rather  short,  little  longer  than  broad ;  the 
lateral  lobe  is  very  moderately  arcuate,  its  apex  forming  a  short  end  hook 
not  greatly  differentiated  from  the  teeth  before  it;  of  these  teeth  on  the 
inner  margin  of  the  lateral  lobe  there  are  eight  or  nine,  unequal,  the  mid- 
dle ones  being  shghtly  largest,  angulate,  sharp,  the  fine  of  their  apices 
being  convex  internally,  rather  than  concave,  as  in  all  the  following 
members  of  the  genus. 

The  color,  usually  obscured  by  dirt  excepting  after  molting,  is  greenish 
brown,  with  darker  motthngs  arranged  in  transverse  bands  on  abdominal 
segments,  scars  on  abdomen  surrounded  with  paler  color. 

The  third  antennal  segment  is  linear,  a  little  depressed  and  widened 
apically,  hairy,  as  is  usual,  on  the  margins. 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  45I 

Gomphus  fraternus  Say 

1839  Aeschna  fraterua   Say,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil. Jour.  8: 16 

1861  Gomphus  fraternus  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  104 

1862  Gomphus    fraternus  Walsh,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.  Proc.  p.  393 

1863  Gomphus   fraternus  Walsh,  Ent.  soc.  Phil.  Proc.  2 :  238 

1890  Aeshna    fraterna    Kirby,  Cat.  Neur.  Odon.  p.  66  (bibliography) 
1892  Gomphus  fraternus  Banks,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  19 :  352  (listed) 

1894  Gomphus  fraternus  Banks,  Can.  ent.  26  :  77  (listed  from  Ithaca) 

1895  Gomphus  fraternus  Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  3:45   (listed  from 

Ithaca) 
1897  Gomphus  fraternus  Van  Duzee,  N.  Y.   ent.   soc.  Jour.  5 :  89   (listed 

from  Niagara) 
1897  Gomphus    fraternus    Calvert,  N.  Y.   ent.  soc.  Jour.    5:93    (listed) 

1899  Gomphus  fraternus  Kellicott,  Odon.   Ohio,  p.   59    (description   and 

figures) 

1900  Gomphus  fraternus  Williamson,   Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  289  (descrip- 

tion and  figures) 
1897  Gomphus  fraternus  Needham,  (nymph)  Can.  ent.   29,  pi.  7,   fig.  11 
and  12  (figures  only;  those  are  reproduced  in  plate  20  of  this  bulletin) 

This  vigorous  species  seems  to  prefer  the  larger  bodies  of  water.  The 
imago  is  a  very  strong  flyer.  It  skirts  the  edge  of  streams  with  dashing 
sweeps  which  seem  to  proclaim  it  master  of  the  situation.  I  have  several 
times  seen  it  feeding  on  other  dragon  flies  as  large  as  Mesothemis 
simplicicollis.  The  nymph  is  an  active  burrower  in  the  bare  clay 
bottoms  of  streams  and  lakes  under  water  of  considerable  depth.  I 
repeat  herewith  the  figures  of  the  nymph  (cited  above)  and  add  a  brief 
description. 

Nymph.  Length  31  mm;  abdomen  20;  hind  femur  6.5  ;  width  of 
head  5,  of  abdomen  9 ;  colors  obscured  ;  margins  all  hairy ;  tibial  bur- 
rowing hooks  very  strong,  as  long  as  tibia  is  wide.  Third  segment  of 
antenna  twice  as  long  as  the  first  and  second  together,  hairy  on  margins ; 
fourth  a  minute  ovoid  rudiment. 

Mentum  of  labrum  (pi.  20,' fig.  12)  squarish  before  the  contracted  basal 
fourth;  median  lobe  very  slightly  convex,  densely  frmged;  lateral  lobe 
bluntly  angular  at  the  apex  with  7-1 1  small  teeth  on  inner  margin. 

Abdomen  (pi.  20,  fig.  11)  broad,  depressed,  with  sides  parallel  most  of 
its  length,  abruptly  narrowed  beyond  the  sixth  segment,  minute  dorsal 
hooks  on  segments  8  and  9 ;  median  groove  on  anterior  segments,  well 
developed  lateral  spines  on  segments  6-9  those  of  9  about  equaling  the 
appendages. 

Gomphus  adelphus  Selys 

1857  Gomphus   adelphus   Selys,  Monographie  des  gomphines,  p.  413 
1861  Gomphus   adelphus  Hageu,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  104 

1896  Aeshna  adelpha  Kirby,  Cat.  Neur.  Odon.  p.  67  (bibliography) 
1892  Gomphus  adelphus  Banks,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  19 :  351  (listed) 


452  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

1895  Gomphus  adelphus  Calvert,     N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  3  :  45  (listed  from 

Bethlehem) 
1897  Gomphus  adelphus  Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  5:93  (listed  from 
Kenwood) 

The  specimens  above  described  and  listed  were  collected  in  New 
York  state  by  Drs  Fitch  and  Lintner.  The  species  is  also  known  from 
Massachusetts.  I  have  not  met  with  it  in  either  immature  or  adult 
stage,  and  know  nothing  of  its  habitat  or  habits. 

Dr  Hagen  has  carefully  described  a  nymph  from  Cambridge  Mass., 
referable  by  supposition  to  this  species  in  the  Trans.  Am.  ent.  soc.  1885, 
12  :  262.  If  the  nymph  be  full  grown,  as  he  thought,  there  can  be  but 
little  doubt  that  it  belongs  to  this  species.  However,  his  description 
agrees  in  every  point  excepting  size  with  G.  fraternus  bred  by  me  in 
Illinois.  Unfortunately  I  did  not  get  time  while  in  Cambridge  for  the 
comparison  of  my  own  nymphs  with  Hagen's  types.  I  have  stated  the 
difference  in  size  in  the  foregoing  table.  These  being  all  the  differences 
known  to  me,  I  have  nothing  farther  to  add  concerning  this  species. 

Gomphus   quadricolor  Walsh 

1863  Gomphus   quadricolor  W-ilsh,  Ent.  soc.  Phil.  Proc.  2 :  246 

1890  Aeshna    quadricolor  Kirby,  Cat.  Neur.  Odon.  p.  66  (bibliography) 

1892  Gomphus  quadricolor  Banks,  Am.  eut.  soc.   Trans.  19:  352  (listed) 

1899  Gomphus  quadricolor  Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  58  (description  and 

figures) 

1900  Gomphus  quadricolor  Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  288-89  (de- 

scription and  figures) 

This  species  is  abroad  during  the  first  two  weeks  of  June.  It  has  not 
hitherto  been  reported  from  New  York  state,  but  I  have  seen  a  specimen 
collected  near  Ithaca.  The  nymph  is  unknown.  I  have  not  seen  the 
imago  alive.  Prof.  Kellicott  wrote  of  it,  "  It  rests  on  rocks  projecting 
from  rapids,  or  on  the  banks  near  by  the  most  rapid  parts  of  streams." 
(Odon.   Ohio,  p.  58) 

Gomphus  descriptus  Banks 

1896  Gomphus  descriptus  Banks,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  4 :  195  (from  Ithaca) 

1897  Gomphus  descriptus  Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  5  :  95  (listed) 
1900  Gomphus  descriptus  Williamson,  Dragon  flies,  lud.  p.  293  (descrip- 
tion and  figures) 

1897  Gomphus    descriptus    Needham,    Zool.    bul,     1:103-13    (digestive 

epithelium) 

This  species  is  quite  abundant   at  Ithaca,  and   has  not   as  yet  been 

reported  from  any  other  locaHty.     It  flies  during  the  latter  part  of  May 

and  the  first  week  of  June.     I  found  a  meadow  beside  a  patch  of  woods 


AQUATIC   INSECTS   IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS 


453 


a  favorite  foraging  ground  for  the  adults  ;  May  30,  1897,  and  for  several 
days  thereafter,  they  were  flitting  about  this  meadow  in  numbers,  but 
were  so  active  that  it  required  some  time  to  capture  many  specimens.  I 
collected  once  enough  nymphs  to  fill    a  quart  fruit  jar  from  Six  Mile 


Pig.  11  Genitalia  of  Gomplius  descriptiis  Banks,  a  lateral  view  of  end  of  abdomen  of 
male;  &  lateral  view  of  the  genital  hamules  of  the  male  (inverted  position)  ;  c  dorsal  view  of  the 
terminal  abdominal  appendages  of  the  male ;  d  ventral  view  of  the  vulvar  lamina  and  end  of  abdo- 
men of  female 

creek  near  Ithaca  in  an  hour.  I  will  mention  a  variety  of  this  species 
which  occurred  at  Saranac  Inn,  before  describing  the  nymph.  I  bred 
the  species  at  Ithaca  and  collected  the  variety  at  Saranac  Inn,  but  am 
unable  to  find  any  differences  between  them  in  the  immature  stages ; 
the  description  will  therefore  stand  for  both. 

G.  descriptus    borealis  n.  var.     This  is  the  dragon  fly  figured 
by  Hagen  in  Selys's  Monographie  des  Gomphines  (pi.  9,  fig.  2,  dorsal  view) 


y  A,\jui^ 


?-^ 


Fig.  12   Gomphus    descriptus   borealis  n.  I'ar.     Letterlngasinfig.il 

asGomphus  spicatus.  There  are  several  points  of  difference 
between  this  insect  and  G.  spicatus,  one  of  the  most  obvious  of 
which  is  the  yellow  color  of  the  external  face  of  the  tibiae  in  s  pi  c  a  t  u  s. 
The  appendages  and  the  proportions  of  the  apical  segments  of  the 
abdomen  are  different. 


454  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

The  variety  differs  from  the  typical  d  e  s  c  r  i  p  t  u  s,  so  far  as  observed, 
only  in  the  form  of  the  appendages  of  the  male  abdomen.  These 
differences  are  shown  in  the  accompanying  figures,  wherein  it  will  be  seen 
there  is  a  radical  difference  in  the  form  of  the  anterior  hamule  of  the 
male,  and  that  in  the  variety  the  superior  appendage  is  shorter,  less  acute 
at  apex  and  with  the  inferior  tooth  directed  more  inward  than  in  the  typical 
descriptus. 

The  variety  was  first  received  from  Franconia  N.  H.  among  some 
specimens  sent  me  by  Mrs  Annie  Trumbull  Slosson.  It  was  not 
uncommon  about  Saranac  Inn.  A  few  were  observed  foraging  about  the 
Otisville  road,  and  a  few  others  were  seen  resting  on  the  bare  sand  of 
the  railroad  embankment  at  the  outlet  of  Little  Clear  pond.  Oviposi- 
tion  was  not  observed. 

Nymph,  (PI.  i8,  fig.  4)  Total  length  32  mm;  abdomen  20  mm;  hind 
femur  5.6  mm;  width  of  head  5  mm,  of  abdomen  7  mm. 

Body  depressed,  lanceolate,  hairy  on  all  lateral  margins,  tapering 
beyond  the  middle  of  the  rather  pointed  abdomen.  Colors  generally 
entirely  obscured  by  adherent  dirt,  but  after  molting  there  is  often  seen 
a  darker  band  across  the  base  of  each  abdominal  segment. 

Third  segment  of  the  antenna  depressed  and  somewhat  widened  api- 
cally. 

Labium  with  the  mentum  one  third  longer  than  wide;  median  lobe 
nearly  straight  on  its  front  border,  fringed  with  flat  hairs,  but  unarmed ; 
lateral  lobe  regularly  incurved  with  a  long  terminal  hook,  exceeding  the 
six  to  eight  teeth  before  it  on  the  inner  margin. 

Lateral  spines  on  abdominal  segments  6-g,  sometimes  obscured  by 
tufts  of  hairs  on  the  sixth  segment,  those  of  the  ninth  segment  short, 
hardly  surpassing  the  base  of  the  loth  segment,  straight,  but  not  closely 
appressed.  loth  segment  half  as  long  as  the  ninth,  and  a  little  shorter 
than  the  appendages;  lateral  appendages  a  sixth  to  a  seventh  shorter 
than  the  others.  Dorsal  hooks  represented  by  low,  inconspicuous  rudi- 
ments on  segments  3-9,  with  traces  of  the  median  impressed  line  on  the 
anterior  end  of  the  middle  segments. 

Nymphs  of  this  species  were  taken  at  two  places  :  Colby  pond,  just 
west  of  the  town  of  Saranac  Lake,  and  Bone  pond.  They  were  associ- 
ated with  and  greatly  outnumbered  by  G.  sp i  c  a  t  u s  in  both  places. 

Gomphus  sordidus  Hagen 

1854  Gomphus  sordidus  Hagen,  Acad.  Belg.  (2)  Bui.  21 :  54 

1861  Gomphus  sordidus  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  106 

1875  Gomphus  lividus  Hagen,  Host.  soc.  nat.  hist.  Proe.  18 : 45  (listed) 

1893  Gomphus  minutus  Calvert,  Am.  ent.   soc.  Trans.  20  :  244  (5  only) 

1899  Gomphus  lividus  Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  66   (description  and 
figures) 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  455 

1897  Gomplius   umbratus  Needham,   Can,   eut.  29:184  (described,  from 

Ithaca) 
1900  Gomphus   sordidns    Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  292 

There  are  plenty  of  descriptions  and  figures  of  this  troublesome  species, 
as  will  be  seen  from  the  above  bibhography.  I  found  both  imagos  and 
nymphs  associated  with  the  same  stages  ofG.  descriptus  Banks  at 
Ithaca.  It  is  entirely  similar  to  that  species  in  habits,  and  in  appearance, 
but  will  be  readily  distinguished  by  the  characters  given  in  the  tables. 
The  nymph  is  not  easy  to  distinguish,  however;  in  fact,  I  find  it 
necessary  to  make  a  microscopic  examination  of  the  labium  before 
being  sure  as  to  the  species.  I  bred  a  good  many  specimens  at  Ithaca. 
By  way  of  description,  I  will  only  say  that  it  is  entirely  similar  to  the 
nymph  of  d  e  s  c  r  i  p  t  u  s  ,  so  far  as  known  to  me,  excepting  in  the  dif- 
ferential character  stated  in  the  table. 

Gomphus  exilis  Selys 

1854  Gomphus   exilis   Selys,  Acad.  Belg.  (2)  Bui.  21 :  55 
1861  Gomphus  exilis   Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  108 
1872  Gomphus  exilis  Hagen,  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.  Proc.  15 :  273 
1875  Gomphus  exilis   Hagen,  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.  Proc.  18 :  45 
1885  Gomphus   exilis   Hagen,  Am.  ent.   soc.   Trans.   12:263-64   (descrip- 
tion of  the  nymph,  and  remarks  on  distribution) 

1893  Gomphus   exilis   Hagen,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20 :  243  (description) 

1894  Gomphus   exilis   Banks,  Can.  ent.  26  :  77  (listed  from  Ithaca) 

1895  Gomphus   exilis   Calvert,   N.   Y.   ent.   soc.   Jour.   3  :  45   (listed  from 

Keeseville) 

1899  Gomphus   exilis   Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  65  (description  and  iigure) 

1900  Gomphus   exilis  Williamson,   Dragon   flies  Ind.  p.  293   (description 

and  figure) 

This  is  one  of  the  most  generally  distributed,  and  perhaps  the  com- 
monest of  the  gomphines  of  the  northeastern  United  States.  At 
Saranac  Inn  it  was  abundant,  flitting  by  every  roadside  throughout  the 
month  of  June  and  well  along  into  July.  The  nymphs  were  found  in  all 
waters,  and  about  the  first  of  July  the  exuviae  fairly  sprinkled  every 
bank.  Few  imagos  were  observed  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  water, 
after  leaving  it  at  transformation,  and  these  few  were  mostly  females 
ovipositing.  These  spin  along  through  the  air  at  a  lively  rate,  unattended 
by  the  male,  descending  here  and  there  to  strike  the  surface  and  liberate 
eggs,  making  but  one  or  two  dips  in  a  place,  and  flying  some  distance 
before  descending  again.  The  nymphs  transform  at  the  very  edge  of 
the  water,  seldom  crawling  more  than  an  inch  or  two  above  the  surface 
of  it.     Moss-grown  logs  in  the  edges  of  Little  Clear  pond  were  in  many 


4S6  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

places  piled  several  layers  deep   with   the  exuviae  of  this  species,  inter- 
mixed with  a  lesser  number  ofG.  spicatus  skins. 

Nymph.  Total  length  26  mm;  abdomen  18  mm;  hind  femur  5.5 
mm;  width  of  head  5  mm,  of  abdomen  6  mm. 

Abdomen  depressed,  lanceolate,  regularly  narrowed  beyond  the  sixth 
segment  to  a  rather  pointed  apex;  the  loth  segment  two  thirds  as  long 
as  the  eighth,  a  little  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  ninth ;  lateral  spines  on 
segments  6-9,  very  minute,  specially  on  segment  6,  increasing  in  size 
posteriorly,  on  segment  9  one  half  as  long  as  segment  10  :  dorsal  hooks 
low  and  obscure,  but  pointed  on  sixth  to  ninth  segments. 

Labium  with  its  median  lobe  a  very  Httle  convex  on  the  front  margin, 
and  sometimes  with  an  imperfect  median  tooth ;  lateral  lobe  considera- 
bly arcuate,  with  a  strong  end  hook,  and  with  4-7  very  variable  teeth  on 
its  inner  margin,  each  tooth  obliquely  truncate,  with  the  longer  angle 
directed  to  the  rear. 

This  species  and  G.  sordidus,  offer  an  easy  transition  to  the 
Arigomphus  group,  below. 

Gomphus  ventricosus  Walsh 

1863  Gomphus  ventricosus  Walsh.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.  Proc.  2 : 249 

1875  Gomphus  ventricosus  Hagen,    Bost.  soc.    nat.  hist.    Proc.    18:47 

(listed) 
1900  Gomphus   ventricosus   Williamson,  Dragon  flies   Incl.  p.  287  (de- 
scription and  figure) 

This  apparently  rare  species  has  not  yet  been  taken  in  New  York.  I 
include  it  in  this  list  because  of  its  occurrence  in  Illinois  and  Massachu- 
setts; it  will  doubtless  yet  be  found  within  the  state.       Its    nymph  is 

unknown.  , 

Gomphus  amnicola  Walsh 

1862  Gomphus   amuicola   Walsh,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.  Proc.  p.  396 

1863  Gomphus   amnicola  Walsh,  Ent.  soc.  Phil.  Proc.  2 :  256  (note) 

1897  Gomphus  amnicola  Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  5 : 95  (listed  from 

Bethlehem  N.  Y.) 
1900  Gomphus   amnicola   Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  294  (descrip- 
tion and  figure) 

Another  species  which  is  apparently  rare,  once  collected  within  the 
state  by  Dr  Lintner  at  Bethlehem.     The  nymph  is  unknown. 

Gomphus  scudderi  Selys 

1878  Gomphus   scudderi   Selys,  Acad.  Belg.  (2)  Bui.  46 :  460   $ 

1898  Gomphus  scudderi   Harvey,   Ent.   news,  9  : 62-63    5     (description 

and  figures) 
This  handsome  black  species   (pi.   17,  fig.  2),  unique  in   the  yellow 
basal  rings  on  its  abdominal  segments,  has  not  been  reported  hitherto 


AQUATIC   INSECTS   IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  457 

from  this  state.  It  was  common  at  Saranac  Inn,  and  even  more  common, 
judging  by  the  numbers  of  exuviae  in  evidence  along  the  bank,  at  Axton 
along  Stony  brook.  But  few  images  were  seen  at  large,  but  many  were 
bred  from  nymphs  taken  from  Little  Clear  creek  beside  the  hatchery. 

This  species,  unlike  most  Odonata,  seems  to  prefer  daylight,  and  even 
midday  as  a  time  for  transformation.  The  boarded  banks  of  the  im- 
pounded creek  beside  the  hatchery  were  watched  through  the  entire 
season,  and  each  day  the  exuviae  left  there  were  gathered.  Rarely  were 
any  fresh  skins  found  there  early  in  the  morning.  July  was  so  rainy  there 
was  comparatively  Httle  time  suitable  for  transformation;  and,  when  the 
clouds  would  break  away  about  noon  and  the  sun  shine  out,  I  could  be 
sure,  on  going  out,  to  find  some  nymphs  in  transformation.  On  the  few 
clear  days,  this  was  most  often  observed  about  noon.  All  the  skins 
observed  were  left  3-30  inches  above  the  surface  of  the  water.  The 
nymphs  are  rather  slow  and  sprawHng.  The  images  seem  to  spend 
little  time  in  flight,  preferring  to  rest  on  timbers  about  the  rapids  of  the 
stream. 

Nymph.  (PI.  i8,  fig.  2)  Measures  in  total  length  42  mm ;  abdomen 
28  mm;  hind  femur  5.2  mm;  width  of  head  6.3  mm,  of  abdomen  8  mm. 

Body  elongate,  depressed,  with  the  long  abdomen  regularly  tapering 
for  half  its  length ;  the  fringe  of  hairs  on  lateral  margins  very  dense  and 
soft;  color  yellowish  brown,  darker  on  the  sides  of  the  thorax;  eyes 
black;  ocelh  yellowish;  a  double  row  of  trapezoidal  blackish  spots  on 
the  abdomen  between  the  middorsal  line  and  the  line  of  scars  each  side, 
each  spot  with  a  prolonged  external  apical  angle  reaching  the  apical 
carina  on  each  segment,  the  spots  on  segments  9  and  10  becoming 
diffused  over  the  sides  of  the  segments ;  a  series  of  minute,  longitudinal 
yellowish  dashes  in  the  apical  sutural  area  of  each  segment.  That  so 
much  of  color  pattern  is  observable  is  doubtless  due  to  the  fact  that  these 
nymphs  live  in  comparatively  clean  sand. 

Abdomen  depressed,  and  with  a  well  marked  middorsal  impressed 
line,  and  no  dorsal  hooks,  save  the  merest  rudiment  on  the  apex  of  the 
ninth  segment ;  lateral  spines  well  developed  on  segments  6-9  (there  are 
tufts  of  hairs  on  the  latter  apical  angles  of  segments  before  the  sixth)  in- 
creasing a  little  in  size  posteriorly,  those  of  the  ninth  segment  closely 
appressed,  and  hardly  surpassing  the  base  of  the  tenth  segment. 

Mentum  of  labium  a  third  longer  than  Avide ;  front  border  of  median 
lobe  nearly  straight,  with  a  sparse  fringe  of  flattened  scale  Hke  hairs; 
lateral  lobe  strongly  incurved  at  about  a  right  angle  beyond  the  base  of 
the  movable  hook;  about  four  teeth  on  the  inner  margin,  increasing  a 
little  in  size  posteriorly. 

While  nymphs  of  several  sizes  were  taken  together  in  the  creek,  they 
seemed  to  have  a  definite  period,  including  hardly  more  than  the  month 
of  July,  for  transforming. 

Aug.  2  was  the  date  of  the  first  imago  captured  at  large.  June  30 
was  the  date  of  the  first  imago  bred. 


458  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

GoiTxphus  vastus  Walsh 

1862  Gomphus    vastus  Walsh,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.  Proe.  p.  391 

1875  Gomphus    vastus  Hagen,  Bost.  soc,  nat.  hist.  Proe.  18 :  47  (listed  from 

New  York) 
1872  Gomphus    vastus  Cabot,  Mus.   compar.  zool.   Mem.  v.  3,  pi.  2,  fig.  4 

(description  and  figure  of  nymph) 
1885  Gomphus    vastus   Hagen,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  12  ;  265-66  (description 

of  nymph) 
1890  Aeshna  vasta   Kirby,  Cat.  Neur.  Odon.  p.  66  (listed) 

1892  Gomphus  vastus  Banks,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  19  :  352  (listed) 

1893  Gomphus    vastus  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20 :  245  (description) 
1895  Gomphus    vastus  Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soe.  Jour.  3 :  45   (listed  from 

New  York) 

1899  Gomphus    vastus  Kellicott,   Odon.  Ohio,  p.  57-58  (description  and 

figure) 

1900  Gomphus   vastus  Williamson,  Dragon  flies  lud.  p.  287  (description 

and  figure) 

This  striking  species  frequents  the  shores  of  the  Great  lakes  and  the 
larger  streams.  The  nymphs  hve  on  the  bottom  at  some  depth.  In  the 
above  bibliography  are  indicated  numerous  descriptions  and  some 
figures  of  both  nymph  and  adult.  The  species  may  be  recognized  by 
the  characters  stated  in  the  tables. 

Gomphus  plagiatus  Selys 

1854  Gomphus   plagiatus    Selys,  Acad.  Belg.  (2)  Bal.  21 :  57 

1861  Gomphus  plagiatus  Hageu,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  109 

1885  Gomphus  plagiatus   Hagen,   Am.  ent.  soc.    Trans.    12:269-70  (de- 
scription of  the  nymph) 
1893  Gomphus  plagiatus   Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soe.  Trans.  20 ;  244  (descrip- 
tion) 
1897  Gomphus  p  1  a  g  i  a  t  u.s   Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  5  :  95  (listed  from 
New  York) 

1899  Gomphus    plagiatus  Kellicott,  Odou.  Ohio,  p.  69-70  (description  and 

discussion) 

1900  Gomphus  plagiatus  Williamson,  Dragon  fiies  Ind.  p.  295-96  (descrip- 

tion and  figure) 

A  very  large  species,  apparently  commonest  about  broad  marshy  tracts, 
taken  but  once  as  yet  in  this  state.  It  will  be  easily  recognized  by  the 
characters  stated  in  the  tables. 

Gomphus  spiniceps  Walsh 

1862  ?Macrogo  mphus    spiniceps    Walsh, ,  Acad.  nat.   sci.   Phil.   Proe. 

p.  389 
1854  Gomphus    spiniceps    Selys,  Acad.  Belg.  (2)  Bal.  21 :  57 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  459 

1885  Gomphus   spiaieeps  Hageu,    Am.    ent.   soc.    Trans.  12 :  270-71  (de- 
scription of  nymph) 

1899  Gomplius   spiniceps   Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  69  (description  and 

figure) 

1900  Gomphus  spiniceps   Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  295  (descrip- 

tion and  figure) 
A  strong  flying  species,  frequenting  rapid  streams.  Transforms  in  mid- 
summer, and  appears  in  flight  and  ovipositing  late  in  the  summer  or 
early  in  autumn.  "  Observed  flying  late  in  the  afternoon,  and  oviposit- 
ing in  a  small  brook  that  was  rippling  over  pebbles."  KeUicott  {Joe.  cit.) 
The  species  has  not  been  recorded  from  this  state  hitherto,  but  there  are 
New  York  specimens  in  the  Museum  of  comparative  zoology,  and  the 
species  has  long  been  known  from  Illinois  and  Massachusetts. 

Gomphus  spicatus  Hagen 

1854  Gomphus    spicatus    Hagen,  Acad.  Belg.  (2)  Bui.  21 :  54 

1861  Gomphus   spicatus   Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  107 

1875  Gomphus   spicatus   Hagen,  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.  Proc.  18 :  47  (listed ; 

distribution  given) 
1890  Aeshna    spicata   Kirby,  Cat.  Neur.  Odon.  p.  64  (listed :  bibliography) 
1892  Gomphus    spicatus    Banks,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  19 :  353  (listed) 
1895  Gomphus   spicatus   Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  3 :  45  (listed) 
1897  Gomphus   spicatus   Van  Duzee,  N.  Y.   ent.    soc.  Jour.  5 :  89  (listed 

from  Clarence) 
1897  Gomphus   spicatus  Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  5 :  93  (listed  from 

Clarence) 

1899  Gomphus  spicatus  Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  97-98  (description  and 

figure) 

1900  Gomphus   spicatus   Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  292  (description 

and  figure) 

This  is  a  common  species  in  the  northeastern  United  States,  ranging 
from  Illinois  eastward ;  it  is  more  generally  distributed  throughout  its 
range  than  are  most  gomphines.  Next  to  G.  exilis  it  was  the  com- 
monest Gomphus  at  Saranac  Inn,  where  it  frequented  all  sorts  of  waters. 
Imagos  were  common  during  the  latter  part  of  June  and  the  first  two 
weeks  of  July  along  the  wagon  road  and  railroad  between  Little  Clear 
and  Big  Clear  creeks ;  they  were  foraging  there,  and,  while  a  little  shy 
and  wary,  were  not  very  difficult  to  catch  with  a  net. 

Nymph.  Total  length  31  mm ;  abdomen  20  mm ;  hind  femur  6.2  mm  ; 
width  of  head  5  mm,  of  abdomen  7  mm. 

Body  elongate,  somewhat   depressed;  abdomen  lanceolate,  pointed. 

Color  dark  brownish,  with  some  black  marks  on  the  sides  of  the 
thorax  ;  margins  of  the  abdominal  segments  darker ;  a  pair  of  black  dots 
on  the  dorsum  of  each  of  the  middle  abdominal  segments. 


460  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

Dorsal  hooks  of  abdomen  represented  only  by  minute  backward  pro- 
longations of  the  median  ridge  on  all  the  segments;  lateral  spines  on 
segments  7-9,  increasing  in  size  posteriorly,  small,  on  the  ninth  segment 
much  shorter  than  the  loth  segment,  against  which  they  are  closely  ap- 
pressed;  loth  segment  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  eighth,  and  a  httle  less 
than  half  as  long  as  the  ninth. 

Labium  with  its  median  lobe  distinctly  convex  anteriorly,  and  with  a 
brown  tooth  in  the  middle  in  the  midst  of  the  usual  flat,  fringing  hairs  ; 
lateral  lobe  regularly  arcuate,  with  about  nine  coarse,  trapezoidal,  ser- 
rately  recurved  teeth  on  its  inner  margin. 

A  goodly  number  of  specimens  of  the  nymphs  were  collected  from  Little 

Clear  creek  on  the  hatchery  grounds,  Little  Clear  pond  near  its  outlet, 

and  from  Bone  pond. 

Gomphus  villosipes  Selys 

1854  Gomphus  villosipes  Selys,  Acad.  Belg.  (2)  Bui.    21 :  53 
1861  Gomphus  villosipes  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.     p.  105 
1890  Aeshna  villosipes  Kirby,  Cat.  Neur.  Odon.  p.  64  (bibliography) 

1893  Gomphus  villosipes  Calverfc,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20 :  244-45  (de- 

scription) 

1894  Gomphus  villosipes  Banks,  Can.  ent.  26: 77  (listed  from  Ithaca) 

1895  Gomphus  villosipes  Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  3  :45  (listed  from 

Ithaca) 
1897  Gomphus  villosipes  Van  Duzee,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  5 ;  89  (listed 

from  Grand  Island) 
1897  Gomphus  villosipes  Calvert,   N.   Y.   ent.    soc.   Jour.  5 : 93   (listed 

from  Grand  Island) 
1897  Gomphus  villosipes  Needham,  Can.  ent.  29: 166  (note  on  rearing 

the  nymph  at  Ithaca) 

1899  Gomphus  villosipes  Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  63  (description  and 

figure) 

1900  Gomphus  villosipes  Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  291 

This  is  an  exceedingly  common  species  at  Ithaca,  where  I  have  picked 
up  thousands  of  the  exuviae  at  a  time  along  the  borders  of  the  Cascade 
pond  in  June.  The  imagos  fly  about  or  rest  on  the  snags  and  pro- 
jecting rocks,  which  are  common  in  the  turbulent  creeks  about  Ithaca. 
The  nymphs  burrow  in  the  bottom  in  shallow  water,  seeming  to  prefer 
banks  of  somewhat  clayey  mud.  They  are  slow  moving,  stiffly  sprawl- 
ing creatures,  powerful,  rapacious,  and  seemingly  the  dominant  animals 
in  the  bottom  mire. 

Nymph.  Total  length  35  mm;  abdomen  23  mm;  hind  femur 
7.5  mm;  width  of  head  6  mm,  of  abdomen  8.5  mm. 

Body  depressed,  with  legs  wide  apart  and  very  sprawhng ;  abdomen 
lanceolate,  pointed,  rapidly  narrowed  beyond  the  fifth  to  the  base  of  the 
ninth  segment,  more  slowly  narrowed  thereafter.  The  whole  body  and 
all  appendages,  clothed  with  a  dense  scurfy  pubescence,  which  is  con- 
spicuously  marked  with  bare  lines  or  "scars." 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS  461 

Abdomen  with  obtuse,  continuous  middorsal  ridge,  showing  no  trace 
of  dorsal  hooks ;  lateral  spines  very  small,  closely  appressed,  and  incon- 
spicuous, present  only  on  segments  8  and  9,  on  8  very  short,  on  9 
longer,  but  closely  applied  to  the  sides  of  segment  10.  The  loth  segment 
is  hardly  shorter  than  the  eighth,  but  it  is  less  than  half  as  long  as  the 
ninth. 

The  mentum  of  the  labium  is  distinctly  produced  and  rounded  on  its 
front  border,  with  a  median  brown  tooth  in  the  midst  of  the  fringing  flat 
hairs.  The  lateral  lobe  is  broad  and  strongly  arched,  with  about  six 
coarsely  serrate  teeth  on  its  inner  margin. 

Gomphus  furcifer  Hagen 

1878  Gomphus  furcifer  Hagen,  Acad.  Belg.  (2)  Bui.     46 : 458 

1899  Gomphus  furcifer  Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  64  (description  and  figure) 

1900  Gomphus  furcifer  Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  292  (description 

and  figure) 

This  species  has  not  hitherto  been  recorded  from  New  York  state,  and 
I  have  not  seen  it  there  at  large ;  but  there  is  a  specimen  bearing  an 
Ithaca  label  in  the  Cornell  university  collection.    The  nymph  is  unknown. 

DROMOGOMPHUS 

A  single  species  of  this  genus  belongs  to  the  New  York  fauna. 
Dromogomphus  spinosus  Selys 

1854  Gomphus  spinosus  Selys,  Acad.  Belg.  (2)  Bui.     21:59 

1861  Gomphus   spinosus  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.     p.  102 

1862  Gomphus   spinosus  Walsh,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.  Proc.  p.  391  (note) 

1863  Gomphus   spinosus  Hagen,  Stett.  ent.  zeit.     24 :  37.3 

1873  Gomphus   spinosus   Hagen,  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.  Proc.     16 : 359 
1875  Gomphus   spinosus   Hagen,  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.  Proc.     18  :  44  (bibli- 
ography) 

1893  Dromogoraphus    spinosus  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.    20:245 

(description) 

1894  Dr  o  mogo  mp  h  us    s  p  in  o  s  u  s  Banks,   Can.    ent.  26:77   (listed  from 

Ithaca  and  Baldwinsville) 

1895  Dromogomphus    spinosus  Calvert,    N.    Y.  ent.  soc.    Jour.    3:45 

(listed  from   Ithaca  and  Baldwinsville) 

1897  Dr  0  m  o  go  mp  h  u  s  spinosus     Calvert,  N.  Y.    ent.  soc.   Jour.     5:93 

(listed  from  Earner) 

1897  Dromogomphus  spinosus  Needham,  Can.  ent.  29  :  186  (characters 

of  the  nymph) 

1899  Dromogomphus  spinosus  Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  71  (description) 

1900  D  r  o  m  o  go  m  p  h  u  s  s  p  i  n  0  s  u  s  Williamson,   Dragon   flies  Ind.   p.   296 

(description) 

This  species  has  been  taken  sparingly  and  in  a  few  places  within  the 
state,  but  it  is  probable  that  it  frequents  the  borders  of  most  of  the  larger 


462  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

bodies  of  water.  Prof.  Herrick  of  the  Agricultural  college  of  Mississippi 
found  it  transforming  abundantly  on  the  shore  of  Canandaigua  lake  at 
the  natural  science  camp  in  June  1897.  I  have  found  it  at  Ithaca  and 
at  Saranac  Inn;  at  the  latter  place  only  in  Little  Clear  pond,  near  the 
outlet.  That  was  during  the  week  which  included  June  30.  The 
nymphs  were  crawling  up  out  of  rather  deep  water  on  stumps  and  logs 
on  the  bank  to  transform. 

A  big  pine  stump  that  stood  partly  in  the  water,  halfway  between  the 
outlet  and  the  cold  water  pipe,  seemed  a  favorite  place  of  transformation. 
It  was  fairly  dotted  over  with  exuviae,  most  of  which  were  several  feet 
above  the  water.  No  imagos  were  seen,  excepting  the  few  that  were 
bred. 

Nymph.  (PI.  18,  fig.  i)  Total  length  ^^  mm;  abdomen  22  mm; 
hind  femur  7  mm;  width  of  head  6  mm,  of  abdomen  7  mm. 

Body  elongate,  little  depressed,  little  hairy;  color  dirty  brownish, 
becoming  clear  brown  on  the  apex  of  the  abdomen ;  some  darker  mark- 
ings on  the  sides  of  the  thorax  and  at  the  lateral  margins  of  the  abdo- 
men, and  across  the  base  of  the  dorsum  of  the  middle  abdominal 
segments. 

Head  cordate  in  outline,  the  hind  margin  being  broadly  emarginate  ; 
antennae  long,  considerably  surpassing  the  tip  of  the  labrum,  and 
upturned  beyond  the  end  of  it;  first  segment  twice  as  large  as  the  second, 
both  globular ;  third  segment  narrowly  cylindric,  more  than  twice  as  long 
as  the  two  basal  ones  together,  bearing  the  minute,  rudimentary, 
globular,  fourth  segment  on  its  upturned  tip ;  burrowing  hooks  well 
developed. 

Abdomen  narrowed  beyond  the  sixth  segment  rather  regularly ;  dorsal 
hook  on  segments  2-9  regularly  increasing  in  size  and  sharpness,  and 
regularly  increasingly  declined  posteriorly,  that  on  segment  9  being  a 
direct  continuation  of  the  sharp  middorsal  ridge  of  the  segment,  black 
tipped,  lateral  spines  on  segments  6-9  increasing  in  size  posteriorly,  those 
of  the  ninth  segment  reaching  the  level  of  the  middle  of  the  loth  seg- 
ment; the  eighth  segment  is  a  third  longer  than  the  loth;  the  ninth 
segment  is  two  and  one  half  times  as  long  as  the  loth;  the  superior  and 
inferior  appendages  are  somewhat  longer  than  the  loth  segment,  but  the 
laterals  are  about  equal  to  it,  being  about  one  fourth  shorter  than  the 
other  appendages. 

The  mentum  of  the  labium  is  rather  regularly  widened  anteriorly,  with 
a  straight  front  border;  lateral  lobes  strongly  arcuate,  with  end  hook 
distinctly  more  prominent  than  the  nine  or  ten  coarse,  angulately  serrate 
teeth  before  it  on  the  inner  margin. 

Subfamily  aeschninae 
This  group  includes  the  largest,  fleetest,  and  most  voracious  of  our 
dragon  flies.  Many  of  them  are  common  and  very  well  known.  Most 
of  the  species  are  marked  with  bright  blues  and  greens.  They  roam  far 
from  water,  and  often  find  their  way  into  houses  in  warm  weather.  Several 
species  are  commonly  seen  coursing  over  lawns  in  the  evening  twilight. 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS  463 

The  nymphs  are  known  for  a  larger  proportion  of  the  genera  than  in 
any  other  subfamily.  They  are  climbers  among  green  plants,  over  tim- 
bers, on  swaying  roots,  etc.,  preferring  the  border  of  open  water  or  the 
edge  of  a  current.  They  are  slender,  active,  clean,  with  smooth  bodies 
marked  with  a  color  pattern  of  greens  and  browns,  well  adapted  to  con- 
cealment in  the  midst  of  their  natural  environment.  They  will  eat  al- 
most any  living  animal  that  they  can  capture  and  hold,  and  they  eat 
one  another  with  evident  relish. 

The  nymphs  agree  in  the  possession  of  the  following  characters  :  Head 
depressed;  antennae  (when  grown)  six  to  seven-jointed,  filiform  ;  eyes 
large,  very  prominent,  covering  the  anterolateral  angles  of  the  head ; 
labium  very  long,  reaching  between  the  bases  of  the  middle  legs,  men- 
tum  flat,  not  covering  the  face,  median  lobe  with  a  minute  median  cleft, 
lateral  lobe  denticulate  on  inner  side,  and  with  a  terminal  hook,  as  well 
as  the  usual  movable  hook ;  legs  slender,  fitted  for  climbing  and  cling- 
ing; tarsi  three-jointed;  prothorax  with  a  transverse,  dorsal,  flattened 
area,  and  a  pair  of  conic  processes  above  each  coxa;  spiracles  large, 
conspicuous ;  abdomen  somewhat  spindle-shaped,  with  lateral  margins 
becoming  acute  posteriorly;  lateral  spines  present  on  a  variable  number 
of  the  segments ;  inferior  abdominal  appendages  at  least  twice  as  long 
as  the  lateral  appendages. 

The  following  tables  will  enable  any  one  to  distinguish  the  members 
of  our  few  genera. 

KEY  TO  GENERA 

Imagos 
a  The  radial  sector  (Es.,  fig.  9)  simple 

\)  But  two  cubito-ana]  cross  veins ;  vein  M2  undulate  ;  supratriangle  with- 
out cross  veins  ;  but  one  cross  vein  under  the  stigma..Gom  p  haeschna 
6&  With  three  or  more  eubito-anal  cross  veins  ;  vein  Ms  not  undulate  ;  supra- 
triangle divided  by  cross  veins  ;  several  cross  veins  under  the  stigma 

c  Basal  space  traversed  by  cross  veins Boyeria 

CO  Basal  space  open , Basiaeschna 

aa  Eadial  sector  bearing  an  apical  fork 
6  Sectors  of  the  arculus  (veins  M1-3  and  M4  )  separating  from  the  arculus  at  or 
below  its  middle 

c  The  radial  sector  symmetrically  forked,  between  it  and  the  supplementary 

vein  below  it,  one  or  two  rows  of  cells 

d  Face  strongly  produced  above,  the  upper  margin  of  the  frons  very  acute  ; 

the  veins  Mi  and  M3  parallel  to  the  level  of  the  stigma ;  radial  sector 

and  the  supplementary  vein  below  it  separated  by  a  single  row  of  cells 

Nasiaeschna 
dS,  Face  vertical,  not  sharply  angulate  at  upper  edge  of  frons ;  veins  Mi 
and  M2  approximated  at  the  stigma  ;  the  radial  sector  and  the  supple- 
mentary vein  below  it  separated  by  two  rows  of  cells 

Epiaeschua 

cc  The  radial  sector  strongly  deflected  toward  the  stigma  at  the  base  of  its 

fork,  unsymmetric;  between  it  and  the  supplementary  vein  below  it, 

three  to  seven  rows  of  cells Aeschna 

&&  Sectors  of  the  arculus  springing  from  above  the  middle  of  the  arculus. An  ax 


464  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

Nymphs 

These  are  known  for  all  the  foregoing  genera  except  G  o  m  p  h  - 
aeschna:  the  nymphs  figured  and  described  by  Cabot  and  referred 
by  supposition  to  that  genus,  were  the  males  of  Boyeria  (see  below 
under  the  account  of  that  genus) .  Among  all  our  nymphs  that  are  still 
unknown,  that  of  Gomphaeschna  remains  one  of  the  most  de- 
sirable discoveries  yet  to  be  made. 

a  Hind  angles  of  the  head  viewed  from  above,  sharply  angulate 

&  Lateral  lobe  of  labium  squarely  truncate  on  apex Boyeria 

Z>&  Lateral  lobe  of  labium  with  taper-pointed  apex Basiaeschna 

aa  Hind  angles  of  the  head  obtusely  rounded 

fe  With  lateral  spines  on  abdominal  segments  4-,  5-,  or  6-9. 
c  With  lateral  spines  on  segments  4-,  or  5-9 

d  With  dorsal  hooks  on  abdominal  segments  7-9 Nasiaeschna 

dd  With  no  dorsal  hooks  on  abdomen Epiaeschna 

CG  With  lateral  spines  on  abdominal  segments  6-9 Aeschna 

lib  With,  lateral  spines  on  abdominal  segments  7-9 Anas 

So  well  marked  are  these  genera  that  their  nymphs  may  be  recognized 
by  the  following 

Single  distinctive  characters 

Nasiaeschna   alone  has  dorsal  hooks  on  the  abdomen. 
Basiaeschna   alone  has  the  apices  of  its  lateral  labial  lobes  pointed. 
A  n  a  X   alone  has  lateral  spines  on  abdominal  segments  7-9  only. 
Aeschna   alone  has  lateral  spines  on  abdominal  segments  6-9  only. 
Boyeria   alone  has  two  teeth  on  the  front  border  of  the  median  lobe 

of  the  labium,  at  a  distance  either  side  from  the  median  cleft. 
Epiaeschna   alone  is  lacking  in  all  the  above  characters. 

GOMPHAESCHNA 

The  single  regional  species  G.  furcillata  Say  has  not  been  taken 
as  yet  within  this  state,  so  far  as  records  show.  Its  nymph  is  unknown, 
that  one  referred  to  this  species  by  Cabot  on  supposition  proving  to  be 
the  male  nymph  of  Boyeria,  described  below. 

BOYERIA 

This  genus  includes  the  single  North  American  species. 
Boyeria  vinosa  Say 

1839  Aeschna  vinosa  Say,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.  Jour.  8  :  13 
1839  Aeschna  4-guttata  Burmeister,  Handb.  ent.  2  :  837 
1861  Aeschna  4-guttata  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  130 
1875  Neuraeschna  vinosa  Hagen,  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist,  Proc.  18:37   (full 
bibliography  and  distribution) 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  465 

1892  Aeschna   vinosa   Banks,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Traus.  19:353  (listed  from  New 

York) 

1893  Fon  scolombia   vinosa   Calvert,  Am.    ent.   soc.   Trans.   20:247   (de- 

scription) 
1895-97  Fon  scolombia   vinosa  Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  3 :  45  and  5  :  93 
(listed  from  Keeseville,  Ithaca,  Schoharie,  Piseco  lake,  Elk  lake,  Colden, 
and  Westchester  co.) 

1899  Fon  scolombia  vinosa   Keliicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  90  (description) 

1900  Boyeria  vinosa  Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  300-1  (description) 
1881  Neurae  schn  a    vinosa    Cabot,    (Nymph)    Mus.    compar.   zool.   Mem. 

8  :  29,  39,  pi.  2,  fig.  3 

This  interesting  species,  which  seems  likely  to  be  found  inhabiting 
almost  every  woodland  creek  in  the  state,  was  very  common  at  Saranac 
Inn  in  Little  Clear  creek,  and  in  the  borders  of  the  pond  above.  The 
nymphs  were  transforming  commonly  on  the  sides  of  timbers  in  the  edge 
of  the  water  from  the  beginning  of  our  session  till  the  latter  end  of  July. 
A  number  of  both  sexes  were  reared  in  our  cages.  A  few  images  might 
be  seen,  specially  afternoons  in  favorable  weather  from  midsummer  till 
the  end  of  our  session,  about  the  creek  on  the  hatchery  grounds.  They 
glide  along  above  the  stream,  not  vety  rapidly,  on  well  poised,  transpar- 
ent wings,  which  against  the  background  of  the  water  are  well  nigh  in- 
visible. The  two  big  round  yellow  spots  on  each  side  of  the  thorax  dis- 
tinguish this  species  from  all  its  kin,  even  while  in  flight. 

The  nymphs,  which  are  generally  quite  dark  colored,  seem  to  prefer 
timbers,  trailing  roots,  driftwood,  etc.,  as  a  foraging  ground.  I  have 
rarely  taken  them  from  green  vegetation. 

Nymph.  Total  length  $  33,  $36 mm;  abdomen,  $  22.5,  $25mm; 
hind  femur  5.5  mm;  width  of  head  7  mm,  of  abdomen  7.5  mm. 

Body  elongate,  slender,  smooth;  color  blackish  brown,  obscurely 
marked  with  paler  in  transverse  rings  on  the  legs,  and  in  dashes,  tending 
to  become  arranged  in  interrupted,  longitudinal  rows  on  the  abdomen. 

Head  concave  behind,  with  truncated  hind  angles;  sides  straight, 
diverging  strongly  anteriorly  to  meet  the  very  prominent  eyes ;  labium 
moderate ;  middle  third  of  front  margin  of  median  lobe  straight,  with  a 
tooth  at  each  side  remote  from  the  median  cleft. 

Abdomen  widest  across  the  fifth  and  sixth  segments,  tapering  unequally 
to  the  ends ;  no  dorsal  hooks  ;  lateral  spines  on  segments  5-9,  on  5 
small,  on  6-9  conspicuous,  increasing  a  little  in  size  posteriorly,  those  of 
the  ninth  segment  three  fourths  as  long  as  the  loth  segment;  the  ab- 
dominal segments  are  longest  in  the  middle,  and  decrease  a  little  toward 
both  ends ;  the  appendages  are  longer  than  the  last  two  segments 
together,  and  differ  in  the  two  sexes  in  the  form  of  the  apex  of  the  super- 
ior appendage;  in  the  $  this  has  a  distinct  narrow  apical  cleft,  in  the  ? 
the  cleft  is  closed  when  grown  ;  in  small  female  nymphs,  however,  I  have 
seen  it  quite  as  widely  open  and  as  distinct  as  in  the  male  :  in  both  sexes 


466  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

the  laterals  are  one  fourth  as  long,  and  the  superiors  eight  ninths  as  long 
as  the  inferiors. 

Some  smaller  nymphs  from  the  creek  show  a  middorsal  black  band  on 
the  abdomen,  divided  by  a  median  row  of  small  yellow  spots,  largest  on 
the  eighth  segment. 

Basiaeschna  Janata  Say 

1839  Aeschna   Janata   Say,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.  Jour.  8 :  13 
1842  Aeschna    minor    Eambur^  Ins.  Neur.  p.  207 
1861  Aeschna   Janata    Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  125 
1875  Aeschna    Janata    Hagen,  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.  Proc.  18 : 33  (full  bibli- 
ography and  distribution) 
1895  Basiaeschna   Janata   Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  3 :  45  (listed  from 
Keeseville) 

1899  Basiaeschna   Janata    Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  81  (description) 

1900  Basiaeschna    Janata    Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  301  (descrip- 

tion) 

This  species  is  perhaps  the  earliest  of  the  Aeschninae.  It  was 
common  about  the  hatchery  grounds  on  our  arrival,  and  had  about  dis- 
appeared by  midsummer.  I  got  mostly  immature  nymphs  at  Saranac 
Inn,  but  I  bred  the  species  abundantly  at  Ithaca  several  years  ago. 
I  saw  females  ovipositing  several  times  during  the  first  week  of  our  stay 
at  Saranac  Inn,  and  watched  the  process  once  in  detail.  In  each 
instance  observed  the  eggs  were  deposited  in  leaves  of  a  species  of  bur- 
reed,  Sparganium,  which,  where  it  grew  in  the  deeper  water  of  the 
creek,  trailed  its  long  leaves  on  the  surface  of  the  stream.  The  female 
flitted  from  plant  to  plant,  making  a  few  thrusts  with  her  ovipositor  into 
each  at  the  water  line,  and  then  settled  and  balanced  herself  carefully  on 
a  long,  floating  leaf;  this  was  doubtless  a  most  favorable  place  for  the 
eggs,  and  she  settled  down  to  more  extensive  operations.  Backing  down 
into  the  water  till  the  abdomen  was  wholly  submerged,  she  began 
thrusting  with  her  ovipositor,  first  to  right  and  then  to  left,  moving  for- 
ward a  little  between  thrusts,  leaving  behind  a  double  row  of  egg  punc- 
tures, as  regular  as  the  neatest  double  stitching  that  might  be  done  with 
a  needle.  Several  such  double  rows  of  eggs  were  placed  in  the  tissues 
of  this  leaf  before  she  left  it.  The  leaf  was  found  to  be  thickly  covered 
on  the  under  side  (as  all  submerged  surfaces  were  covered  in  the  creek 
at  that  time)  with  hundreds  of  red  hydras,  in  all  stages  of  budding.  I 
placed  the  leaf  in  a  hatchery  trough,  where  the  hydras  remained  in  good 
condition  till  after  the  hatching  of  the  eggs. 

Nymph.  Total  length  43  mm;  abdomen  30  mm;  hind  femur  6  mm; 
width  of  head  7.5  mm;   of  abdomen  8  mm. 

Body  elongate,  slender,  nearly  smooth ;  color  brownish  black,  with 
paler  rings  on  the  femora  and  tibiae,  three  or  four  rings   on  each ;  pale 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN    THE   ADIRONDACKS  467 

marks  on  the  lateral  margins  of  the  abdominal  segments  at  base  ;  a  broad 
middorsal  pale  band  on  abdomen,  motded  with  brown,  and  including 
two  blackish  spots  on  the  eighth  segment;  appendages,  spines,  tarsal  seg- 
ments and  claws,  yellow,  blacktipped. 

Head  with  very  prominent,  anteriorly  directed  eyes,  narrowed  behind 
the  eyes  to  very  sharp  hind  angles  ;  between  these  angles  the  rear  of  the 
head  is  slightly  concave ;  the  labium  has  its  median  lobe  prominent, 
fringed,  distinctly  cleft;  the  lateral  lobe,  rather  small,  tapering  to  its 
incurved  apex,  rather  regularly. 

Abdomen  without  dorsal  hooks,  with  lateral  spines  on  segments  3  or 
4-9,  increasing  in  size  posteriorly,  those  of  the  ninth  segment  about  equal- 
ing in  length  the  loth  segment;  inferior  appendages  long  and  very  sharp, 
distinctly  longer  than  the  last  two  abdominal  segments;  superior  one  half 
to  three  fifths  as  long  as  the  inferiors,  its  apex  with  a  round  notch;  later- 
als about  half  as  long  as  the  superior. 

The  unusual  brevity  of  the  superior  appendage  is  about  as  distinctive 
as  the  shape  of  the  lateral  labial  lobe,  indicated  in  the  above  table. 

NASIAESCHNA^ 

There  is  a  single  species. 

Nasiaeschna  pentacantha  Rambur 

1842  Aeschna    pentacantha  Eambur,  Ids.  Neur.  p.  208 

1861  Aeschna    pentacantha    Hagen,  Synopsis  Nenr.  N.  Am.  p.  129  (de- 

scription) 

1862  Aeschna  pentacantha  Walsh,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.  p.  397  (notes) 
1875  Aeschna    pentacantha    Hagen,   Bost.   soc.   nat.  hist.  Proc.  18 :  37 

(bibliography  and  distribntion) 

1888  Epi  aeschna  heros  (nyinph)  Garman,  111.  state  lab.  nat.  hist.  Bui.  3  :  178 
(descriptive  notes) 

1895  Aeschna  pentacantha  Banks,  Ent.  news,  6:124  (recorded  from 
Baldwinsville) 

1897  Aeschna  pentacantha  Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  5:95  (recorded 
from  Baldwinsville) 

1900  Aeschna  pentacantha  Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  305  (descrip- 
tion) 

This  species  ranges  from  Massachusetts  to  Texas,  and  from  lUinois  to 
Georgia  :  it  is  apparently  rare  throughout  its  range.  Probably  not  more 
than  a  dozen  specimens  of  the  adult  insect  exist  in  collections. 

As  to  the  nymph,  Garman  first  found  it  in  the  Mississippi  bottoms  near 
Quincy  111.  His  types  were  lent  me  for  study  several  years  ago  by 
Prof.  Forbes.  I  was  able  to  refer  them  by  exclusion  to  this  species.  Mr 
Hart  of  the  Illinois  state  laboratory,  has  since  written  me  that  he  has  suc- 
cessfully reared  similar  nymphs  obtained  by  him  in  a  creek  near  Cham- 
paign 111.     Thus  their  identity  is  settled.     I  have  since  obtained  well 

1  de  Selys  1900:  diagnosis  in  French,  included  in  a  paper  "Odonaten  aus  Neu-Guinea"  by  F. 
Forster,  In  Termeszetrajzi  Filzetek,  v.  23  (Budapest). 


468  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

grown  nymphs  from  Moline  111.  Two  images  taken  by  Prof.  R.  H. 
Pettit  at  Baldwinsville,  Onondaga  co.,  constitute  the  only  record  of  the 
species  for  this  state. 

Nymph.  (The  largest  I  have  before  me,  not  grown^  as  shown  by  the 
shortness  of  the  wing  cases.)  Measures  24  mm;  abdomen  16  mm;  hind 
femur  4  mm;  width  of  head  5.5  mm,  of  abdomen  6  mm. 

Color  blackish,  labium  and  tarsi  yellowish ;  body  rough  granulate,  but 
not  hairy,  with  paired  tubercles  obtuse  above  the  base  of  the  antennae, 
and  on  the  middle  of  the  vertex,  and  on  the  middle  of  the  superolateral 
ridge  that  extends  from  the  rear  of  the  eyes  to  the  hind  angles  of  the 
head;  a  pair  also  on  the  superolateral  angles  of  the  prothorax;  and  the 
usual  two  pairs  above  the  bases  of  the  coxae,  the  anterior  a  little  longer 
and  stouter,  but  both  directed  anteriorly ;  three  or  four  pairs  above  the 
middle  and  hind  coxae,  running  down  into  a  ridge  which  extends  on 
these  coxae;  a  dorsal,  tuberculate,  superior  ridge  on  all  the  femora; 
dorsal  hooks  represented  on  all  the  segments  of  the  abdomen,  becoming 
prominent  and  pointed  on  segments  6-9;  lateral  spines  on  segments  5-9, 
increasing  in  length  posteriorly,  those  of  the  ninth  segment,  two  thirds  as 
long  as  the  loth  segment;  appendages  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the 
loth  segment,  superior  and  inferiors  of  equal  length,  laterals  one 
fourth  to  one  fifth  as  long  as  the  others,  superior,  obtuse  at  tip,  inferiors 
finely  denticulate  exteriorly. 

Head  considerably  narrowed  behind  the  eyes,  and  with  a  deep,  quad- 
rangular excavation  of  the  hind  margin ;  eyes  with  a  very  long  anterior 
border,  and  a  long  pointed  hind  angle  lying  on  the  vertex;  labium  with 
the  cleft  of  the  median  lobe  somewhat  v-shaped,  not  closed;  lateral  lobe 
truncate  on  apex,  with  about  18  denticles  on  inner  margin. 

EPIAESCHNA 

There  is  a  single  North  American  species. 

Epiaeschna  heros  Fabricius 

1798Ae8hna  heros  Fabricius,  Ent.  syst.  Suppl.     j).  285 

1839  Aeshna    multicincta  Say,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.  Jour.    8:9 

1861Aeschna    heros   Hageu,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.     p.  128 

1869Aeschua    heros  Harris,  Ent.  correspondence,     p.  326  (notes) 

1862Ae8chna    heros   Walsh,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.  Proc.     p.  397  (notes) 

1875  Aeschna    heros   Hagen,  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.  Proc.  18:36  (bibliography 

and  distribution) 
1881  Epiaeschna    heros   (nymph)   Cabot,  Mus.   comp.  zool.,   Mem.   8:30, 

39,  pi.  1,  fig.  3 
1893  Epiaeschna    heros    Calvert,    Am.  ent.   soc.   Trans.   20 :  246-47   (de- 
scription) 
1895-97  Epiaeschna    heros     Calvert,   N.   Y.   ent.   soc.   Jour.    345 ;    5 :  93 
(listed  from  Dobbs  Ferry,  New  York,  Itbaca,  Albany  and  Buffalo) 

1899  Epiaeschna    heros    Kellieott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  81  (description) 

1900  Epiaeschna    heros    Williamson,   Dragou   flies  Ind.  p.  302  (descrip- 

tion) 

This,  our  largest  dragon  fly,  is  widely  distributed  throughout  the  state, 
and,  for  that  matter,  throughout  the  whole  eastern   United  States.     Its 


AQUATIC   INSECTS   IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  469 

Strikingly  large  size,  and  its  habit  of  flying  into  houses  not  unfrequently, 
and  its  apparent  migrations  in  numbers,  have  made  it  a  rather  well 
known  species. 

Since  the  nymph  has  been  described  and  figured  by  Cabot,  it  will  suf- 
fice here  to  give  a  brief  statement  of  its  more  distinctive  characters. 

Nymph.  Apparently  full  grown,  measures  in  total  length  46  mm  ; 
abdomen  32  mm ;  hind  femur  7.5  mm ; 
width    of   head    10    mm,  of  abdomen 
10  mm. 

Body  very  elongate,  widest  across  the 
eyes  and  the  seventh  and  eighth  ab- 
dominal segments.  Head  flat,  much 
narrowed  behind  the  eyes,  with  a  deep, 
well  rounded  concavity  on  the  hind  mar- 
gin, and  obtuse  hind  angles ;  labium 
long  extending  posteriorly  between  the 
bases  of  the  middle  legs;  mentum 
(fig.  13)  with  sides  parallel  for  half  its 
length,  then  suddenly  widened  in  a  regu- 
lar curve  to  the  bases  of  the  lateral 
lobes;  median  lobe  with  convex  front 
border  divided  by  a  shallow  open  cleft, 
bearing  a  fringe  of  short  scales  on  either 
side  of  the  cleft ;  lateral  lobe  truncate 
on  tip  with  a  short  hook  on  inner  angle 
at  tip,  before  which  are  some  12  to  15 
denticles. 

Abdomen  with  an    obtuse  middorsal 
ridge ;  lateral  spines  on  segments  5-9, 
increasing  in  size  posteriorly,  on  9  hardly  Fa^tJf;.  from^^^tmn'  fifo'to  by  j^'S.  Neelham 
longer  than    half  of   the  length  of  the 

loth  segment,  but  broadly  triangular;  superior  appendage  almost  as  long 
as  the  inferiors,  not  cleft  at  apex ;  laterals  half  as  long,  inferiors  not  quite 
as  long  as  segments  9  and  10  together. 

ABSCHNA 

Three  closely  related  species  of  this  genus  are  known  from  the  state. 
Male  imagos  of  these  species  may  be  separated  by  the  following  key. 

KEY  TO   SPECIES  OF  AESCHNA 

a  Anal  triangle  of  hind  wing  of  male  consisting  usually  of  three  cells.     Superior 

abdominal  appendages  of  male  with  a  prominent  inferior  spine  at  the  distal 

end ;  genital  valve  of  female  strongly  elevated  at  the  apex ..  constricta 

aa  Anal  triangle  of  the  hind  wing  of  the  male  consisting  generally  of  two  cells; 

sui^erior  appendage  of  the  male  without  prominent  inferior  spine;  genital 

valve  of  female  not  strongly  elevated  at  its  ajiex 

&  Superior  abdominal  appendages  of  the  male  with  a  superior  longitudinal 

carina  denticulated clepsydra 

hi  Superior  appendages  of  the  male  with  the  superior  longitudinal  carina  not 
denticulated verticalis 


470  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

I  am  not  able  to  distinguish  between  the  nymphs  of  these  species. 
Constricta  and  clepsydra  were  both  common  at  Saranac  Inn 
during  the  latter  half  of  the  summer.  I  collected  many  nymphs,  and  it 
would  seem  likely  that  I  should  have  both  species;  but  I  have  found 
hitherto  no  specific  differences  between  them.  The  images  of  the  three 
species  are  similar  in  habits  and  are  often  found  flying  together.  It  is 
probable  that  the  nymphs  are  likewise  similar  in  habits.  The  nymph  of 
Aeschna  constricta  is  described  and  figured  by  Cabot^ .  Descrip- 
tions of  these  three  species  will  be  found  in  the  monographs  of  Calvert, 
Kellicott  and  Williamson,  frequently  cited  in  the  preceding  bibliographies 
of  species.  Under  these  circumstances  it  seems  unnecessary  to  enter 
into  a  detailed  discussion  of  them.  It  will  suffice,  for  the  certain  recog- 
nition of  nymphs  of  the  genus,  to  restate  the  chief  characters  of  the 
nymph  of  A.  constricta,  a  species  which  I  have  bred  abundantly 
at  Ithaca  and  at  Saranac  Inn. 

Nymph.  Fully  grown  measures  in  total  length  43  mm,  abdomen  31 
mm,  hind  femur  6.5  mm  ;  width  of  head  7.5  mm,  of  abdomen  7.5  mm. 

Body  elongate,  graceful,  active  ;  color  varied  green  and  brown,  the 
amount  of  either  color  varying  to  agree  with  environment,  the  paler 
markings  of  the  dorsum  generally  tending  to  form  longitudinal  inter- 
rupted streaks. 

Head  with  prominent,  well-rounded  eyes,  whose  hind  angles  almost 
meet  on  the  vertex  ;  rear  of  head  hardly  convex  posteriorly ;  hind  angles 
broadly  rounded  ;  labium  moderately  widened  in  distal  half  of  mentum  ; 
middle  lobe  with  closed  median  cleft ;  lateral  lobe  squarely  truncate  on 
end,  denticulate  within. 

Abdomen  widest  in  the  middle,  where  the  segments  are  also  longest ; 
lateral  spines  on  segments  6-9,  on  6  minute,  on  9  a  little  longer  than 
half  the  length  of  the  loth  segment;  inferior  appendages  longer  than 
segments  9  and  10;  the  deeply  notched  superior  appendage  three  fourths 
as  long  as  the  inferiors,  the  laterals  one  half  as  long  as  the  inferiors  and 
with  very  sharp,  incurvate  points. 

ANAX 

The  single  species  discussed  below  properly  belongs  to  our  fauna: 
another  tropical  species,  Anax  longipes  is  occasionally  picked  up 
on  our  Atlantic  coast. 

1773  Libellula  junia  Drury,  Illus.  exotic  eut.  v.  1,  pi.  47,  fig.  5n 

1842  Aeschna   spiniferus   Rambur,  Ins.  Neur.  p.  186,  pi.  1,  fio;.  14 

1854 Emmous,  Agric.  N.  Y.  v.  5,  pi.  15,  fig.  3  (colored  figure  of  the 

male;  no  description  ;  no  name) 
1861  Anax  Junius   Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  118 
1875  Anax  Junius  Hagen,  Bost,  soc.  nat.  hist.  Proc.  18 :  32  (full  bibliography 

and  distribution) 

^  Immature  state  of  the  Odonata.    1881.    pt  2. 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS 


471 


1890  Anas  Junius   Hagen,  Psyche,  5  :  305  (critical  account  of  tlie  species) 
1893  Anax  jnnivis   Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20 :  249  (description) 
1897  Anax  Junius   Calvert,  N.  Y.  eut.  soc.  Jour.  3 :  46  and  5  :  93  (listed  from 
New  York,  Ithaca,  Schoharie  and  Buffalo) 

1899  Anax  Junius   Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  77 

1900  Anax  Junius   Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  306 

1881  Anax  Junius   Cabot,  (nymph)  Mus.  comp.  zool.  Mem.  8 :  15,  36,  pi.  1, 
fig.  2 

Anax  Junius  Drury 

This  well  known  species,  which  is  very  common  in  most  parts  of  the 
state,  was  rather  rare  at  Saranac  Inn.  A  single  nymph  was  taken  from 
the  little  bog  pond  on  the  inn  wagon  road, 
and  a  single  male  imago  was  observed  fly- 
ing over  the  same  pond.  Elsewhere  the 
imagos  are  on  the  wing  from  March  till 
November;  they  fly  from  daylight  to 
dark,  and  are  fleet,  powerful  and  fearless. 

The  female  in  ovipositing  is  often  held 
by  the  male,  specially  in  early  spring, 
often  is  unattended,  and  sometimes  de- 
scends bodily  into  the  water.  In  early 
spring  the  eggs  are  inserted  in  the  water- 
soaked  stems  of  reeds,  in  floating  sticks, 
etc. ;  later  in  the  season  they  are  placed 
in   the   tissues    of    green    and    growing 

aquatic    plants.  Fig.  14  Early  stages  of  nymph  of  Anax 

rr-ii  1        r  ^  •  •        •        --111       Junius  Dru.,  showing  changes  of   color 

Ihe  nymph  or  this  species  is  probably   pattern    a,  newly  hatched :  B,  one  fourth 

grown ;  (J,  one  half  grown 

better   known  than  that  of  any  other. 

It  is  sure  to  get  into  the  net  of  the  aquatic  collector.  It  clings  to 
water  weeds  nearer  the  surface,  usually,  than  the  bottom,  in  an  atti- 
tude of  alertness,  with  head  poised  low  and  abdomen  slightly  elevated. 
Locomotion  is  relatively  rapid,  either  by  walking,  or  by  swimming  by 
ejections  of  water  from  the  respiratory  chamber.  It  is  a  notoriously  can- 
nibalistic species  :  among  abundant  and  choice  food,  the  larger  nymphs 
will  eat  the  smaller  ones,  and  two  of  equal  size  can  not  be  safely  kept  to- 
gether in  close  quarters. 

Cabot  ^  has  figured  and  described  the  nymph,  and  many  indifferent  re- 
productions of  his  figure  are  current.  The  following  brief  diagnostic 
statement  of  its  principal  characters  will  serve  for  its  recognition. 

Nymph,  (fig.  14)  Measures  in  total  length  39  mm  ;  abdomen  29 
mm ;  hind  femur  8  mm  ;  width  of  head  8  mm,  of  abdomen  8.4  mm. 


^  Immature  state  of  the  Odonata.    1881.  pt  2. 


472  NEW   YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

Body  slender,  smooth  ;  colors  brown  and  green,  in  a  pattern  of  longi- 
tudinal streaks,  well  adapted  to  concealment  among  plant  stems,  the 
depth  of  the  color  varying  to  suit  the  environment. 

Head  strongly  depressed,  with  the  eyes  covering  the  greater  part  of  the 
sides  of  it;  labium  very  long,  reaching  posteriorly  the  base  of  the  hind 
legs ;  the  mentum  regularly  widened  from  base  to  apex,  produced  median 
lobe  with  a  closed  median  cleft ;  lateral  lobe  suddenly  rounded  off  at  end 
to  the  incurved  internal  end  hook,  but  hardly  truncate;  legs  long  and 
slender  as  befits  its  climbing  habits,  tibiae  and  femora  faintly  ringed  with 
brown ;  abdomen  with  strong  and  evident  lateral  spines  on  segments  7-9 
only ;  superior  abdominal  appendage  with  a  well  rounded  apical  notch, 
its  length  about  seven  eighths  that  of  the  inferiors,  which  are  longer  than 
segments  9  and  10  together;  lateral  appendages  two  fifths  as  long  as  the 
inferiors;  spines  of  the  ninth  segment  about  as  long  as  the  loth  seg- 
ment. 

Subfamily  petj^lurinab 

There  is  but  one  genus  and  species  occurring  in  the  eastern   United 

States :  both  will  be  recognized  by  the  characters  given  in  the  table  for 

major  groups. 

Tachopteryx  thoreyi  Selys 

1857  Uropetala  tlioreyi  Selys,  Monographie  des  goniphines,  p.  373  (  ^  ) 
1861  Petalura  thoreyi  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  117 
1878  Tachopteryx  thoreyi  Selys,  Acad.  Belg.  (2)  Bui.  46:696  (  ?  ) 
1898  Tachopteryx  thoreyi  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20:241  (descrip- 
tion) 
1900  Tachopteryx   thoreyi  Williamson,  Ent.  news,  11:398-99  (habits) 
1900  Tachopteryx  thoreyi  Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  281  (descrip- 
tion) 
This  species,  originally  described  from  a  single  male  specimen  taken 
in  the  vicinity  of  New  York,  has  apparently  not  been  found  in  the  state 
since  that  time.     It  is  now  known  to  be  distributed  from  Massachusetts 
to  Florida  and  Texas.     According  to  Mr  Wilhamson,  who  has  published 
the  little  that  is  known  concerning  its  habits,  it  flies  in   Pennsylvania 
during  the    whole  of  June  and  the  first  half  of  July.     It  is   ''usually 
observed  resting  in  sunny  situations   on  fences  or  trees,  at  the  edges  of 
woodland  .  .  .  stream  and  small  marshy  area  near  .  .  .  Easily  approached 
.  . .  once  aroused,  its  flight  is  swift  and  strong." 

On  June  4,  1900  D.  A.  Atkinson  took  in  transformation  a  single  female 
nymph  of  this  species  near  Pittsburg  Pa.  E.  B.  Williamson  described 
and  figured  this  nymph  in  Entomological  news.  1901.  12  :  1-3,  pi  i, 
and  then  very  kindly  loaned  me  the  specimen  for  study.  From  this 
specimen  I  have  drawn  the  labium  and  antenna  shown  in  figure  15  and 
the  brief  statement  of  characters  given  herewith. 

'   Nymph.     Length  38  mm. 

Antennae  7-jointed,  depressed,  hairy  on  lateral  margins,  the  segments 
short  and  broad. 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS 


473 


Labium  short  and  stout,  median  lobe  with  a  narrow  median  cleft  and 
denticulate  margin ;  lateral  lobes  truncate  on  end,  scarcely  denticulate  : 
no  raptorial  setae. 

Legs  stout,  with  prominent,  twisted,  hair-fringed,  longitudinal  carinae; 
tarsi  3-3-3  jointed. 

Wing  cases  laid  parallel  along  the  back,  their  apices  reaching  the  mid- 
dle of  the  fifth  segment. 

Abdomen  tapering  beyond  the  fifth  segment  with  thin  flaring  lateral 
margins  showing  on  each  of  segments  4-9  an  angle  at  the  middle  and  a 
flat  tooth  at  the  apex,  and  with  a  dorsal  row  of  hairy  tubercles  on  seg- 
ments 5-9,  parallel  to  the  lateral  margin  but  nearer  the  median  line :  ap- 
pendages obtuse,  the  superior  with  a  broad,  shallow,  apical  emargination. 

The  eggs  are  deposited  in  wet,  boggy  places,  when  there  is  hardly  any 

water  standing,  and  the  nymph  lives  in  the  mud  in  such  places. 

Subfamily  cORDULEGJVSTERirsrAE 

A  small  group  of  large  species,  inhabiting  mainly  clear  streams  that 
flow  through  upland  marshes,  spring  bogs,  etc.  The  imagos  are  strong 
of  flight,  and  are  oftenest  seen  cours- 
ing back  and  forth  over  some  small 
stream,  flying  on  a  regular  beat,  and 
passing  and  repassing  the  same 
point  at  intervals  of  a  few  minutes. 
The  collector  may  take  advantage 
of  this  habit,  and  so  station  himself 
that  he  may  reach  the  specimen  as 
it  passes,  and  capture  it,  if  dextrous 
with  a  net. 

The  nymphs  live  on  the  bottom 
in  shallow  water,  buried  in  clean 
sand  or  in  vegetable  silt.  Though 
buried  they  do  not  burrow,  but  descend  by  raking  the  sand  from  beneath 
them  by  sweeping,  lateral  movements  of  the  legs.  When  deep  enough, 
they  kick  the  sand  up  over  the  back  till  only  the  elevated  tips  of  the  eyes 
and  the  respiratory  aperture  at  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  are  exposed.  By 
placing  a  live  nymph  in  a  dish  of  sand  and  water  and  watching,  its 
method  may  be  observed  in  a  very  few  minutes.  The  whole  comical 
performance  reminds  one  strongly  of  the  descent  of  an  old  hen  in  a 
dustbath. 

Once  adjusted  in  the  sand,  a  nymph  (unless  food  tempts)  remains 
motionless  a  very  long  time.  In  a  dish  of  sand  on  my  table,  I  have  had  a 
nymph  remain  without  change  of  position  for  weeks,  no  food  being 
offered  it.     Let  any  little  insect  walk  or   swim  near  the  nymph's  head, 


Fig.  15  Tachoptery  X  thoreyl  Selys  ;  a  la 
blum  and  b  antenna  of  a  female  nymph.  ( Mr 
Williamson's  type ) 


474  NEW   YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 

and  a  hidden  labium  springs  from  the  sand  with  a  mighty  sweep  and 
clutches  it.  I  fed  to  a  nymph  of  Cordulegaster  diastatops 
14  full  grown  nymphs  of  C  apni  a  in  rapid  succession,  which  should 
represent  a  bulk  about  equal  to  that  of  the  nymph  that  ate  them.  It  ate 
a  dozen  quickly,  the  last  two  more  slowly  :  it  had  been  without  food  sev- 
eral weeks.  Nymphs  of  the  species  described  below  as  C.  maculatus 
supposition,  at  Saranac  Inn,  captured  and  ate  young  brook  trout  as  long 
as  themselves,  when  placed  in  their  cage.  So  eager  were  they,  they 
would  rise  partly  from  the  sand  on  approach  of  a  trout.  Like  the 
nymphs  of  the  Aeschninae,  they  seem  to  have  a  decided  preference  for 
big  game,  if  one  may  judge  by  the  strenuous  efforts  they  put  forth  when 
something  at  the  limit  of  their  capacity  for  capturing  approaches. 
Our  species  belong  to  a  single  genus. 

CORDULEGASTER    Lcach 

Of  the  seven  species  occurring  north  of  Mexico  six  are  found  in  the 
eastern  United  States,  and  of  these  six,  five  are  likely  to  be  found  in  New 
York  state  when  careful  collecting  is  done  for  them.  But  two  of  these, 
C.  erroneus  (from  Keene  valley)  and  C.  diastatops,  are  on  rec- 
ord from  the  state ;  a  third,  C.  maculatus  is  recorded  below  from 
Saranac  Inn. 

Imagos  of  the  six  species  of  the  eastern   United  States   may  be  sepa- 
rated by  the  following  table  : 
a  Eyes  not  contiguous ;  the  proximal  inferior  tooth  of  the  superior  abdominal 
appendage  of  the  male  almost  completely  incased  within  the  10th  segment 
(subgenus  Zoraena) 

T)  Abdomen  with  yellow  lateral  spots;  stigma  browu diastatops 

hi)  Abdomen  with  yellow  half  rings  ;  stigma  yellow sayi 

aa  Eyes  contiguous ;   proximal  inferior  tooth  of   superior  appendage  of  male 
more  or  less  completely  exposed 
h  Two  cubito-anal  cross  veins  before  the  triangles ;  triangle  open,  or  divided 
by  a  single  cross  vein  ;  stigma  moderate  (subgenus  Cordulegaster) 

c  Abdomen  with  yellow  lateral  spots maculatus 

cc  Abdomen  with  yellow  half  rings erroneus 

6&  Usually  three  cubito-anal  cross  veins  before  the  triangle ;  triangle  often 
divided  by  more  than  one  cross  vein ;  stigma  very  long  (subgenus 
Taeniogaster) 

d  Abdomen  witb  lateral  yellow  spots  (southern) fasciatus 

dd  Abdomen  with  a  middorsal  line  of  spots obliquus 

ARTIFICIAL  KEY  TO  THE  SAME  SPECIES 

a  Abdomen  with  a  middorsal  line  of  spots obliquus 

aa  Abdomen  with  yellow  half  rings  on  the  segments 

&  Face  yellow sayi 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE   ADIRONDACKS  475 

lb  Face  blackish erroneous 

aaa  Abdomen  with  lateral  spots 

c  Abdomen  65  mm  or  more  in  length  (southern) fasciatus 

cc  Abdomen  less  than  60  mm  in  length 

d  Spots  single  on  sides  of  abdominal  segments diastatops 

dd  With  large,  separate,  median  and  apical  spots  on  sides  of  middle  abdom- 
inal segments maculatus 

As  to  the  nymphs,  few  of  them  are  known.  Cabot^  has  figured  and 
described  as  C.  sayi  (supposition)  nymphs,  which,  later,  Hagen^  has 
referred  to  C.  diastatops  (supposition).  These  nymphs  were  from 
Maine,  Massachusetts,  Maryland  and  Virginia.  It  is  very  doubtful 
whether  C.  sayi  occurs  so  far  north  as  Massachusetts :  owing  to  con- 
fusion of  species,  published  records  of  distribution  of  our  species  of 
Cordulegaster  need  sifting.  I  have  bred  C.  diastatops  at  Ithaca 
and  my  nymphs  agree  with  Hagen's  description,  and  thus  confirm  his 
supposition.  In  the  above  cited  paper  Dr  Hagen  also  published  brief 
descriptive  notes  on  two  other  Cordulegaster  nymphs  which  he 
referred  by  supposition  to  C.  dorsalis  (of  the  Pacific  slope)  and  C. 
obliquus  (the  latter  one,  a  single  imperfect  specimen  from  Texas). 
This  is  all  that  has  been  published  concerning  the  nymphs  of  American 
species  of  this  genus. 

I  describe  below  nymphs  of  C.  diastatops  (raised)  and  C. 
maculatus  (supposition),  and  in  order  to  avoid  repetitions,  I  will  give 
herewith  a  general  statement  of  the  characters  of  nymphs  of  the  genus  : 
they  are  all  very  much  alike. 

Nymphs  of  this  genus  agree  in  the  following  points :  the  body  is  stout, 
rough,  hairy,  cylindric,  tapering  beyond  the  middle  of  the  abdomen  to  a 
pointed  apex,  the  longitudinal  axis  upcurved  at  both  ends,  the  tips  of  the 
eyes  and  the  abdominal  appendages  being  the  highest  points.  The 
antennae  are  seven-jointed,  slender.  The  eyes  cap  the  angular  antero- 
lateral prominence  of  the  head  and  extend  a  pair  of  sharp  points  inter- 
nally on  the  vertex  from  their  hind  angles.  Hind  angles  of  the  head 
rounded,  the  hind  margin  not  obviously  concave  posteriorly.  The 
labium  is  very  large,  extending  posteriorly  between  the  bases  of  the  mid- 
dle legs,  its  dilated,  spoon-shaped  anterior  end  covering  the  face  up  to 
the  antennae,  and  meeting  above  a  convex  frontal  prominence,  whose 
margin  is  fringed  with  sensory  hairs.  The  mentum  is  triangularly 
widened  beyond  the  middle;  its  median  lobe  is  produced  in  a  median 
tooth  which  is  bifid  on  the  median  line;  its  lateral  lobes  are  broad,  tri- 
angular, concave,  and  bear  a  row  of  short  raptorial  setae  just  within  the 
externa]  margin,  a  stouter,  but  not  longer  movable  hook  at  the  end  of 
this  row,  and  a  series  of  coarse,  irregular  interlocking  teeth  on  the  distal 
margin. 

1  Immature  state  of  the  Odonata.    1872.    pt  1,  p.  13,  pi.  3,  fig.  2. 

2  Monograph  of  the  earlier  stages  of  the  Odonata,  Am.  ent.  soo.    Trans.    1S85.    p.  290. 


476  NEW   YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

Prothorax  with  a  transverse  dorsal  flattened  area,  which  is  fringed 
with  stiff  hairs ;  legs  slender  and  not  very  long,  adapted,  not  for  running 
as  stated  by  Hagen  {loc.  cit.  p.  288),  but  for  raking  the  sand  aside; 
femora  and  tibiae  with  dorsal  and  ventral  rows  of  long  hairs,  the  ventral 
row  on  the  tibiae  graduating  into  spines  at  the  tip,  these  becoming 
arranged  in  a  double  row  on  the  ventral  side  of  the  tarsal  segments; 
tarsi  three-jointed;  wings  a  little  divergent  on  the  two  sides,  when 
grown,  reaching  the  fourth  abdominal  segment. 

Abdomen,  subcylindric,  arcuately  upcurved  toward  the  tip;  no  dorsal 
hooks ;  lateral  appendages  less  than  one  fourth  as  long  as  superior  and 
inferiors;  the  transverse  apical  rings  on  the  abdominal  segments  are 
somewhat  remote  from  the  apices  of  the  segments  and  bear  rows  of  very 
stiff"  hairs,  which  are  incurved  at  the  tip  and  serve  to  hold  a  layer  of 
sand,  dirt,  etc.  about  the  body. 

The  two  species  of  nymphs  described  below  may  be  easily  separated 
as  follows. 

a  Lateral  margins  of  abdominal  segments  8  and  9  sharp,  ending  posteriorly  in 

stout  triangular,  conspicuous  lateral  spines diastatops  (raised) 

aa  Lateral  margins  of  abdominal  segments  8  and  9  hardly  acute,  at  their  pos- 
terior ends  a  pair  of  minute,  slender,  cylindric,  pointed  spines,  that  are 

shorter  than  the  hairs  among  which  they  are  hidden maculatus 

(supposition) 

Of  the  eggs  of  Cordulegaster  I  know  nothing.  Field  observa- 
tions are  much  needed  on  the  matter  of  oviposition  to  observe  whether 
they  are  dropped  into  the  water,  attached  to  supports,  or  inserted  into 
plant  tissues,  and,  if  the  latter,  how  the  long,  imperfect  ovipositor  of  the 
female  is  used. 

Cordulegaster  maculatus  Selys 

1854  Cordulegaster  maculatus  Selys,  Acad.  Belg.  (2)  Bui.     21 :  105 
1861  Cordulegaster  maculatus  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.     p.  115 
1875  Cordulegaster  maculatus  Hagen,  Bost.     soc.     nat.     hist.    Proc. 

18  :  50  (bibliography  and  distribution) 
1893  Cordulegaster  maculatus  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.    Trans.    20 : 246 

(description) 

This  species  was  not  uncommon  at  Saranac  Inn.  It  was  to  be  seen 
during  the  greater  part  of  the  summer  on  sunshiny  days  coursing  up  and 
down  Little  Clear  creek  on  the  hatchery  grounds:  it  was  observed 
nowhere  else.     It  has  not  been  reported  from  New  York  state  hitherto. 

The  nymphs  referred  to  this  species  by  supposition  (none  of  them 
being  reared)  were  common  in  the  sandy  bed  of  Little  Clear  creek,  in 
the  places  over  which  the  images  were  observed  flying;  but  one  species 
was  seen  ;  that  is  the  reason  for  referring  the  nymphs  to  this  species.  A 
number  of  exuviae  were  found  on  the  edges  of  the  fish  ponds  within  a 
few  days  after  our  arrival,  but  none  appeared  later,  and,  though  nymphs 
apparently  fully  grown  were  repeatedly  taken  and  a  good  many  of  them 
kept  in  our  cages  through  the  remainder  of  the  season,  none  of  them  trans  - 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS 


477 


Fig.  16  Labium   of  nymph  of    Cordulegaster 


formed.  I  believe  that  the  season  for  their  transformation  was  past  and 
that  the  period  of  adult  life  for  this  insect  is  a  long  one.  The  few  speci- 
mens captured  were  all  males. 

Nymph.  Measures  in  total 
length  41  mm ;  abdomen  30  mm ; 
hind  femur  6  mm ;  width  of 
head  7  mm,  of  abdomen  8  mm. 

Body  very  densely  rough 
hairy;  colors  (entirely  obscured 
except  after  molting)  yellowish 
marked  with  brown  spots ;  a  pair 
of  these  at  the  base  of  the  fore 
wings,  a  double  submedian  row 
along  the  dorsum  of  the  abdo- 
men, oval,  with  apices  con- 
vergent in  each  pair;  external 
to  these,  another  row  each  side 
with  apices  divergent;  external 
to  these,  a  less  conspicuous  row 
each  side,  of  spots  lying  nearer 
the  bases  of  the  segments;  supe- 
rior and  inferior  appendages 
yellow,  black  tipped,  fringed 
densely  on  their  internal  mar- 
gins with  soft  black  hairs ;  laterals  maculatus  Say,  supposition 
one  fifth    as   long,  not   fringed. 

Mentum  of  labium  bell-shaped  in  outline  (fig.  16) ;  median  lobe  very 
long  and  dilated  on  the  cleft  apex  in  a  pair  of  flat  ovoid  lobes,  with  ser- 
rulated margins  and  each  with  an  external  apical  denticle ;  lateral  lobe 
with  10  or  II  very  unequal  sharp  teeth  on  distal  margin,  the  longest  of  the 
teeth,  the  movable  hook  and  the  setae  of  about  equal  length,  the  hook 
several  times  as  thick  as  the  setae;  setae  five;  setae  on  mentum  10  or  11, 
six  or  seven  longer  ones  in  a  longitudinal  row  at  the  sides,  and  four  small 
ones  extending  from  the  proximal  end  of  this  row  toward  the  median  line. 

Abdomen  with  segments  about  equal  in  length  as  far  as  the  loth, 
which  is  about  one  third  shorter;  appendages  equal  the  ninth  segment  in 
length ;  in  the  female  the  long  triangular  lobes  of  the  ovipositor  extend 
to  the  apex  of  the  ninth  segment,  against  which  they  are  closely  applied ; 
lateral  spines,  minute  cylindric  pointed  rudiments,  hidden  among  the 
hairs  of  the  lateral  margins,  on  the  eighth  and  ninth  segments. 

Cordulegaster  diastatops  Selys 

1854  Thecapliora  diastatops   Selys,  Acad.  Belg.  (2)  Bui.  21;  101 

1886  Cordulegaster  lateralis  Scudder,  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.  Proc,    10:  211 

1872  Cordulegaster  sayi   (nymph)  Cabot,  Mus.  compar.  zool.  Mem.  v.  2, 

art.  5,  p.  13,  pi.  3,  fig.  2 
1885  Cordulegaster  diastatops  (nymph,  supposition)  Hagen,  Am.  ent* 

soc.     Trans.     12:290  (description) 
1878  Thecaphora  diastatops   Selys,  Acad.  Belg.  Bui.     p.  685  (descrip- 
tive notes  and  corrections) 
1895  Cordulegaster   diastatops   Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.     3:45 
(listed  from  New  York  state) 


478 


NEW  YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 


This  is  a  common  species  about  the  upland  spring  bogs  near  Ithaca 
and  McLean  N.  Y.  I  have  collected  the  nymphs  by  hundreds  from 
the  brownish  vegetable  debris  of  the  puny  streams  trickhng  through  such 
places. 

The  nymph  differs  from  the  preceding  species  in  being  a  trifle  smaller, 
and  considerably  less  hairy;  the  lateral  margins  of  segments  8  and  9  of 
abdomen  are  thin  and  sharp  and  bear  sharp  triangular  spines;  the  labium 
is  less  widened  just  before  the  bases  of  the  lateral  lobes ;  the  median  lobe 
is  less  produced,  more  deeply  notched  in  the  middle,  and  the  two  lobes 
separated  by  this  median  notch  are  again  cleft  by  a  lesser  notch. 

Possibly  these  differences  in  median  lobe  of  labium  and  in  lateral 
margins  of  abdominal  segments  8  and  9  may  prove  constant  for  the  sub- 
genera Z  o  r  a  e  n  a  and  Cordulegaster. 

Skirmners 
This  family  is  a  host,  and  includes  many  of  the  commonest  of  our 
species.     Most  of  them  are  of  well  sustained  flight,  and  are  seen  con- 

^, . tinually  hovering  over  the  sur- 

face  of  still  water,  or  are  met 
with  on  the  uplands  while  for- 
aging. The  females  do  not 
insert  their  eggs  into  the  tis- 
sues of  plants,  but  drop  them 
loosely  into  the  water,  or  hang 
them  in  strings  about  plant 
stems  at  the  surface  of  the 
water. 

The  nymphs  are  sprawlers 
on  the  bottom,  mainly  in  shal- 
low water,  or  clamberers  over 
fallen  plant  stems,  and  are 
protectively  colored.  They 
agree  in  the  following  char- 
acters:  the  labium  (fig.  17) 
is  maskhke,  spoon-shaped, 
with  raptorial  setae,  and  with 
its  lateral  lobe  toothed  on  its 
distal  margin;  the  antennae 
are  seven-jointed,  and  setiform;  the  tarsi  are  three-jointed,  with  the  third 
joint  never  as  long  as  the  two  basal  ones  together;  the  wing  cases  are 


Fig.  17  Diagram  of  the  Libellulid nymph  labium  (P  e  ri- 
themis  dom.itia).  Sm  submentum ;  m,  mentum ; 
ms  mental  setae  ;  ml  median  lobe ;  II  lateral  lobes ;  Is  late- 
ral setae;  t  teeth;  h  movable  hook 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS 


479 


long,  reaching  the  sixth  abdominal  segment  when  the  nymph  is  grown ; 
lateral  spines  are  present  on  abdominal  segments  8  and  9,  but  the  dorsal 
hooks  are  very  variable,  and  often  wanting. 

Of  the  three  subfamilies  characterized  below,    the  first  one   is   here 
newly  set  apart;  the  other  two  are  so  closely  allied  that  no  single  abso- 


Fig.  18  Bases  of  wings  of  Leucorhinia  glacialis  Hagen.  Ccosta;  Scsubcosta;  K  radius; 
JIf  media;  Cw  cubitus;  A  anal  vein;  ar  areulus;  t  triangle;  f '  subtriangle ;  s  supra  triangle ;  a.  anal 
loop 

lately  distinctive  character  has  yet  been  found  that  will  separate  all  the 
imagos.  A  combination  of  characters  seems  to  be  necessary  for  dis- 
tinguishing both  imagos  and  nymphs:  a  combination  is  therefore  used  in 
the  following  tables. 

KEY  TO  SUBFAMILIES 

Imagos 

a  The  triangle  of  the  hind  wing  placed  considerably  beyond  the  areulus ;  the 
anal  loop  well  developed,  and  hardly  longer  than  broad;  with  more  than 

two  cubito-anal  cross  veins  . ,  Macromiinae 

aa  The  triangle  of  the  hind  wing  (fig.  18)  retracted  to  the  level  of  the  areulus, 
or  even  passing  it  a  little  sometimes;  the  anal  loop,  greatly  elongated 
(except  in  Nannothemis)  and  becoming  foot-shaped:  one  or  two 
cubito-anal  cross  veins. 


480  NEW  YORK,  STATE   MUSEUM 

h  Sectors  of  the  arculus  (veins  M1-3  and  M4  )  distinctly  separate  at  tlieir 
departure  from  the  arculus;  anal  loop  elongate,  but  not  distinctly  foot- 
shaped,  the  toe  part  being  little  or  not  at  all  developed ;  the  last  antenodal 
cross  vein  extending  from  the  costal  to  the  radial  veins  (except  in  D. 
lintneri,  in  which  it  generally  extends  only  from  the  costal  to  the 
subcostal) ;    colors   often   metallic  blue  or  green  on  thorax  and  abdomen 

Cordulinae    p.  484 

hh  The  sectors  of  the  arculus  in  close  apposition  or  completely  fused  for  a  little 

way  beyond  the  arculus;  anal  loop  generally  distinctly  foot-shaped,  with 

well  developed  "toe";  the  last  antenodal  cross  vein  often  discontinuous 

at  the  subcostal  vein Libellulinae    p.  506 

Nymphs 

a  Head  with  a  prominent  pyramidal  frontal  horn ;  abdomen  flat,  and  almost 
circular  in  outline  as  seen  from  above  ;  legs  long,  giving  a  spiderlike 
aspect  to  these  big  nymphs;  10th  abdominal  segment  well  exposed,  not 
telescoped  in  the  apex  of  the  ninth  segment;  teeth  on  the  lateral  lobes  of 

the  labium  with  deep  incisions  between  them Macromiinae 

aa  Head  without  pyramidal  frontal  horn ;  abdomen  less  flattened,  more  elongate  ; 
teeth  on  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  labium  much  wider  than  high. 

&  Lateral  appendages  of  the  abdomen  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  inferiors  ; 
hind  femora  longer  than  the  head  is  wide;  when  the  lateral  spines  are 
long  (fig.  19s),  then  there  is  a  fall  series  of  big,  cultriform  dorsal  hooks  on 
the  abdomen Cordulinae 

&&  Lateral  abdominal  appendages  generally  less  than  half  the  length  of  the 
inferiors  ;  hind  femora  generally  as  long  as  the  head  is  wide ;  often  when 
the  lateral  spines  of  the  abdomen  are  long  the  dorsal  hooks  are  wanting  or 
reduced Libellulinae 

Subfamily   ivia^croiviiinae. 

A  small  group  of  large  species,  more  distinct  than  any  other  group 
within  the  family.  The  imagos  are  bulky  and  not  very  graceful,  hairy 
and  not  strikingly  beautiful  in  their  coloration,  but  their  flight  is  strong 
and  well  sustained :  they  gHde  through  the  air  with  the  fearless  abandon 
of  masters  of  a  situation. 

The  nymphs  are  quite  unique  in  the  family  in  the  possession  of  a  flat 
abdomen,  almost  circular  in  outline,  recalling  that  ofHagenius, 
though  less  flat  and  circular  than  that,  and  an  erect  pyramidal  horn  on 
the  front  of  the  head  ;  in  this  last  character,  they  are  unique  among  all 
Odonata.  They  He  flat  on  the  bottom  where  there  is  Httle  mud,  or 
oftener,  on  some  nearly  bare  ledge  in  the  border  of  a  stream,  with  their 
thin  legs  radiately  arranged,  and  the  body  almost  completely  covered 
with  silt.  Thus  they  await  their  prey  and  seize  it  when  it  approaches. 
They  are  all  an  undetermined  number  of  years  reaching  maturity. 

Our  two  genera  may  be  separated  as  follows : 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS  481 

Imagos 

a  Dorsal  surface  of  the  bead  Tvifcli  the  occiput  larger  than  the  vertex;  suh- 
triangle  of  the  fore  wings  usually  divided  by  a  cross  vein  ;  four  to  six  cross 

veins  in  the  space  above  the  bridge  (see  fig,  9) Didymops 

aa  Dorsal  surface  of  the  head  ■with  the  occiput  much  smaller  than  the  vertex  ; 
subtriangle  of  the  fore  wings  generally  open;  two  or  three  cross  veins  in 
the  space  above  the  bridge Macromia 

Nymphs 

a  Head  hardly  as  wide  across  the  eyes  as  across  the  bulging  hind  angles ; 
lateral  spines  not  incurved,  those  of  the  ninth  abdominal  segment  hardly 
surpassed  by  the  tips  of  the  appendages  ;  dorsum  of  the  10th  abdominal  seg- 
ment with  no  trace  of  a  dorsal  hook Didymops 

aa^Head  widest  across  the  eyes  ;  spines  of  the  ninth  abdominal  segment  shorter, 
not  nearly  reaching  the  level  of  the  apices  of  the  appendages  ;  dorsum  of 
the  10th  segment  with  a  very  rudimentary  dorsal  hook Macr  omi  a 

DIDYMOPS 

There  is  a  single  species, 

Didymops  transversa  Say 

1839  Libellula  transversa   Say,  Acad.  nat.  sei.  Phil.  Jour.  8:19 
1861  Didymops   transversa      Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  135 
1875  Macromia  transversa  Hagen,  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.  Proc.  18 :  57 

(full  bibliography,  and  distribution) 
1890Macromia   transversa   Cabot,  Immature  state  Odon.  pt  3,  p.  14-16, 
pi.  1,  fig.  3  (full  bibliography,  description  of  nymph  and  distribution) 
1893  Didymops   transversa   Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20:250  (de- 
scription) 

1899  Didymops   transversa   Kellicott,  Odon.   Ohio,  p.  88  (description) 

1900  Didymops   transversa  "Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  307  (de- 

scription) 

This  is  a  common  species  in  woodland  streams  and  ponds,  in  water 
of  a  little  depth,  in  shaded  pools,  etc.,  where  there  is  little  vegetation. 
It  was  not  very  common  at  Saranac  Inn,  but  nymphs  were  taken  in  the 
borders  of  Little  Clear  pond  and  creek,  and  exuviae  were  found  along  the 
eastern  shore  of  Lake  Clear,  hung  up  in  the  bushes,  or  attached  to  large 
rocks  several  yards  from  the  water's  edge.  Imagos  were  observed  only 
about  the  borders  of  the  larger  bodies  of  water.  They  could  always  be 
seen  darting  in  and  out  of  the  edges  of  the  woods  on  the  fragrant  shores 
of  Little  Green  pond. 

Nymph.  (PL  i8,  fig.  8)  Measures  in  total  length,  $  2j  mm,  ?  29 
mm;  abdomen  19mm:  hind  femur  11  mm;  width  of  head  7  mm,  of 
abdomen  13  mm.  Body  flat,  thin  edged,  with  legs  wide  apart  at  bases 
and   sprawhng.     Color   yellowish  below,  mottled  brownish  above,   the 


482  NEW   YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

mottlings  darker  toward  the  middle  line,  and  on  the  lateral  ridges  of  the 
thorax;  a  darker  band  covering  the  top  of  the  head,  including  the  eyes, 
but  not  the  frontal  horn,  which  is  yellowish,  sprinkled  on  its  upper  side 
with  brownish  prickly  granulations. 

Head  compact,  bulging  behind  the  eyes,  which  cap  the  elevated 
anterolateral  angles;  antenna  with  the  basal  segment  twice  as  long  as 
the  second,  about  as  long  as  the  third;  the  succeeding  segments  gradu- 
ally becoming  a  little  shorter;  hind  angles  of  the  head  obtuse  angled 
superiorly;  rear  of  head  a  little  concave;  prothorax  with  a  flat,  angular 
fringed  process  each  side,  fitted  snugly  against  the  sides  of  the  head; 
tarsi  with  the  second  and  third  joints  of  about  equal  length,  the  first  joint 
about  one  third  as  long;  femora  and  tibiae  ringed  obscurely  with  brown; 
wing  cases  reaching  almost  to  the  apex  of  the  sixth  abdominal  segment. 

Abdomen  flat,  with  thin,  flat  lateral  margins,  and  a  median  row  of 
large,  cultriform,  dorsal  hooks  on  segments  3-9,  these  same  segments 
longer  at  the  sides  than  on  the  median  line;  long,  straight,  lateral  spines 
on  segments  8  and  9,  on  8  slightly  divergent,  on  9  parallel,  as  long  as  or 
longer  than  the  body  of  the  segment ;  loth  segment  annular,  inserted  into 
an  apical  excavation  of  the  ninth,  one  third  as  long  as  the  length  of  the 
ninth  on  its  middorsal  hne;  appendages  about  as  long  as  9  above, 
subequal,  or  the  laterals  a  very  little  shorter.  Thorax  broadly  excavate 
below  for  the  reception  of  the  labium,  with  a  pair  of  supporting  humps 
beside  it  on  the  mesothorax  and  another  one  behind  it  on  the  metathorax. 

Labium  large;  mentum  broadly  triangular,  strongly  contracted  at  its 
basal  fourth,  with  a  moderately  prominent  and  declined  median  lobe, 
and  about  seven  raptorial  setae  each  side,  the  two  inner  ones  quite 
small ;  lateral  lobe  ample,  concave,  with  five  raptorial  setae  and  a  hook 
that  is  stouter  but  httle  longer  than  the  setae;  distal  margin  with  about  six 
or  seven  crenate  oval  teeth,  each  bearing  several  graduated  spinules. 

MACROMIA 

Two  species  are  regional,  but  only  one  of  them  has  as  yet  been  taken 
within  the  state  (M.  illinoien  sis);  the  other  (M.  t  aen  iola  t  a)  is 
found  from  Pennsylvania  southward  as  far  as  Florida.  Neither  has  as 
yet  been  bred.  Cabot ^  has  described  nymphs  referred  by  supposition  to 
each.  Till  these  are  reared  it  is  hardly  worth  while  to  repeat  descrip- 
tions in  detail.  It  will  suffice  to  give  a  general  account  of  the  characters 
of  nymphs  of  this  genus,  and  to  state  in  tabular  form  the  chief  differences 
between  the  two  species  of  nymphs  believed  to  be  the  two  species  named. 

The  nymphs  of  the  genus  are  short  and  flat,  with  widely  sprawHng 
legs.  The  shape  of  the  prominent  eyes,  elevated  on  the  laterosuperior 
angles  of  the  head,  and  of  the  frontal  horn,  offer  specific  characters :  the 
head  is  widest  across  the  eyes,  and  slowly  narrowed  behind  them,  to  the 
obtuse  hind  angles,  each  of  which  bears  a  tubercle  on  its  upper  aspect. 
The  wings  reach  well  over  the  sixth  abdominal  segment.  There  are 
strong  cultriform,  dorsal  hooks  on  abdominal  segments  2-9,  and  there  is 

1  Immature  state  of  the  Odonata.    1890.    pt  3. 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS  483 

a  low  median  ridge  representing  another  on  the  loth  segment,  often  httle 

evixient.     The  lateral  spines,  which  occupy  the  sides  of  the  eighth  and 

ninth  segments,  are  generally  stout  and  flattened,  and  do  not  reach  the 

level  of  the  tips  of  the  appendages.     The  loth  abdominal  segment  is  a 

little  shorter  than  the  ninth. 

Imagos 

a  Length  of  abdomen  generally  less  tban  50  mm  ;  expanse  of  wiug  less  tban  100 

mm;  thoracic  dorsum  usually  without  yellow  stripes illinoiensis 

aa  Length  of  abdomen  about  60  mm  ;  expanse  of  wing  more  than  110  mm;  dor- 
sum of  the  thorax  with  a  pair  of  short,  yellow  stripes taeniolata 

Nymphs 

a  Lateral  spines  of  abdomen  directed  posteriorly,  hardly  incurved;  pyramidal 

horn  on  the  front  of  the  head  acute  at  apex.  ..illinoiensis,  supposition 

aa  Lateral  abdominal  spines  strongly  incurved  at  the  tip;  pyramidal  horn  on 

the  front  of  the  head  obtuse,  hairy taeniolata,  supposition 

Macromia  illinoiensis  Walsh 

1862  Macromia  illinoiensis   Walsh,  Acad.  nat.  sci,  Phil.  Proc.     p.  397 
1893  Macromia   illinoiensis   Calvert,  Am.  eut.  soc.    Trans.    20:  251  (de- 
scription) 
1897  Macromia  illinoiensis   Van  Duzee,  N.  Y.   ent.  soc.  Jour.     5:89 
(listed  from  Grand  Island) 

1899  Macromia  illinoiensis   Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,     p.  87  (description) 

1900  Macromia   illinoiensis  Williamson,    Dragon    ilies    Ind.      p.    308 

(descriptiou) 
1890  Macromia  illinoiensis    (nymph     supposition)     Cabot,     Immature 
state  Odon.     3 :  16,  pi.  1,  fig.  2  and  pi.  2,  fig.  1 

A  species  which  ranges  from  New  Hampshire  to  Texas.  Though  taken 
but  once  as  yet  within  the  state,  it  probably  dwells  in  the  borders  of  a 
number  of  our  larger  bodies  of  water.  I  have  not  seen  the  imago  at 
large.  I  have  seen  a  few  of  the  nymphs  referred  to  this  species,  and 
may  add  a  descriptive  note  covering  some  points  unnoticed  by  Cabot. 

A  nymph  26  mm  long  has  a  length  of  abdomen  of  16  mm  ;  of  hind 
femur  of  11  mm;  a  width  of  head  of  7.5  mm,  of  abdomen  of  11  mm. 

Head  a  little  narrowed  behind  the  very  prominent  eyes  to  the  hind 
angles,  above  each  of  which  is  a  little  superior  tubercle  ;  labium  greatly 
widened  anteriorly,  and  concave,  forming  an  immense  mask;  lateral 
setae  six,  with  two  little  axial  setae  at  the  base  of  the  lateral  lobe  within; 
mental  setae  five  each  side,  close  together  in  row,  with  several  more 
minute,  detached  ones  nearer  the  median  line;  teeth  about  five,  large, 
oblique,  each  armed  with  about  four  or  five  spinules. 


484  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

The  few  nymphs  I  have  found  were  all  obtained  from  clayey  banks 
among  wave-washed  roots  of  trees,  in  places  most  difficult  to  use  a 
net. 

Macromia  taeniolata  Rambur 

1842  Macromia  taeuiolata  Rambur,  Ins.  Near.    p.  139 
1861  Macromia  taeniolata  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.     p.  132 
1874  Macromia  taeniolata  Hagen,  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.  Proc.     16 :  359 
1893  M  acrom  i  a  tae  n  io  la  ta  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.     Trans.      20:250  (de- 
scription) 

1899  Macromia  taeniolata  Kellicott,  Odou.  Ohio,     p.  86  (description) 

1900  Macromia  taeniolata  Williamson,    Dragon  flies  Ind.     p.  309   (de- 

scription) 
1890  Macromia  taeniolata  (nymph,  supposition)  Cabot,  Immature  state 
Odon.     Pt  3,  p.  9,  pi.  2,  fig.  4. 

Distributed  from  Pennsylvania  to  Florida  and  Illinois. 

KEY  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  GENERA  OF  CORDULINAE  (s.  sir.) 

Images 

a  Veins  M4  and  Cui  in  the  fore  wing  parallel  or  a  little  divergent  apically,  the 
number  of  rows  of  cells  between  them  increasing  toward  the  margin  of  the 

wingi Neurocordulia 

aa  Veins  M4  and  Cui  in  the  fore  wing  approximated  toward  the  margin  of  the  wing 
b  The  second  cubito-anal  cross  vein  (and  therefore,  the  subtriangle)  normally 
present  in  the  hind  wing  (absent  occasionally  in  Helocordulia) 

c  Triangle  of  hind  wing  divided  by  a  cross  vein Epicordulia 

cc  Triangle  of  hind  wiug  without  cross  vein,  open 

d  Anal  loop   symmetrically  truncated  at    its  distal  end,  with  but  three 
cells  at  the  end  ;  stigma  very  narrow  and  sharp-pointed  at  its  ends 

Helocordulia 
dd  Anal  loop  unsymmetrieally  truncated  at  its  distal  end,  with  more  than 
three  cells  at  the  end  ;  stigma  wider  and  less  sharply  pointed 

Somatochlora 
ib  The  second  cubito-anal  cross  vein  absent  in  the  hind  wing 

c  Triangle  of  the  fore  wing  traversed  by  a  cross  vein,  with  two  complete 
rows  of  cells  in  the  space  beyond  it 
d  Wings  with  black  basal  markings;  inferior  appendage  of  the  male,  not 
bifurcated Tetragoneuria 

1  One  species,  the  little  Cordulla  Untneri  of  Hagen,  may  seem  to  belong  in  this  section  of 
the  table,  though  of  course,  not  in  the  genus  Neurocordulia;  it  is  also  a  synthetic  type,  lack- 
ing the  special  corduline  features  of  venation,  which  I  take  to  be  1)  the  approximation  of  veins 
M^  and  CUj,and  2)  the  general  reduction  of  cross  veins  ;  it  shows  strong  libellullne  affinities  in 
tbe  conformation  of  the  anal  loop  and  in  the  possession  of  a  half-antenodal  cross  vein  just  before 
the  nodus.  We  may  expect  that  its  nymph  when  discovered  will  throw  light  on  its  true  relation- 
ships. I  leave  it  here  in  the  genus  D  or  o  cor  dull  a  beside  the  two  species  with  which  it  has 
hitherto  been  associated. 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS  485 

dd  Wings  clear;  inferior  abdominal  appendage  of  the  male  deeply  bifur- 
cated, the  forks  again  notched  at  tips;  never  with  less  than  five 
antenodals  in  the  hind  wing,  or  with   the   triangle   of  that  wing 

traversed  by  a  cross  vein Cordulia 

cc  Triangles  of  the  fore  wings  open D  o  r  o  c  or  dul  i  a 

So  well  marked  are  these  genera  that  they  may  generally  be  recognized 
at  a  glance  by  the  following. 

Single  distinctive  characters 
Epicordulia  alone  has  large  brown  spots  at  base,  nodus  and  stigma 

of  all  wings. 
Tetragoneuria  alone  has  but  four  antenodals  in  the  hind  wing. 
Helocordulia  alone  has  the  stigma  very  narrowly  diamond-shaped, 

with  the  ends  of  it  meeting  the  sides  by  an  angle  of  3o°-35°. 
Cordulia   alone  has  the  inferior  abdominal  appendage  of  the  male 

deeply  bifurcated. 
Dorocordulia  alone  has  the  triangle  of  the  fore  wing  free  from  cross 

veins. 
Neur'ocordulia  has  been  sufficiently  distinguished  above ;  S  o  m  a  t  - 

o  c  hi  or  a   possesses  none  of  the  characters  of  this  list. 

Ny77iphs 

a  Lateral  setae  four  or  five ;  mentum  about  as  long  as  wide..  Epicordulia 
aa  Lateral  setae  seven ;  mentum  of  labium  longer  than  wide 

h  Abdomen  with  large,  laterally  flattened,  generally  cultriform  dorsal  hooks 

c  Lateral  spines  of  the  ninth  segment  longer  than  half  the  length  of  that 

segment ;  dorsal  hooks  on  segments  3-9,  highest  on  6,    cultriform,   and 

sharp Tetragoneuria 

cc  Lateral  spines  of  the  ninth  segment  shorter  than  half  of  that  segment ; 
dorsal  hooks  less  developed 
d  Dorsal  hooks  on  segments  4-9  laterally  flattened,  but  obtuse  at  apices, 

and  not  cultriform Somatochlorai 

dd  Dorsal  hooks  on  segments  6-9,  longest  on  8  and  cultriform 

Helocordulia 
M  Abdomen  witb  no  dorsal  hooks,  or  with  these  rudimentary,  not  flattened 
laterally  or  cultriform,  but  small  obtuse  or  pointed  prominences 
c  Hind  angles  of  the  head  rounded ;  lateral  spines  of  the  ninth  abdominal 

segment  one  fifth  as  long  as  that  segment Cordulia 

cc  Hind  angles  of  the  head  angulate  superiorly  ;  spines  of  the  ninth  abdom- 
inal segment  one  third  as  long  as  that  segment Dorocordulia 

1  There  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  unknown  nymphs  of  the  numerous  species  of  this  genus  will 
necessitate  an  amplification  of  the  characters  herein  stated.  S.  elongata  appears  to  be  the  only 
American  species  yet  reared.  Cabot  described  a  nymph  as  that  of  Som.  alb  lei  net  a,  supposition, 
but  I  am  unable  to  say  whether  the  supposition  was  correct :  so  far  as  one  may  judge  from  his  figure, 
that  one  might  as  well  have  been  Cordulia  shurtleffl.  The  typical  Somatochlora 
metallica  of  Europe  has  dorsal  hooks  on  segments  3-9  of  abdomen,  with  the  posterior  ones  bet- 
ter developed  than  in  S.  elongata.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind  by  those  who  use  this  table  that  it 
is  based  only  on  the  nymphs  of  the  species  herein  described. 


486  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

NEUROCORDULIA 

No  species  of  this  genus  has  been  taken  within  the  limits  of  this  state, 
but  the  following  one  is  regional,  being  distributed  from  Massachusetts  to 
Indiana.  The  nymph  of  the  genus  is  unknown,  unless  the  one  described 
below  be  it.  That  nymph  described  and  figured  by  Cabot  and  indicated 
as  belonging  possibly  to  this  species,  is  Libellula    pulcheUa. 

Neurocordulia  obsoleta  Say 

1839  Libellula   obsoleta    Say,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.  Jour.  8 :  28 

1839  Libellula    polysticta  Burmeister,  Handb.  ent.  2  :  856 

1861  Di  dy  mop  s    obsoleta    Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  136 

1873  Epitbeca    obsoleta    Hagen,  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.  Proc.  15  :  269 

1863  Cordulia     modesta    Walsb,  Eut.  soc.  Phil.  Proc.  2  :  254 

1890  Epitbeca    obsoleta    Hagen,   Psycbe,  5:369,  pi.  1,   %.  7-9  (critical 

notes,  with  figures  of  the  accessory  genitalia) 
1893  Neur  o  c  or  dull  a    obsoleta    Calvert,  Am.     ent.    soc.   Trans.   20:252 

(description) 
1900  Neurocordulia    obsoleta    Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  312 

This  species  seems  to  be  everywhere  rare.  I  have  not  seen  it  at 
large.  There  are  very  few  specimens  in  collections.  It  is  very  different 
in  many  particulars  from  all  the  other  Cordulinae.  It  is  very  desirable 
that  some  one  should  rear  it.  The  imago  will  be  easily  recognized  by 
the  characters  given  in  the  table.  I  describe  below  a  nymph  from  Penn- 
sylvania which  probably  belongs  here. 

Nymph.  (Not  grown)  Measures  in  total  length  i8  mm;  abdomen 
8mm ;  hind  femur  5  mm ;  width  of  head  5  mm,  of  abdomen  8  mm ; 
length  of  body  without  antennae  17  mm. 

A  singularly  flat-bodied,  short-legged  nymph  with  exceptionally  con- 
tracted abdomen,  smooth,  blackish  m  color,  with  traces  of  paler  bands  on 
the  femora  and  tibiae. 

Head  dorsally  flattened,  with  a  pair  of  low,  submedian,  vertical 
tubercles,  and  a  shelf-like,  scurfy  pubescent  frontal  ridge,  as  long  as  the 
two  basal  segments  of  the  antennae;  antennae  seven  jointed;  joint  i 
cylindric,  2,  globular,  these  of  equal  length  ;  segments  3-7  slightly  decreas- 
ing in  length  to  the  conic  seventh  segment.  Hind  angles  of  the  head 
obtuse,  but  prominent  posteriorly,  overhanging  the  front  of  the  protho- 
rax;  hind  margin  of  the  head  excavate  between  the  hind  angles. 

Labium  short  and  broad,  hardly  extending  posteriorly  beyond  the 
bases  of  the  fore  legs;  mentum  broadly  triangular,  contracted  at  its  base, 
concave  within,  its  sharp  superolateral  margins  spinous  at  both  ends; 
median  lobe  moderately  prominent,  with  a  few  minute  spinules  on  the 
front  border  of  it,  declined ;  mental  setae  eight  or  nine,  the  three  or  four 
innermost  ones  quite  small  each  side;  lateral  lobes  triangular,  concave 
within,  its  distal  border  cut  in  about  seven  semi-elhptic  teeth,  each  armed 
at  its  tip  with  two  or  three  spinules ,  lateral  setae  five ;  movable  hook  a 
little  longer  and  stronger  than  the  setae,  gently  arcuate. 

There  is  a  distinct  occipital  ridge  on  the  rear  of  the  head  below  the 
level  of  the  vertex,  closely  apphed  to  a  corresponding  ridge  on  the  front 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  487 

margin  of  the  prothorax.  The  dorsal  shield  of  the  prothorax  farther 
bounded  on  the  posterior  side  by  a  transverse  ridge,  which  curves  forward 
at  its  ends  to  terminate  in  a  pair  of  prominent  lateral  processes ;  there  is 
also  an  obtuse  supra-coxal  process  each  side  which  extends  forward  close 
beside  the  head  halfway  from  the  hind  angles  of  the  head  to  the  eyes. 

Body  depressed;  legs  smooth,  wide  apart,  the  three  pairs  successively 
more  remote  from  each  other  at  base,  the  middle  and  hind  femora  each 
with  a  superior  ridge,  the  fore  and  middle  tibiae  each  with  a  ridge,  start- 
ing at  its  base  exteriorly  (dorsally)  and  at  once  curving  to  extend  down 
its  anterior  face;  tarsi  three-jointed,  the  third  joint  about  as  long  as  the 
two  basal  together,  the  claw  short  and  stout,  about  as  long  as  the  basal 
joint. 

Abdomen  flat,  suborbicular,  granulate,  with  a  row  of  oval  smooth  scars 
midway  between  the  median  line  and  the  lateral  margin  each  side  on 
segments  4-8;  wing  cases  reaching  but  to  the  middle  of  the  fourth 
abdommal  segment  (the  nymph  is  apparently  not  grown);  there  is  a  row 
of  conspicuous  dorsal  hooks  starting  from  between  the  wing  cases  and  end- 
ing on  segment  9 ;  strongly  flattened  laterally,  not  hooked  at  all,  but  erect, 
and  rounded  on  tips,  highest  on  the  sixth  segment;  ventral  sutures  wide 
apart,  slightly  convergent  posteriorly,  disappearing  on  the  ninth  segment; 
basal  abdominal  segments  extremely  contracted,  segment  1  telescoped  by 
the  metathorax,  visible  only  in  the  middle  of  the  ventral  side;  genitalia 
(  S  )  visible  at  the  midventral  apex  of  segment  2;  lateral  spines  on  8  and 
9,  long  and  sharp,  divergent  on  8,  parallel  on  9  and  as  long  as  the 
segment,  greatly  surpassing  the  appendages;  segment  9  excavate  above 
between  the  lateral  spines,  to  inclose  the  annular  loth  segment  and  the 
appendages,  one  half  as  long  on  the  middorsal  as  on  the  midventral  line ; 
inferior  appendages  about  as  long  as  segment  9  is  on  the  dorsal  side,  the 
superior  and  the  laterals  successively  shorter,  the  latter  a  little  longer 
than  half  the  inferiors;  segment  10  about  half  the  dorsal  length  of  the 
ninth  segment ;  inferior  apical  and  lateral  margins  of  the  ninth  segment 
fringed  with  long  hairs. 

A  single  nymph^,  sent  me  by  Dr  Calvert,  from  the  collection  of  the 
Academy  of  natural  sciences  of  Philadelphia,  bearing  the  label, 
"H.  C.  Borden,  Pa.  Oct.  26,  '95  ". 

The  flat  abdomen  with  erect  blunt  dorsal  hooks  and  smooth  lateral  scars, 
and  the  elongate  third  tarsal  segment  recall  Ha  genius,  while  the 
broad  mask- shaped  labium,  the  vertical  tubercles  and  the  frontal  ridge 
recall  Epicordulia.  The  transverse  occipital  ridge,  the  curving 
carina  on  the  fore  and  middle  tibiae,  and  the  extreme  abbreviation  of  the 
basal  abdominal  segments  are  characters  which  I  do  not  recall  having 
observed  in  any  other  nymphs  whatever. 

1  Since  the  above  was  written  I  have  received  exuviae  from  Dr  Calvert,  taken  at  White  lake  in 
the  Catskllls,  and  from  E.  B.  Williamson,  taken  at  Nashville  Teun.,  of  this  same  species.  The 
length  of  the  nymyh  when  grown  is  21  mm.  I  now  feel  quite  certain  that  these  belong  to  Neu- 
rocordulia. 


488  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

EPICORDULIA 

We  have  a  single  species. 

Epicordulia  princeps  Hagen 

Water  prince    (PI.  22,  fig.  i) 

1861  Epitbeca    princeps    Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  134 

1875  Cordulia    princeps    Hagen,    Bost.    soc.    nat.    liist.     Proc.     18 : 61 

(bibliograpLy) 
1893  Epicordulia    princeps    Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20 :  251  (de- 
scription) 

1899  Epicordulia    princeps    Kellicott,  Odon.   Ohio,  p.  88  (description) 

1900  Epicordulia    princeps    Williamson,  DragOQ  flies  Ind.  p.  310  (de- 

scription) 
1890  Epitheca    princeps    Cabot,   Immature  state  Odon.  pt  3,  p.  25,  no. 

12,  pi.  3,  fig.  3  and  no.  13,  pi.  4,  fig.  3  (juv.  nympb) 
1889  ''Libellulina  nymphs  nos.  10  and  12."    Garman,  111.  state  lab.  nat. 

hist.     Bui.  3,  3  :  179 

This  species  is  distinguishable  from  all  the  following  even  in  flight  by 
its  large  size  and  its  brown  wing  blotches  at  nodus  and  stigma.  It  is  a 
widely  distributed  species,  locally  common  where  there  are  ponds  or 
sluggish  streams  with  muddy,  reed-grown  banks.  Images  appear  on  the 
wing  in  May  and  continue  flying  through  midsummer.  They  seem  ab- 
solutely tireless  in  flight;  very  rarely  indeed  is  one  seen  resting.  The 
males  at  least  prefer  the  surface  of  still  water,  over  which  they  will 
sweep  back  and  forth  in  zigzag  lines  and  broad  curves  hour  after  hour. 

The  nymphs  sprawl  on  the  bottom  amid  fallen  reeds,  or  clamber  over 
submerged  logs.  In  winter  I  have  found  numbers  of  them  crowded  in 
the  crevices  of  a  submerged  stump. 

Transformation  takes  place  very  early  in  the  morning.  The  nymphs 
will  crawl  several  meters  from  the  edge  of  the  water  if  necessary  in  order 
to  find  a  proper  support.  They  are  stift'  creatures  with  legs  set  wide 
apart,  and,  not  being  good  climbers  of  reeds,  generally  seek  some 
broader  supporting  surface,  such  as  the  side  of  a  stump,  or  a  cluster  of 
grass  blades.  The  eggs  are  dropped  by  the  female  while  flying  alone, 
dips  being  made  far  out  in  open  water,  and  widely  distributed. 

Nymph.  (PL  21,  fig.  2)  Measures  in  total  length  27  mm  ;  abdomen 
17  mm;  hind  femur  8  mm;  width  of  head  7.5  mm,  of  abdomen  8  to 
12  mm,  there  being  very  great  variation  in  this  last  measurement. 

Since  this  nymph  has  been  figured  and  described  by  Cabot,  it  will 
suffice  here  to  give  a  brief  statement  of  the  more  distinguishing  charac- 
teristics. Head  a  little  narrowed  behind  the  small  eyes,  which  cover 
the  anterolateral  angles;  there  is  a  pair  of  low  conic  tubercles  on  the  top 
of  the  head,  these  larger  in  younger  nymphs,  and  sometimes  even  cultri-- 
form.     The  statement  that  the  young  nymphs  of  this  species  do  not  differ 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS  489 

from  the  grown  nymph  in  this  respect  is  sometimes  (but  very  rarely) 
true.  Labium  with  four  (less  often  five)  lateral  setae,  and  four  larger 
mental  setae  each  side,  with  one  or  two  lesser  ones  near  the  median  line. 
Thorax  with  broad  sterna. 

Abdomen  depressed,  triquetral ;  dorsal  hooks  large,  cultriform,  in  a 
very  regular  series,  on  segments  2-9 ;  lateral  spines  on  segments  8  and  g, 
those  of  the  ninth  segment  surpassing  the  level  of  the  tips  of  the  append- 
ages; superior  appendage  very  nearly  as  long  as  the  inferiors,  laterals  a 
little  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  inferiors. 

There  are  two  indistinct  and  interrupted  bands  of  brownish  markings, 
extending  from  the  hind  angles  of  the  head  to  the  bases  of  the  spines  on 
the  ninth  abdominal  segment,  and  there  are  darker  rings  on  tibiae  and 
femora,  discoverable  specially  after  molting. 

This  species  was  seen  but  a  few  times  at  Saranac  Inn,  and  no  speci- 
mens were  taken  either  as  nymphs  or  imagos.  It  is  not  uncommon  in 
other  places  in  the  state,  and  will  probably  be  found  quite  generally  dis- 
tributed when  proper  search  is  made  for  it. 

TETRAGONEURIA 

This  North  American  genus  is  one  of  the  most  important,  most 
generally  distributed,  and  most  common  in  the  subfamily.  The  imagos 
are  somewhat  scarce  in  collections,  but  they  are  by  no  means  so  in 
nature.  Because  of  their  superb  aerial  powers  they  are  not  often  taken 
in  flight.  They  depart  widely  from  the  regular  haunts  of  the  less  active 
species  Avhile  foraging,  and  thus  often  escape  the  specialist  who  is  collect- 
ing for  dragon  flies  in  particular.  The  roving  habits  of  the  imagos 
account  sufficiently  for  the  wide  distribution  of  most  of  our  species. 

About  an  lUinois  pond  in  which  Epicordulia  princeps  and 
Tetragoneuria  cynosura  were  the  only  Corduhnae  present,  I 
have  watched  day  after  day  the  little  Tetragoneuria  chasing  the  big 
Epicordulia  about  in  air,  much  as  a  kingbird  chases  and  harasses  a 
crow,  surpassing  by  its  swiftness  and  by  its  ability  to  make  quick 
turns  in  air. 

Nymphs  of  this  genus  may  be  found  in  almost  any  pond;  they  are 
often  found  in  enormous  numbers.  By  far  the  easiest  way  to  get  imagos 
is  to  capture  well  grown  nymphs  and  rear  them. 

Nymphs  of  this  genus  agree  so  closely  that  I  give  here  a  general 

account  of  thiem,  which,  for  specific  descriptions  will  only  need  to  be 

supplemented  by  the  specific  characters  stated  in  the  following  table ; 

the  differences  therein  stated  are  the  only  differences  I  know  between  the 

species. 

The  nymphs  are  trim  and  smooth,  with  depressed  abdomen  and  long 
lateral   spines.     The    general    color   is    greenish    or   yellowish,    with    a 


490  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

longitudinal  band  of  brown  each  side  of  the  thorax,  rings  on  femora  and 
tibiae,  and  obscure,  interrupted,  longitudinal  rows  of  spots  on  the 
abdomen.  Head  compact,  with  eyes  very  prominent  laterally,  and  the 
front  somewhat  swollen  between  the  bases  of  the  antennae ;  labium  with 
its  mentum  distinctly  longer  than  wide,  the  median  lobe  prominent, 
dechned,  minutely  spinulose  on  its  front  border,  with  two  stouter  spinules 
at  the  sides  of  the  apical  angle;  lateral  setae  seven  ;  mental  setae  six  to 
nine;  movable  hook  shghtly  incurved,  and  sharply  pointed;  teeth  crenate, 
spinulose. 

Abdomen  roof-shaped ;  segments  3-9  about  equal  in  length,  the  loth 
a  minute  annular  segment  almost  included  within  the  apex  of  the  ninth; 
dorsal  hooks  on  segments  2-9,  spine-like  anteriorly  where  covered  by  the 
wings,  distinctly  cultriform  posteriorly ;  lateral  spines  on  segments  8  and 

9  long  and  broad  at  base. 

Four  species  are  tabulated  below:  one  of  these,  T.  spinosa,  has 
not  been  hitherto  recorded  from  this  state.  These  four  were  all  common 
at  Saranac  Inn,  excepting  the  typical  T.  cynosura.  So  common 
were  they,  in  fact,  that  I  stumbled  on  two  desirable  bits  of  information 
concerning  the  genus  that  I  should  probably  have  missed  had  they  not 
been  very  common.  The  first  of  these  relates  to  the  proportionate 
abundance  of  the  sexes.  Males  mainly  are  collected  by  the  ordinary 
methods ;  and  for  half  a  century  or  more  students  of  the  group  have  been 
remarking  on  the  striking  preponderance  of  males  in  this  and  other 
genera.     1  collected  on  Blueberry  island  in  Little  Clear  pond  in  about 

10  minutes  in  cast  skins  of  T.  spin  i  ger  a  and  T.  s  e  m  i  a  qu  e  a  , 
intermixed,  taking  them  as  they  came,  without  any  selection  whatever. 
These  were  separated  as  to  species  and  sexes  (the  males  being  easily 
recognized  by  the  indications  of  the  secondary  genitalia  on  the  ventral  side 
of  the  second  abdominal  segment)  and  counted,  with  the  following  results  : 
T.  spinigera,  ,3522,  $824;  T.  semiaquea,  ^s  25,  $  s  40, 
in  both  cases  a  slight  excess  of  females.  I  once  counted  a  lai'ge  number 
of  skins  ofT.  cynosura,  and  E.  princeps  taken  from  Purington 
lake  at  Galesburg  111.  I  have  not  the  figures  resulting  from  the  count, 
but  I  remember  distinctly  that  there  was  in  each  case  a  slight  excess  of 
females.  The  females  are  more  shy  and  seclusive,  and  therefore  less 
often  taken.  My  breedings  have  never  revealed  any  material  excess  in 
numbers  of  either  sex  for  any  species;  and  these  are  certainly  more  reli- 
able than  chance  captures  in  air. 

An  acquaintance  with  the  eggs  of  Tetragoneuria  was  likewise 
almost  forced  on  me.  These  are  laid  in  strings,  attached  together  in 
masses  (as  shown  in  fig.  19)  and  hung  on  partly  submerged  twigs  at  the 
surface  of  the  water.  These  were  very  common  objects  about  the  shores 
of  Little  Clear  pond.     I  did  not  see  any  of  them  laid.     That  they  belong 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS 


491 


to    Tetragoneuriais,  therefore,  an  inference  :  it  is  sufficiently  justi- 
fied by  the  following  considerations. 

i)  Tetragoneuria  was  the  only  Hbellulid  sufficiently  common  at 
the  pond  to  have  produced  the  enormous  number  of  eggs  observed  there. 
I  think  one  might  easily  have  filled  a  barrel  with  the  clusters  that  could 
have  been  picked  up  at  the  surface  of  this  pond :  the  cluster  shown  in 
the  figure  (which  was  smaller  than  the  average)  contained  about  110,000 
eggs  (counted  in  part,  and  estimated),  and  with    its    enveloping  gelatin 


Fig.  19  Eggs  of  Tetragoneuria  hung  on  submerged  twigs  near  surface  of  the  water 

would  have  about  filled  a  half  pint  measure.  These  clusters  are  doubtless 
the  work  of  a  number  of  females;  the  separate  strings  are  often  indicated 
by  the  ends  left  hanging  free.  These  are  undoubtedly  libellulid  eggs :  none 
of  our  larger  Libellulinae  lay  their  eggs  in  strings;  nor  do  the  smaller 
Cordulinae,  but  the  European  genus  E  p  i  t  h  e  c  a ,  not  distantly  related 
to   Tetragoneuria,  does  so. 

No  other  Cordulinae  were  common  at  this  pond.  I  did  not  get  more 
than  a  single  nymph  or  imago  of  any  other  save  C'ordulia  shurt- 
leffi,  and  of  that  less  than  a  dozen  in  all,  there.  But  Tetragoneurias 
were  abundant  above  all  that  I  have  ever  seen  elsewhere.  They  were 
scattered  all  about  the  margin  excepting,  perhaps,  the  bare  shores  of  part 
of  the  north  side,  and  were  apparently  rather  uniformly  distributed.  I 
counted  the  number  of  cast  skins  of  Tetragoneuria,  without  regard 
to  species,  clinging  to  the  thin  grass  tussocks  and  fallen  twigs  along  the 
water's  edge  for  a  distance  of  several  rods  at  two  places :  at  the  north 


492 


NEW   YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 


side  of  the  bay  in  Blueberry  island,  and  on  the  outside  of  the  cape  which 
projects  across  the  outlet,  and  found  the  number  averaged  30  to  a  meter 
in  distance  along  the  shore  line.  When  one  reflects  that  there  were  miles 
of  favorable  shore  line  in  this  pond,  the  number  of  images  suggested  by 
a  little  calculation  will  account  for  a  considerable  quantity  of  eggs. 

2)  I  hatched  thousands  of  these  eggs.  While  the  nymphs  of  Libellu- 
lidae,  when  new-hatched,  look  much  alike,  these  showed  corduline  char- 
acters quite  as  much  like  Tetragoneuria  as  any  other. 


Fig.  20  Lateral  and  dorsal  views  of  the  abdomen  of  ttie  nymph  of   Tetragoneuria   cynosura 
Say.    a  Appendages  ;  h  dorsal  hooks  ;  s  lateral  spines 

Of  the  three  species  found  at  Saranac  Inn  I  bred  two  species  of  the 
nymphs,  and  found  other  nymph  skins  which  I  have  below  referred  by  sup- 
position to  the  other  species  (T.  spin  OS  a).  The  recognition  charac- 
ters for  imagos  and  nymphs  of  the  four  species  of  the  state  are  given 
below  in  tabular  form. 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS  493 

SPECIES  OF  TETRAGONEURIA 

hnagos 

a  Frons  with  a  black  T  snot  above;  triangle  of  hiad  wings  generally  without 

a  cross  vein spinigera 

aa  Frons  without  a  T-spot  above ;  triangle  of  hind  wiugs  generally  traversed  by 

a  cross  vein 

Z)  Superior  appendage  of  the  male  not  declined  at  tip,  and  without  superior 

ante-apical  spine.    Hind  wings  generally  with  four  antenodal  cross  veins. 

c  Hind  wing  with  isolated  basal  streaks  which  hardly  surpass  the  level  of 

the  first  antenodal  cross  vein cynosura 

cc  Hind   wings  with  broader,  and  more  confluent  markings,  reaching  the 

level  of  the  third  or  fourth  antenodal  cross  vein semiaquea 

Z»6  The  superior  appendage  of  the  male  strongly  declined  at  the  lip  beyond  a 
superior  ante-apical  spine  ;  hind  wings  generally  with  five  antenodal  cross 
veins,  some  of  the  antenodals  surrounded  by  fuscous  spots. ..  s  p  i  n  o  s  a 

Nymphs 

a  Spines  of  the   ninth  abdominal  segment  strongly  divergent,  their  tips  dis- 
tinctly wider  apart  than  their  bases  on  the  outer  sides spinigera 

aa  Lateral  spines  of  the  ninth  segment,  very  slightly  or  not  at  all  divergent 
h  Spines  of  the  ninth  abdominal  segment  longer  than  the  segment 
c  Spines  of  the  ninth  segment  hardly  longer  than  is  the  segment  on  its 

dorsal  side  ( fig.  20) cynosura 

CO  Spines  of  the  ninth  segment   one  third  to  one  half  longer  than  is  the 

segment  on  its  ventral  side semiaquea 

5&  Spines   of  the  ninth  segment   distinctly  shorter    than  that    segment,  and 
slightly  incurved  at  tips spinosa,   supposition 

Tetragoneuria  spinigera  Selys 

1871  Tetragon euria  spinigera  Selys,  Acad.  Belg.  (2)  Bui.    31:269 
1897  Tetragoneuria    spinigera  Van  Duzee,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.    5:90 

(listed  from  Buffalo) 
1897  Tetragon  euria   spinigera  Calvert,   N.   Y.    ent.   soc.   Jour.     5:95 

(listed  from  Buffalo) 
1900  Tetragone  u  ria    spinigera  Williamson,  Dragon  flies    Ind.     p.  311 

(description) 
To  the  above  record  by  Van  Duzee  of  this  species  from  Buffalo 
(repeated  by  Calvert  in  his  list),  I  have  to  add  two  localities.  It  was 
exceedingly  abundant  at  Saranac  Inn  during  the  month  of  June,  flying 
about  the  grounds  of  the  hatchery  in  company  with  the  other  two  species 
occurring  there — flying,  also,  about  every  other  little  clearing  in  the 
forest,  foraging.  It  was  very  common  toward  the  mouth  of  Buttermilk 
creek  near  Ithaca  in  June  1897. 


494  NEW   YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

Tetragoneuria  cynosura  Say 

Dog-tail 

1839  L  ibell  nla   cynosura   Say,  Acad.  uat.  sci.  Phil.  Jour,     8:30 
1839  Ep  oph  thalmi  a    lateralis   Burmeister,  Handb.  ent.    2:847 

1873  Cordulia   cynosura  Hagen,  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.  Proc.    15  :  271 

1861  Cordulia  lateralis   Hagen,  SynopsisNeur.N.  Am.  p.  139(descriptiou) 
1893  Tetragou  euri  a    cynosura   Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.     Trans.     20:252 

(description) 
1895-97  Tetragon  euria  cynosura  Calvert,   N.  Y.  ent.  soc.   .Jour.  3:46 

and  5 :  93  (listed  from  Ithaca,  Lake  George,  Black  Eock) 
Tetragoneuria  cynosura  Kellioott,  Odon.Ohio,p.  89  (description) 
1900  Tetragoneuria   cynosura   Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  311 
1890  Epitheca  cynosura  (nymph)  Cabot,  Immature  state  Odon.    pt  3,  p.  28 

This  species,  which  has  hitherto  been  recorded  from  but  few  localities 
within  the  state,  is  likely  to  be  found  in  most  large  ponds  in  central  and 
western  New  York.  I  have  but  one  additional  locality  to  record.  I 
have  received  specimens  from  Prof.  Herrick  collected  at  Canandaigua. 

I  have  not  united  with  this  species  semiaquea  Burmeister,  notwith- 
standing that  I  think  them  one  species  showing  racial  variations,  because 
there  is  no  difficulty,  so  far  as  I  have  observed,  in  separating  the  imagos 
on  the  basis  of  the  color  distinction  long  in  use,  and  because  my  bred 
nymphs  do  not  agree  very  closely,  and  I  have  not  had  time  for  the  study 
of  a  long  series  of  these  nymphs.  I  would  call  attention,  however,  to 
a  fact  indicating  either  that  they  will  probably  be  found  to  intergrade,  or 
that  some  one  has  made  an  error  or  mixed  his  specimens.  Cabot  de- 
scribed a  longer  and  a  shorter  type  of  nymph  of  the  straight-spined 
form :  the  one  with  the  longer  spines  was  bred  and  was  T.  cynosura; 
the  one  with  the  shorter  spines  was  referred  to  T.  s  e  m  i  a  q  u  e  a  on  sup- 
position. From  the  shorter  spined  of  my  two  with  straight  spines  I  bred 
abundantly  in  Illinois  the  typical  T.  cynosura.  I  have  observed, 
however,  that  there  is  considerable  variation  in  the  length  of  these 
spines:  there  seems  to  be  much  less  of  it  in  their  direction.  While  it 
seems  likely  that  T,  semiaquea  will  eventually  rank  as  a  race  of  T. 
cynosura,  pending  farther  study,  I  have  listed  them  separately 
here. 

Tetragoneuria  semiaquea  Burmeister 

1839  Lib  ell  u  la   semiaquea   Burmeister,  Handb.  ent.  2 :  858 
1842  Cordulia   complanata  Eambur,  Ins.  Neur.  p.  145 

1874  Cordulia  semiaquea  Hagen,  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.  Proc.  16 :  360 

1861  Tetragoneuria  semiaquea  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  140 

(description) 
1893  Tetragoneuria  semiaquea  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20 :  252 
1895-97  Tetragoneuria   semiaquea   Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  3 :  46 

and  5  :  93  (listed  from  Ithaca,  Baldwinsville,  Black  Eock) 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS 


495 


Tetragoneuria  spinosa  Hagen 
1878  Tetragoueuria  spinosa   Hagen,  Acad.  Belg.  (2)  Bui.  45 ;  188 

This  species  was  less  abundant  at  Saranac  Inn  than  the  others  of  the 
genus  mentioned  as  occurring  there ;  but  I  captured  at  random  a  number 
of  specimens  of  both  sexes.  The  female  shown  in  pi.  22,  fig,  2,  exhibits 
a  singular  type  of  coloration  for  this  genus.  The  wings  were  of  a  rich  fla- 
vescent  brown,  with  spots  of  black  on  a  number  of  the  antenodal  cross 
veins.  This  specimen  I  captured  among  the  wild  raspberry  bushes 
near  the  house  of  the  station  agent  at  dusk,  June  27. 

Owing  to  the  striking  difference  between  the  male  appendages  in  this 
and  the  other  species  of  the  genus,  there  is  probably  no  need  here  of  a 
new  description,  notwithstanding  that  the  original  one  in  French  seems 
as  yet  to  be  the  only  one,  and  it  is  not  generally  accessible  in  this 
country. 

HELocoRDULiA  gen.  nov. 

The  two  species  constituting  this  genus,  C.  uhleri  Selys  and 
C.  s  e  1  y  s  i  Hagen,  have  been  included  hitherto  in  the  genus 
Neurocordulia.  There  is  hardly  another  genus  within  the  corduline 
series  as  here  restricted,  with  which  these  have  less  affinity.  A  tabular 
statement  of  the  differences  between  Helocordulia  and  Neuro- 
cordulia (as  here  restricted)  with  respect  to  wing  venation  will  show 
the  great  discrepances  for  a  single  organ — the  only  one  T  have  critically 
studied. 


CHARACTEE 

NEUROCOEDULIA 

HELOCOKDULIA 

Veins  M4  and  Cui 

divergent  apieally  with 
the  cell  rows  between 
increasing  from  2  to  5 

convergent  apieally  with 
but  two  cell  rows  be- 
tween 

Stigma 

broad    and  slightly  ob- 
lique 

narrow  and  very  oblique 
at  its  ends] 

Antenodals  of  hind  wing- 

five 

six 

Triangle  of  fore  wing 

of  three  cells 

of  two  cells 

Triangle  of  hind  wing 

of  two  cells 

open  :  no  cross  vein 

Apex  of  anal  loop 

with    a    long    posterior 
angle,  and  at  least  five 
cells   resting    against 
the  distal  margin 

squarely  truncate  or  near- 
ly so,  with  but  three 
cells  on  the  distal  end 

496 


NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 


Helocordulia  is  most  nearly  allied  to  Tetragoneuria. 
There  are  however  a  few  venational  characters  which  readily  distinguish 
the  two  genera. 


CHAEACTEE 

TETEAGONE0EIA 

HBLOCOEDULIA 

2d  cubito-anal  cross  vein 

absent 

nearly  always  present 

Under  the  stigma 

a  single  cross  vein  fol- 
lowed by  a  wide  space 

two  cross  veins  and  more 
normal  spaces 

Autenodal  cross  veins  of 
the  hind  wing 

four  or  five 

six 

The  anal  loop  is  slightly  wider  and  more  oblique  at  the  apex  in  Tetra- 
goneuria. T.  spinosa  has  the  antenodal  cross  veins  spotted  with 
fuscous  much  as  in  Helocordulia. 

The  nymph  of  H  elo  cord  ulia  is  peculiar  among  the  known  cor- 
duline  nymphs  in  having  dorsal  hooks  on  segments  6-9  only,  with  some 


Fig.   21   Helocordulia,  genitalia:  x,v  [$)  and  z  (?)  of  H.  uhleri  Selys:    a,  b  (ventral 
view),  c  (  ^  )  and  (J  (  $  )  of  H.  selysi  Hag. 

of  these  distinctly  cultriform,  and  in  the  extreme  abbreviation  of  the 
ninth  abdominal  segment  on  the  dorsal  side,  so  that  its  dorsal  length  is 
less  than  half  its  ventral. 

The  two  species  of  the  genus  may  be  separated  as  images  by  reference 
to  the  figures  herewith  presented.  The  nymph  is  known  for  but  one  of 
these,  H.  uhleri,  the  only  one  apparently  belonging  to  the  New 
York  fauna. 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS 


497 


Helocordulia  uhleri  Selys 

1871  Cor  dull  a  uhleri  Selys,  Acad.  Belg.  (2)  Bui.  21:274 

1890  N  euro  c  orduli  a  uhleri   Beutenmiiller,    Dragon   flies  vs  mosquitos, 

p.  164  (listed  from  New  York) 
1895  Neuroeordulia  uhleri   Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.   soc.  Jour.  3:46  (listed 

from  New  York) 

This  species  was  not  uncommon  in  Little  Clear  creek  on  the  hatchery 
grounds.  Images  were  seen  flying  a  few  times  about  the  banks  of  Little 
Clear  pond  close  in  shore  and  low  above  the  water.  They  are  so  swift 
and  agile,  and  their  wings  are  so  transparent  that  the  eye  follows  them 
with  difficulty.  They  are  not  very  difficult  to  capture  however,  if  one 
will  place  himself  beside  a  regular  "  beat ",  and  bring  his  net  up  behind 
the  dragon  fly  with  a  quick  stroke  when  it  is  passing.  I  found  the  ima- 
ges showing  no  disposition  to  avoid  me  even  after  escaping  a  stroke  of 
the  net  several  times.  Twice  I  saw  three  males  chasing  one  another  up 
and  down  Little  Clear  creek,  and  had  little  difficulty  in  capturing  them. 

The  nymph  was  not  reared.  Some  of  them,  apparently  about  grown, 
were  kept  through  the  season  without  result.  Apparently,  the  season  for 
their  transformation  was  over  before  any  were  found,     There    can   be 


Fig.  22  Parts  of  nymph  of  Helocordulia  uhleri  Selys.  a  dorsal  view  of  the  head ;  b  labium, 
from  within,  details  In  part  omitted  on  the  right ;  c  a  single  tooth  from  the  front  border  of  the 
lateral  lobe  of  the  labium  ;  d  dorsal  view  of  the  abdomen  ;  e  lateral  view  of  apex  of  abdomen,  to 
show^  better  the  dorsal  hooks 

scarcely  a  doubt,  however,  as  to  the  correctness  of  the  reference  of  them 
to  this  species,  when  one  considers  that  the  only  other  corduline  observed 
here  like  this  one  in  size  was  D  .  libera,  which  I  reared. 

The   nymphs   live  in  the  borders  of  the  creek,  mainly  in  the  shallow 
places,  filled  with  red-rotten  vegetable  debris  —  the  haunts  of  the  giant 


498  NEW   YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

crane  fly,  Tipula  abdominalis,  and  the  phantom  fly,  B  i  1 1  a  c  o  - 
morpha  clavipes,  larvae.  But  little  collecting  was  done  in  such 
net-clogging  situations,  and  hence,  but  a  few  of  the  nymphs  were 
obtained.  A  single  cast  skin  was  found  on  a  stump  in  the  edge  of  a 
boggy  place  in  Little  Clear  outlet,  about  eight  inches  above  the  surface 
of  the  water. 

Nymph.  Measures  in  total  length  20  mm,  abdomen  11  mm;  hind 
emur6mm;  width  of  head  5  mm,  of  abdomen  7  mm. 

Color  brownish,  due  to  copious  incrustation  in  all  my  specimens,  with 
no  visible  color  pattern. 

Head  compact,  shghtly  broader  than  long;  eyes  only  moderately 
prominent,  with  parabolic  curve  on  the  anterior  side ;  antennae  with 
segments  about  equal,  the  last,  perhaps,  a  httle  shorter  and  pointed; 
labium  reaching  posteriorly  between  the  bases  of  the  fore  legs  and  hardly 
beyond  them ;  mentum  triangular,  channeled ;  the  median  lobe  rather 
prominent,  dechned,  fringed  sparsely  with  short  spinules  along  its  fore 
margin;  mental  setae  about  10  or  11,  the  fifth  or  sixth  (counting  from 
the  side)  longest ;  lateral  setae  seven  or  six,  when  seven  the  basal  one 
smaller  than  the  others ;  movable  hook  hardly  longer  than  the  setae,  but 
much  stouter ;  lateral  lobe  with  about  seven  low  crenate  teeth  on  its 
distal  border,  each  armed  with  two  or  three  graduated  spinules. 

Prothorax  with  a  prominent  lateral  process  at  each  side  of  the  dorsum 
and  a  similar  anteriorly  directed  process  above  the  fore  coxa;  legs 
slender  and  sparsely  hairy ;  tarsi  with  the  first  joint  about  half  as  long  as 
the  second,  which  about  equals  the  third  in  length. 

Abdomen  broadly  oval,  with  dorsal  hooks  on  segments  6-9,  on  6 
rudimentary,  a  mere  low  pointed  tubercle,  on  7-9  cultriform,  largest  on  8. 
Lateral  spines  on  segments  8  and  9,  a  little  larger  on  9,  short,  triangular, 
sharp,  those  of  9  about  one  third  as  long  as  that  segment,  and  about 
reaching  the  level  of  the  tips  of  the  appendages.  Segment  10  is  minute, 
annular,  inserted  into  the  apex  of  the  ninth  segment,  which  is  less  than 
half  as  long  on  its  middorsal  as  on  its  midventral  line ;  superior  and 
inferior  appendages  about  as  long  as  segment  9  above,  laterals  one  third 
shorter. 

SOMATOCHLORA 

This  genus  is  by  far  the  largest  in  our  corduHne  fauna.  I  have  set 
apart  three  species  hitherto  placed  in  it,  and,  with  these  aside,  it  still 
comprises  about  half  of  the  subfamily.  The  species  seem  to  be  common 
only  in  high  altitudes  in  the  northern  part  of  the  United  States,  and  in 
British  America.  In  all  my  collecting  I  have  observed  but  one  species 
in  flight.  This  species  was  S.  e  1  o  n  g  a  t  a ,  of  which  a  few  specimens 
were  seen  flying  about  the  borders  of  Bone  pond  on  Aug.  14.  I  obtained 
one  nymph  only  of  the  species.  That  one  was  from  Little  Clear  pond. 
From  it  I  bred  a  fine  male  imago  July  5.  This  seems  to  be  the  only 
specimen  bred  for  all  of  our  species ;  and  so  diverse  are  the  images  among 
themselves  that  the  nymphs  may  hardly  be  expected  to  conform  closely 
to  the  characters  of  this  one  in  details.     I  give  herewith  figures  of  the 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS 


499 


genitalia  of  both  sexes  of  the  five  species  listed  below.  These  are  the 
characters  most  used  in  characterizing  them,  and  are  the  ones  most 
reliable  in  determining  specimens.  These  figures  show  the  appendages 
to  be  unusually  well  marked  with  individuality.  The  nymphs  of  this 
genus  offer  an  open  field  for  study  by  collectors  in  boreal  latitudes. 
Four  species,  tenebrosa,  walshii,  linearis  and  el  on  gat  a, 
are  recorded  from  the  state.  To  this  I  have  nothing  to  add  but  a  new 
locality  for  the  last  named,  and  a  partial  life  history  of  it.  One  other 
species  occurs  farther  southward,  and  is  almost  certain  to  be  taken  in  this 
state  eventually,  and  is  therefore  included  among  the  species  listed  below. 

Somatochlora  elongata  Scudder 

Plate  21,  fig.  13 
1866  Cordulia  elongata  Scudder,  Bost.  soc. nat. hist.  Proc.     10:218 
1895  Somatochlora  elongata  Calvert,  N.  Y,  ent.  soc.  Jour.     3:46  (listed 
from  Ithaca) 
The  few  imagos  I  saw  of  this  species  were  flying  with  great  swiftness 
about  the  borders  of  Bone  pond.     The  single  nymph  I  found  was  taken 


rig.  23    Somatochlora  elongata    Scudd.,  end  of  abdomen  ;  d  and  e  of  male  ; /of  female 

from  Little  Clear  pond,  as  stated  above,  and  transformed  July  5.  A  cast 
nymph  skin  was  found  later  in  the  season  on  the  north  side  of  the  outlet 
of  Little  Clear,  sprawling  on  a  bed  of  moss  but  a  few  inches  above  the 
water  line. 


500 


NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 


Nymph.  Measures  in  total  length  26mm;  abdomen  15mm;  hind 
femur  7.5  mm  ;  width  of  head  7  mm,  of  abdomen  9  mm. 

Body  of  the  form  ofCordulia,  or  slightly  broader,  sparsely  hairy 
on  appendages  and  margins;  head  with  hind  angles  well  rounded,  the 
eyes  moderately  prominent ;  labium  as  in  Cordulia,  but  with  13  or 
14  mental  setae,  of  which  the  fifth  or  sixth  (counting  from  the  side)  is 
longest,  the  four  or  five  internal  ones  being  quite  minute ;  lateral  setae 
seven;  teeth  low,  crenate,  each  armed  with  four  or  five  graduated 
spinules. 

Abdomen  oblong,  with  not  very  sharp  lateral  margins,  most  narrowed 
posteriorly  on  the  ninth  segment;  lateral  spines  on  the  eighth  and  ninth 
segments,  those  of  the  ninth  segment  about  one  fourth  as  long  as  the 
body  of  the  segment ;  dorsal  hooks  on  segments  4  to  q,  small 
and  erect  points  on  segments  4  and  5,  larger  and  laterally  flattened 
and  nearly  equal  on  segments  6-9,  but  without  sharp  decurved 
apices ;  ninth  segment  about  half  as  long  on  the  middorsal  as  on  the  mid- 
ventral  line,  inclosing  the  annular  tenth  segment ;  lateral  appendages 
hardly  shorter  than  the  equal  lateral  and  superior  appendages. 

Somatochlora  filosa  Hagen 

1861  Cordulia  filosa  Hageu,  Synopsis  Near.  N.  Am.  p.  136 
1893  Somatoclilora  filosa  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20:253  (descrip- 
tion) 
1900  Somatochlora  filosa  Williamson,  Dragon  flies  lud.  p.  313 


Fig.  24  Somatochlora  filosa  Hag.,  end  of  abdomen ;  m  and  n  of  male ;  o  of  female 

This  species  is  recorded  from  New  Jersey  and  southward,  and  is  very 
likely  to  be  met  with  in  New  York  state  eventually. 
Nymph  unknown. 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS 


501 


Somatochlora  linearis  Hagen 

1861Cordulia  linearis  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  137 

1893  Somatochlora  linearis  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soe.  Trans.  20:253  (de- 
scription) 

1897  Somatochlora  linearis  Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jonr.  5 :'95  (listed 
from  Oswego  cc,  and  Grand  Island  N.  Y.) 

1900  Somatochlora  lateralis  Williamson,  Dragon  flies  In d.  p.  313  (de- 
scription) 

A  species  I  have  not  met  with.     Its  nymph  is  unknown. 


Fig.  25  Somatochlora  linearis  Hag.  end  of  abdomen  ;  g  and  h  of  male ;  i  of  female 

Somatochlora  walshii  Scudder 

1866  Cordulia  walshii  Scudder,  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.  Proc.  10 : 217 

1897  Somatochlora  -walshii  Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  5:95  (listed 
from  Keene  Valley) 

Nymph  unknown.  i 


Fig.  26  Somatochlora   walshii   Scudd.,  s  dorsal,  and  t  lateral  views  of  appendage  of  the  male 


Somatochlora  tenebrosa  Say 

1839  Libellula  tenebrosa  Say,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.  Jour.  8 :  19 
1861  Cordulia  tenebrosa  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  137 
1895-97  Somatochlora  tenebrosa  Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.   soe.   Jour.  3:46 

and  5  ;  93  (listed  from  New  York,  Clarence  and  Oswego  co.) 
1900  Somatochlora   tenebrosa  Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.   314 

(description) 

Nymph  unknown. 


502 


NEW   YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 


For  location  of  descriptions  of  other  species  of  the  genus,  some  of 
which  are  Hkely  to  be  taken  in  this  state  when  careful  collecting  is  done, 
consult  the  three  bibUographic  lists  mentioned  on  p.  431. 


Fig.  27  Somatochlora   tenebrosa   Say,  end  of  abdomen,  j  and  k  of  male ;  I  of  the  female 
(appendages  omitted) 

CORDULIA 

There  is  a  single  species  belonging  to  our  fauna. 

Cordulia  shurtleffi  Scudder 

1866Cordulia  shurtleffi   Scudder,  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist,  Proc.  10:  217 
1871  Cordulia  shurtleffi   Hagen,  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.  Proc.  15  :  377 

This  species  seems  not  to  have  been  recorded  hitherto  from  New  York 
state.  It  was  common  at  Saranac  Inn.  A  few  imagos  were  observed 
flying  about  the  hatchery  grounds,  and  along  the  creek,  but  their  favorite 
resort  for  foraging  and  sport  was  the  edge  of  a  boggy  pond  hidden  in  the 
deep  woods — such  a  pond,  for  instance,  as  the  one  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
south  of  the  station,  or  the  one  north  of  the  outlet  of  Little  Clear 
pond  back  of  the  cabins.  I  spent  a  few  of  the  pleasantest  hours  of 
the  summer  collecting  on  the  springy  border  of  the  pond  first  named, 
immersed  to  the  knees  in  the  sinking  sphagnum  moss,  a  floating  islet  of 
sphagnum,  decked  with  beautiful  orchids,  cut  off  by  a  narrow  strait 
of  clear  green  water  at  my  feet.  The  Cordulias  would  fly  along 
this  slrait  between  the  islet  and  the  moss  on  which  I  stood,  and 
within  reach  of  my  net.  There  were  generally  a  dozen  or  more  about  at 
a  time,  and  one  could  be  expected  to  traverse  the  strait  every  few  min- 
utes— often  enough  to  keep  a  collector  interested.  So  fleet  are  they, 
however,  and  so  artful  at  dodging  a  net  that  generally  a  good  many 
minutes  elapsed  between  captures.  Their  flight  is  as  free  and  graceful 
as  their  coloration  is  beautiful.     Rarely  was  one  seen  to  alight,  but  oc- 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS  5^3 

casionally  one  would  sweep  out  into  the  forest  and  disappear  among  the 
hemlocks. 

The  nymphs  obtained  were  gathered  from  a  shaded  trashy  place  in  the 
edge  of  Little  Clear  pond  and  from  Bone  pond.  They  lie  sprawling 
amid  the  trash  after  the  manner  of  the  better  known  Libellulas. 

I  did  not  rear  these  nymphs,  the  season  of  their  transformation  being 
over,  apparently,  before  I  obtained  any  of  them.  I  kept  a  few  in  a  cage 
through  the  greater  part  of  the  season :  nevertheless,  there  is  not  the 
slightest  doubt  as  to  their  identity.  They  agree  very  closely  with  the 
nymphs  of  the  European  C.  a  e  n  e  a  Linn.,  with  specimens  of  which  I 
have  compared  them.  Male  nymphs  show  in  the  stretched  skin  of  the 
superior  appendage  the  forked  tip  of  the  inferior  appendage  of  the  imago. 
The  nymphs,  like  the  images,  were  in  numbers  second  only  to  the  Tet- 
ragoneurias  among  the  Saranac  Cordulinae. 

Nymph.  Total  length  21  mm;  abdomen  12  mm;  hind  femur  6.5 
mm;  width  of  head  6  mm,  of  abdomen  7  mm. 

Body  elongate,  sparsely  fringed  with  coarse  hairs  on  the  appendages, 
edge  of  frons,  rear  of  head,  and  lateral  margins  of  abdomen;  color 
greenish  brown  marked  with  blackish  brown  as  follows  :  a  tranverse 
band  across  the  head  including  the  eyes  (almost  divided  by  the  median 
yellow  ocellus  when  the  nymph  is  grown)  an  urceolate  median  band  on 
the  prothorax  not  attaining  its  front  margin,  and  divided  by  a  fine  yellow 
median  line;  a  broad  oblique  lateral  yellow  band  extending  from  above 
the  base  of  the  fore  leg  to  the  middle  of  the  hind  wing;  below  the  last,  a 
narrower  parallel  stripe  above  the  base  of  the  hind  leg ;  a  pair  of  sub- 
median  rows  of  blotches  on  the  abdomen  extending  posteriorly  from 
beneath  the  tips  of  the  hind  wings;  and  rings  on  femora  and  tibiae. 

Head  with  the  eyes  laterally  prominent  and  well  rounded,  hind  angles 
obtuse  and  the  hind  margin  slightly  concave;  no  vertical  tubercles; 
frontal  ridge  low  obtuse;  labium  reaching  posteriorly  between  the 
bases  of  the  second  pair  of  legs,  triangular  elongate,  channeled  above ; 
median  lobe  prominent,  declined;  mental  setae  about  14,  regularly 
graduated  in  size,  the  fourth  (counting  from  the  side)  longest;  lateral 
setae  seven ;  movable  hook  hardly  longer  than  the  setae,  nearly  straight ; 
teeth  about  nine,  low,  crenate,  increasing  in  breadth  inferiorly,  each  with 
several  spinules. 

Abdomen  oblong,  a  little  widened  to  the  seventh  segment,  most 
narrowed  apically  on  the  ninth  segment;  loth  segment  annular,  half  as 
wide  as  the  ninth,  and  one  fourth  to  one  third  as  long  as  the  ninth  is  on 
its  middorsal  line ;  ninth  segment  one  half  as  long  on  the  middorsal  line 
as  on  the  midventral ;  appendages  almost  equal,  the  superior  and  the 
laterals  successively  a  very  little  shorter  than  the  inferiors,  which  are 
about  as  long  as  segment  9  is  on  its  dorsal  side;  lateral  spines  on 
segments  8  and  9  very  short  (about  one  fifth  the  length  of  the  body  of 
the  segments  which  bear  them),  but  pyramidal. 

The  first  cast  nymph  skin  was  obtained  June  16.  The  imagos  were 
flying  commonly  throughout  the  month  of  July. 


504  NEW   YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

DOROCORDULiA  gcn.  nov. 

Cordulia  libera  Selys,  type 

The  three  species  here  separated  from  Somatochlora  and  placed 
in  this  new  genus  dififer  from  Somatochlora  by  a  number  of 
important  venational  and  other  characters,  among  which  are  the  following  : 

1  The  triangle  of  the  fore  wing  is  open  :  it  is  traversed  by  a  cross  vein  in 

Somatochlora. 

2  There  are  never  more  than  two  complete  rows  of  cells  beyond  the  triangle  in 

the  fore  wings :  there  are  more  than  two  in  Somatochlora. 

3  The  second  cubito-anal  cross  vein  (and,  therefore,  an  internal  triangle  or  sub- 

triangle)  is  wanting  in  the  hind  wing ;  it  is  present  in  Somatochlora. 

4  There  is  a  long  space   beyond  the   single  cross  vein   under  the  stigma:  in 

Somatochlora  the  spaces  are  more  nearly  equal,  and  there  are  often 
two  cross  veins  under  the  stigma. 

The  Cordulia  lintneri  of  Hagen  may  not  belong  here:  in 
fact  it  may  belong  in  the  subfamily  Libellulinae,  I  leave  it  here  beside 
the  species  with  which  it  has  been  associated  pending  farther  study,  and 
awaiting  the  discovery  of  its  nymph.  It  will  be  found  not  to  agree  with 
characters  2  and  4  of  the  above  statement. 

This  genus  is  more  closely  aUied  to  Cordulia  than  to  Somat- 
ochlora, but  it  differs  from  Cordulia  by  characters  i  and  2  as 
stated  above,  as  well  as  by  the  lack  of  the  deep  bifurcation  of  the  inferior 
appendage  of  the  male  which  is  characteristic  of  Cordulia.  The 
nymph  also,  I  found  much  more  easy  to  distinguish  from  that  of 
Somatochlora  elongata  than  from  that  of  Cordulia  shurt- 
1  e  f  f  i.     The  nymph  is  known  for  the  single  species  D.  libera. 

Our  imagos  are  readily  separable  into  species  by  the  following  key : 

a  Abdomen  with  segments  7  to  10  spatulately  dilated libera 

aa  Abdomen  gradually  and  very  moderately  widened  at  apex 

h  The  articulations  of  the  abdominal  segments  yellow le  pida 

lb  The  articulations  of  the  abdominal  segments  not  yellow lintneri 

Dorocordulia  libera  Selys 

1871  Cordulia  libera  Selys,  Acad.  Belg.  (2)  Bui.  21:262 
1895  Somatochlora  libera  Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  3 : 46  (listed 
from  the  Catskill  mountains) 
This  dainty  and  beautiful  corduline  species  was  not  uncommon  at 
Saranac  Inn.  But  few  specimens  were  taken,  because  no  special  effort 
was  made  to  get  them.  The  imagos  obtained  were  taken  when  flying 
with  Cordulia  shurtleffi  about  the  borders  of  the  bog  ponds 
mentioned  under  the  account  of  that  species.     They  are   less  swift  of 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS 


505 


flight  than  that  species,  but  they  dash  along  shore  on  shining,  transparent 
wings,  dancing  in  and  out  of  the  Httle  coves  in  the  edge  of  the  sphagnum 
fringe,  and  once  in  a  while  are  seen  resting  on  the  tall  summit  of  some 
pitcher  plant  flower. 

The  one  nymph  I  obtained  was  taken  from  the  edge  of  Little  Clear 
pond  at  the  outlet,  and  was  reared,  transforming  July  7.  From  that 
cast  skin  the  following  description  of  the  nymph  was  drawn  up.     The 


Fig.  28  Dorocordulia,    end  of  abdomen,    o,  b  and  c  of  D.   libera   Sel.;  a;,  j/and  ^  D.  lepida 
Hag. 

specimen  is  in  the  New  York  state  collection  at  Albany.  The  study  of 
this  specimen,  which  was  preserved  and  labeled  by  myself  with  such 
promptness  and  care  as  to  preclude  error  or  confusion  of  species  among 
my  specimens,  reveals  an  error  in  Cabot's  work  on  the  corduline  nymphs. 
The  one  he  described  asSom.  libera,  raised,  can  not  have  been  of 
that  species .  I  have  not  seen  his  specimen,  but  both  his  description  and 
his  figure  disagree  utterly  with  my  specimen.  They  agree  quite  well  with 
the  nymph  of  Helocordulia  uhleri,  and  I  think  they  may  have 
belonged  to  that  species  or  to  H.  s  e  1  y  s  i . 

Nymph.  Total  length  21  mm;  abdomen  11  mm;  hind  femur 
6  mm;  width  of  head  5.5  mm,  of  abdomen  7  mm. 

Very  similar  to  the  nymph  of  C.  s  h  u  r  1 1  e  f  f  i ,  but  smaller,  and  with 
the  black  band  across  the  head  broader  between  the  eyes,  the  eyes  them- 
selves more  prominent  laterally,  and  the  hind  angles  of  the  head  more 
angulate;  labium  similar;  lateral  setae  seven;  mental  setae  12-13,  e^ch 
side,  the  fifth  (counting  from  the  side)  longest,  the  others  regularly 
grading  up  to  it;  abdomen  similar,  but  the  very  rudiinentary  dorsal 
hooks  a  little  more  prominent  on  the  middle  segments  (perhaps  a  httle 
less  obscured  by  tufted  hairs  about  them)  ;  lateral  spines  longer  on 
segments  8  and  9,  about  a  third  the  length  of  their  respective  segments ; 
inferior  appendages  longer  than  the  superior,  which  in  turn  is  longer 
than  the  laterals. 


506  NEW   YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

Dorocordulia  lepida  Selys 

1871  Cordulia    lepida   Selys,  Acad.  Belg.  (2)  Bui.  31 :  264 

1872-75  Cordulia    lepida    Hagen,  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.  Proc.  15 :  270  and 

18:60 
1895  Somatochlora  lepida    Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  3 :  46  (listed 

from  Albany) 
This    species   was    originally   described    from   specimens    sent    from 
Albany;  it  seems  not  to  have  been  taken  in  the  state  since  that  time. 
Its  nymph  is  unknown. 

Dorocordulia  lintneri  Hagen 

1854 Emmons,  Agric.  N.  Y.  v.  5,  pi.  15,  fig.  1  Ccolored  fig. :  no 

name  or  description) 
1878  Cordulia    lintneri    Hagen,  Acad.  Belg.  (2)  Bui ,  45 :  187 
1890  Cordiilia   lintneri    Hagen,   Psyche,   5:272,  pi,   1,   fig.  10-17   (a  full 

account) 
1895  Somatochlora    lintneri,   Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  3 :  46  (listed 

from  Center,  Albany  co.) 

But  few  specimens  are  known  of  this  very  interesting  species,  which 
has  a  distribution  from  New  York  to  Saskatchewan.  Its  nymph  is 
unknown. 

Subfamily  libelujlinab 

This  extensive  group  includes  the  commonest  and  best  known  of  all 
our  Odonata.  The  images  are  familiar  figures  above  every  pond  and 
ditch,  and  by  every  roadside.  The  nymphs  are  less  well  known,  not- 
withstanding their  relative  abundance,  than  in  some  of  the  smaller  groups. 
Our  tables  which  follow  are  the  first  to  be  given  for  American  forms, 
and  the  descriptions  also  are  entirely  new,  with  the  exception  of  the 
nymphs  of  P  a  n  t  a  1  a  and  T  r  a  m  e  a,  which  alone  have  been  described 
by  Cabot.  The  following  keys  will  serve  for  the  separation  of  both 
nymphs  and  imagos. 

KEY  TO  GENERA 

Imagos 

a  Triangle  of  the  fore  wings  four-sided;  anal  loop  poorly  developed,  not  foot- 
shaped  ~ Nannothemis     p.  509 

aa  Triangle  of  the  fore  wing  fully  differentiated,  three-sided;  anal  loop  well 

developed  and  foot-shaped 

i  Triangle  of  the  fore  wing  with  its  front  and  inner  sides  meeting  by  an  angle 

of  about   100°  ;  the   subtriangle  without  cross  veins;  the  vein  which 

bisects  the  anal  loop  straight Perithemis    p.  511 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS  507 

Triangle  of  the  fore  wing  with  its  front  and  inner  sides  meeting  by  an  angle 
of  about  90°;  subtriaugle  divided  into  three  or  more  cells;  bisector  of  the 
anal  loop  sinuous 
c  Triangle  of  the  fore  wing  not  placed  distinctly  beyond  the  level  of  the 
apex  of  the  triangle  in  the  hind  wing;  pterostigma  with  its  ends  parallel 
or  not  distinctly  divergent 
d  The  sectors  of  the  arculus  (veins  M1-3  and  M4)  in  the  fore  wing  more  or 
less  completely  fused  for  a  short  distance  beyond  the  arculus ;  the 
triangle   of  the   fore   wing   not  greatly  produced  posteriorly,  and 
(except  in  Celithemis)  normally  containing  but  a  single  cross 
vein,  and  followed  by  two  or  three  rows  of  cells 
e  Vein  Cm  of  the  hind  wing  departing  from  the  triangle  at  the  hind  angle 
/  Sectors  of  the  arculus   (veins  M1-3  and  M4)  contiguous,  but  in- 
completely fused  for    a    distance  beyond  the    arculus;   wings 
generally  conspicuously  spotted  with  yellow  or  reddish  brown 

Celithemis    p.  513 

ff  Sectors  of  the  arculus  in  the  hind  wing  distinctly  fused  for  a  distance 

beyond  the  arculus 

g  Stigma  short  and  thick,  about  twice  as  long  as  wide ;  anal  loop 

with  a  big  heel,  there  being  generally  four  cells  between  the 

bisector  and  the  heel  point ;  face  pure  white 

Leucorhinia    p.  516 
gg  Stigma  more  than  three  times  as  long  as  wide;  anal  loop  generally 
with  but  two  cells  between  the  bisector  and  the  heel  point 

Sympetrum    p.  519 
ee  Vein  Cui  of  the  hind  wing  migrated  a  little  way  up  the  outer  side  of 
the  triangle,  separating  itself  at  a  distance  from  the  hind  angle 
/  With  a  single  cross  vein  under  the  stigma,   and  a  long  vacant 

space  before  that  cross  vein Pachydiplax    p.  526 

ff  With  two  cross  veins  under  the  stigma  and  the  adjacent  spaces 
more  normal 
g  With  a  single  row  of  cells  between  veins  M2  and  Rs 

Mesothemis    p.  527 
gg  With  two  rows  of  cells  for  a  distance  between  veins  M2  and  Es 

Micrathyria    p.  528 

dd  Sectors  of  the  arculus  in  the  fore  wing  contiguous,  but  not  completely 

fused  beyond  the  point  of  their  departure  from  the  arculus ;  radial 

sector  distinctly  undulate  (except  in  L  a  d  o  n  a) ;  triangle  of  the  fore 

wing  very  much  elongated  posteriorly  and  narrow   and   generally 

traversed  by  two  or  more  parallel  cross  veins,  and  followed  by  three 

to  seven  rows  of  cells 

e  Vein  Mia  arising  under  the  proximal  fourth  of  the  stigma;  fore  wings 

with   the  subtriaugle  consisting   of  three   cells,  and  the  triangle 

followed  by  three  rows  of  cells Ladona    p.  528 

ee  Vein  Mia  arising  under  the  middle  of  the  stigma;  fore  wings  with  the 
subtriangle  consisting  of  four  to  11  cells,  and  the  triangle  usually 
followed  by  four  to  six  rows  of  cells 


5o8  NEW   YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

/  Male  -with    no  ventral  hooks   on    the   first  abdominal  segment ; 
female  with  the  hind  tibia  a  little  longer  than  the  hind  femur; 

the  sexes  alike  in  wing  pattern Libellula    p.  530 

ff  Male  with  a  pair  of  ventral  hooks  on  the  first  abdominal  segment ; 
female  with  the  hind  femur  and  tibia  of  equal  length;  wings 

dissimilarly  colored  in  the  two  sexes Plathemis    p.  536 

cc  Triangle  of  the  fore  wing  placed  beyond  the  level  of  the  apex  of  the 

triangle  of  the  hind  wing;  stigma  with  its  inner  end  perpendicular,  its 

outer  end  very  oblique  to  the  bordering  veins;  wings  broad  at  base 

and  pointed  at  apex 

d  Kadial sector  regularly  curved;  hind  wings  with  a  broad,  basal  colored 

band Tramea    p.  537 

M  Eadial  sector  distinctly  undulate;  hind  wings  not  covered  at  base  by 
a  broad  colored  band Pantala    p.  539 

Nymphs 

a  Unknown.... Nannothemisi  and  Mi cr athyria 

aa  With  large,  cultriform  dorsal  hooks  on  abdominal  segments  3-9  ;  eyes  small 
and  situated  on  the  midlateral  margin  of  the  head  and  directed  laterally 

Perithemis 

aaa  With  no  dorsal  hook  on  the  ninth  abdominal  segment;  eyes  overspreading 

more  or  less  the  anterolateral  margins  of  the  head 

6  Basal  segment  of  the  hind  tarsus  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  second 

segment;  lateral  appendages  of  the  abdomen  not  more  than  half  as  long 

as  the   inferiors  (except  in  Libellula  quadrimaculata);  superior 

abdominal  appendage  regularly  tapering  to  a  point 

c  Abdominal  appendages    strongly  decurved;    lateral   spines  wanting  or 

extremely  rudimentary Mesothemis 

cc  Abdominal  appendages  straight  or  very  slightly  declined ;  lateral  spines 
evident  on  abdominal  segments  8  and  9 
d  With  no  dorsal  hooks  at  all ;  abdomen  smooth,  depressed  ;  head  twice  as 
wide  as  long,  with  eyes  very  prominent  laterally..  Pachydiplax 
dd  Dorsal  hooks  present,  at  least  on  the  middle  abdominal  segments 
e  Abdomen  ovate  in  outline,  rather  abruptly  narrowed  to  the  posterior 
end;   hind  margin  of  the  eyes  behind  the  middle  of  the  head 
/  Lateral  spines  long  and  straight ;  abdomen  not  narrowed  posteriorly 

before  the  eighth  segment Celithemis 

ff  Lateral  spines  shorter  and  more  or  less  incurvate ;  the  abdomen 
more  or  less  narrowed  before  the  eighth  segment 
g  Dorsal  hooks  as  long  as  the  segments  which  bear  them 

Leucorhinia 
gg  Dorsal  hooks  shorter  than  the  segments  which  bear  them 

Sympe  trum 

ee  Abdomen  lanceolate   in  outline,   slowly  narrowed   to  the   pointed 

posterior  end ;  eyes  capping  the  i)rominent  anterolateral  angles  of 

the  head,  their  hind  margin  generally  before  the  middle  of  the  top 

of  the  head ;  body  generally  hairy 

1  Discovered  since  this  key  was  prepared,  and  described  below  under  tlie  account  of  the  genus. 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS  509 

/The  10th   abdominal  segment  with  subcarinate    lateral  margins; 

appendages  very  long  ;  lateral  setae  0-3 Lad  on  a 

ff  The  10th  abdominal  segment  shorter,  cylindric ;  appendages  shorter  ; 
lateral  setae  5-10 
g  Head  a  little  narrowed  behind  the  eyes;  front  border  of  the 

median  lobe  of  the  labium  entire L  i  b  e  11 11 1  a 

gg  Head  not  narrowed  behind  the  eyes  to  the  hind  angles ;  front 

border  of  the  median  labial  lobe  crenulate Plathemis 

yh  BasaFsegment  of  the  hind  tarsus  half  as  long  as  the  second  segment ;  lateral 

appendages  of  the  abdomen  at  least  three  fourths  as  long  as  the  inferiors  ; 

lateral  setae  10  or  more ;  superior  appendage   of  the  abdomen  suddenly 

contracted  at  its  basal  third,  the  dorsal  two  thirds  forming  a  long  slender 

point 

c  Movable  hook  of  labium  long  and  slender,  setiform  ;  teeth  much  broader 

than  high;  spines  of  the  eighth  segment  one  half  longer  than  the  ninth 

segment;    superior  abdominal  appendage  shorter   than    the  inferiors 

T  r  a  m  e  a 

CO  Movable  hook  of  the  labium  short,  hardly  longer  than   the  teeth ;   teeth 

higher  than  broad;  spines  of  the  eighth  segment  as  long  as  the  ninth 

segment;  superior  appendage  equaling  the  inferiors Pantala 

NANNOTHEMIS 

There  is  a  single  species  occurring  within  the  state. 
Nannothemis  bella  Uhler 

1857  Nannophya    bella    Uhler,  Aead.  nat.  sei.  Phil.  Proc.  p.  87 

1861  Nannophya    bella    Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  186 

1867  Nannoph  ya    bella    Packard,  Am.  nat.  1:311,  pi.  9,  fig.  6 

1893  Nannothemis  bella  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20:260  (description) 

1895  Nannothemis  bella  Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.     3 :  48  (listed  from 

Westchester  co.  and  New  York) 
1900  Nannothem  is  bella  Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  327 

This  is  apparently  a  somewhat  rare  species,  I  have  not  seen  it  alive. 
It  is  known  to  be  distributed  from  Quebec  and  Indiana  to  Florida. 
Since  the  foregoing  key  was  prepared  its  nymph  has  been  discovered  by 
Mr  R.  Weith  near  Elkhart  Ind.  and  he  has  published  some  notes  on  the 
life  history  of  the  species  and  I  have  described  the  nymph  (Can,  ent, 
1901.  33:252-255).  Mr  Weith's  notes  are  abstracted  below,  and  my 
own  description  and  figure  are  appended. 

This  species  occurs  in  very  restricted  areas  (50  yards  in  length  by 
25  yards  in  width  from  margin  of  the  lake)  in  two  places  near  Elkhart 
Ind.  Unlike  most  other  Odonata,  the  images  do  not  fly  higher  than  a 
few  feet  above  the  ground,  preferring  to  alight  on  marsh  grasses  and 
bask  in  the   sunshine,  where  numerous  small  Diptera  suitable  for  food 


510 


NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 


hover  over  the  Httle  stagnant  pools.  Nymphs  were  first  found  in  small 
holes  in  the  almost  dry  marsh  land,  too  small  to  allow  the  use  of  a  net 
and  containing  but  a  few  inches  of  water.  A  larger  number  was  obtained 
later  from  debris  deposited  in  the  marsh  during  high  water  and  still  sub- 
merged a  few  inches.  Removed  from  the  water  the  nymph  clings  closely 
to  the  debris  of  exactly  its  own  color,  and  does  not  stir  even  after  letting 
this  dry;  so  it  is  very  hard  to  see  and  a  difficult  subject  for  collection. 


Fig.  29   N  anno  them  is  bella  Uhl.   Nymph,  labiallobe  of  nymph,  and  eggs 

The  females  oviposit  in  the  shallow  places  where  the  nymphs  live,  in 
temporary  water  of  one  to  two  inches  depth,  and  very  warm.  The 
female  dips  the  tip  of  her  abdomen  to  the  surface  after  the  manner  of  all 
Libellulines,  but  only  about  three  or  four  times ;  then  rests;  then  repeats. 
The  eggs  are  creamy  white  turning  dark  in  a  short  time,  and  with 
scanty  gelatinous  envelop.     (From  the  account  by  Mr  Weith) 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS  5II 

Nymph,  (fig.  29)  Fully  grown,  measures  in  total  length  of  body 
10  mm;  abdomen  5.5  mm;  hind  femur  3.5  mm;  width  of  head  3.5 
mm,  of  abdomen  4  mm. 

Color  almost  uniform  tawny  yellowish  brown,  paler  below  and  on  the 
sutures,  more  or  less  completely  obscured  by  adherent  vegetable  debris. 
Body  moderately  hairy  on  lateral  margins,  specially  hairy  toward  the 
end  of  the  abdomen. 

Head  compact,  one  third  wider  than  long,  scurfy  hairy  above  excepting 
a  pair  of  bare  spots  near  the  hind  margin,  with  prominent  hemispheric, 
eyes  covering  the  anterolateral  angles,  narrower  behind  the  eyes  with 
parallel  sides,  rounded  hind  angles,  and  almost  straight  hind  margin. 

Antennae  shorter  than  the  head  is  long,  seven-jointed,  with  scattering 
hairs  along  the  distal  joints.  Labium  extending  posteriorly  between  the 
bases  of  the  fore  legs ;  median  lobe  broadly  triangular,  half  as  long  as 
wide,  rounded  on  tip,  with  two  spinules  close  together  just  before  the 
tip,  and  several  others  each  side  along  the  front  border  farther  apart; 
raptorial  setae  on  the  mentum,  10  each  side,  the  fourth  or  fifth  (counting 
from  the  side)  longest,  the  three  innermost  ones  quite  small;  lateral 
labial  lobes  ample,  with  six  raptorial  setae,  and  a  spinule  at  the  base  ; 
hook  straightish  to  the  slender  slightly  curved  tip,  hardly  longer  than  the 
setae,  but  much  stouter ;  teeth  almost  obsolete,  bispinulose. 

Prothorax  with  prominent  spiracles;  legs  hairy,  specially  the  tibiae 
externally;  tarsal  claws  not  strongly  incurved;  second  tarsal  joint  one 
half  longer  than  the  first,  and  the  third  one  half  longer  than  the  second; 
wings  reaching  well  on  the  sixth  abdominal  segment. 

Abdomen  somewhat  depressed,  oblong,  widest  on  the  sixth  segment, 
the  ninth  segment  as  wide  as  the  second ;  narrowed  with  extraordinary 
abruptness  on  the  loth  segment,  which  is  almost  included  within  the 
apex  of  the  ninth.  No  dorsal  hooks  at  all ;  in  their  places  are  tufts  of  a 
few  long  hairs,  and  whitish  spots  in  the  ante-apical  membrane  of  the 
segments.  Lateral  spines  on  segments  8  and  9,  hookUke,  starting 
outward  at  base,  and  incurved  at  tip,  on  eight  one  half  the  length  of  the 
segment,  on  nine,  a  little  longer  than  on  eight.  Hairs  on  the  apical 
carinae  well  developed,  specially  so  on  segment  nine,  which  they  com- 
pletely incircle,  constituting  a  long  fringe  which  completely  overhangs 
the  loth  segment  and  the  appendages.  Appendages  about  as  long  as 
the  ninth  segment  is  on  its  slightly  shorter  dorsal  side ;  lateral  appendages 
a  third  shorter. 

Since  the  discovery  and  description  of  the  nymyh  of  Tachopteryx 
t  h  o  r  e  y  i  Selys  by  Messrs  Graf  and  Williamson,  last  year,  this  species 
has  remained  the  most  important  discovery  to  be  made.  It  is  our  only 
representative  of  that  singular  group  of  Libelluline  genera  which  Karsch 
called  the  Nannophyae.^  Mr  Weith's  zeal  and  industry  have  brought 
this  nymph  to  light,  and  there  now  remains  of  all  the  genera  of  Odonata 
of  the  northern  United  States  and  Canada  but  two  in  which  no  nymph 
are  known,  and  they  are  Goraphaeschna  and  Micrathyria. 

PERITHEMIS 

There  is  a  single  species  occurring  within  the  state. 

^  Ent.  Nachr.  15  ;  245-63. 


512  NEW  YORK,  STATE  MUSEUM 

Perithemis  domitia  Drury 

Plate  24,  fig.  3  and  4 

Amber  wing 

I  use  the  above  scientific  name  in  this  place  without  having  entered  into  the 
question  of  synonomy — a  question  for  the  determination  of  which.  I  have  no 
adequate  material.  Domitia  is  the  name  that  has  heen  used  hitherto  in 
most  American  descriptive  papers.  Dr  Haj^en  regarded  ten  era  and 
tenuicincta  Say,  chlora  Eambur,  metella  Selys,  Siud  iris  Hagen, 
as  synonyms  of  domitia.  Forms  like  those  occurring  in  New  York  state 
were  described  by  Say  (1839)  under  two  names,  tenuicincta  (^)  and 
tenera  (5)-  Should  these  be  ranked  as  a  species  distinct  from  domitia 
the  latter  name,  having  precedence  of  position  in  Say's  list,  would  be  the  name 
for  the  species.  Hagen's  Synopsis  of  the  Odonata  of  America'^  and  Kiiby's  Cata- 
logue of  the  Neuroptera  Odonata  2,  represent  the  extreme  views. 

1773  Libel  lula    domitia    Driiry,  Illus.  exotic  ent.  v.  1,  pi.  47,  fig.  4 

1861  Perithemis    domitia  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  135 

1893  Perithemis    domitia    Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20:264  (descrip- 

tion) 
1895  Peritliemis  domitia    Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  3:48  (listed  from 

Westchester  co.) 

1898  Perithemis    domitia    Needham,  Outdoor  studies,  p.  59,  fig.  58  (  5  ) 

and  59  (  $  ) 

1899  Perithemis   domitia    Kellicott,  Odon.    Ohio,  p.  112  (description) 

1900  Perithemis   domitia   Williamson,  Dragon   flies  Ind.  p.  317  (descrip- 

tion) 

This  is  a  pretty,  little  brown  species,  with  amber  tinted  wings.  It  is 
apparently  not  common  in  New  York  state,  having  been  taken  as  yet 
only  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York  city.  I  studied  the  species  in  Gales- 
burg  111.,  in  1895,  and  there  worked  out  its  life  history. 

It  appears  on  the  wing  about  the  end  of  May,  and  flies  through  June. 
Its  flight  is  rather  weak,  and  a  bit  clumsy  and  slow.  When  over  water 
it  habitually  avoids  the  altitude  of  the  larger  and  stronger  species,  keep- 
ing down  nearer  the  surface.  It  is  very  sensitive  to  cloudiness  and 
moisture,  being  seldom  seen  in  flight  except  when  the  sun  is  shining. 

The  female  is  sometimes  held  by  the  male  while  ovipositing,  but  I 
have  seen  her  oftener  unattended,  dropping  her  eggs  on  bits  of  floating 
dead  pond  scum  by  many  successive  dips  made  at  very  nearly  the  same 
spot.  When  a  female  was  taken  in  hand  and  "  dipped  "  to  the  surface 
of  water  in  a  tumbler,  lo  to  20  eggs  were  liberated  by  her  at  each  de- 
scent. 

1  Bost.  soo.  nat.  hist.  Proc.  1875.  18 :82-83. 
2 1890,  p.  10. 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS  513 

The  egg  (pi.  19,  fig.  8)  is  oblong  oval,  at  first  white,  turning  brownish 
gray  after  a  few  hours ;  its  surface  is  closely  beset  with  minute  tubercu- 
late  granulations.     The  gelatinous  envelop  is  scanty. 

The  nymphs  clamber  about  over  trashy  submerged  vegetation ;  they 
climb  well,  but  swim  very  poorly.  They  are  cleaner  and  less  sprawling 
than  the  Libellulas.  The  nymph  goes  no  farther  from  the  edge  of  the 
water  to  transform  than  is  necessary  to  find  a  suitable  place — generally 
but  a  few  inches. 

Nymph.  Total  length  15  mm;  abdomen  9  mm;  hind  femur  5.5  mm; 
width  of  head  4.5  mm,  of  abdomen  6  mm. 

Head  wider  than  long,  slightly  concave  behind,  widest  across  the 
rounded  eyes,  which  are  at  the  middle  of  its  length;  labium  (fig.  8A) 
short,  not  extending  posteriorly  beyond  the  bases  of  the  first  pair  of  legs; 
lateral  setae  five;  mental  setae  about  nine  or  10,  the  two  innermost  ones 
minute  and  out  of  hne  with  the  others,  the  fifth  (counting  from  the  side) 
longest ;  teeth  crenate,  well  marked,  each  armed  with  several  spinules ; 
hook  short,  little  curved,  differing  much  from  the  setae  behind  it  in  its 
greater  thickness  and  less  length. 

Femora  twice  ringed  with  black ;  wing  cases  extending  over  the  sixth 
abdominal  segment. 

Abdomen  (fig.  8C)  broad,  depressed,  triquetral,  in  outline  oblong  oval ; 
lateral  spines  on  segments  8  and  9,  short ;  dorsal  hooks  on  segments  3-9 ; 
these  form  a  regularly  descending  curve,  and,  viewed  laterally,  look  like 
a  segment  of  a  circular  saw;  superior  and  inferior  appendages  equal; 
the  laterals  half  as  long. 

celithemTs 

Two  species  of  this  genus,  C.  e  p  o  n  i  n  a  and  C.  e  1  i  s  a,  are  known 
from  this  state,  and  a  third,  C.  o  r  n  a  t  a,  may  be  looked  for  toward  the 
coast.  These  are  three  of  the  most  beautiful  among  all  our  smaller 
species.  Their  colors  are  shades  of  black,  red,  yellow  and  brown ;  and 
the  wings  in  all  have  a  distinct  color  pattern. 

The  nymphs  are  known  for  the  two  species  recorded  from  the  state. 
They  agree  in  having  smooth  bodies  with  depressed  abdomen  and  long 
lateral  spines.  The  head  is  wider  than  long,  widest  across  the  very 
prominent  eyes,  which  at  their  sides  are  almost  angulate,  they  project  so 
sharply;  the  labium  is  very  large,  and  has  numerous  very  long  and 
slender  raptorial  setae,  and  a  pair  of  very  long  thin  movable  hooks ;  the 
teeth  are  almost  obsolete,  but  the  spinules  which  arm  them  remain.  The 
abdomen  is  scarcely  narrowed  posteriorly  before  the  ninth  segment,  so 
that  the  side  margins  seem  to  be  continued  posteriorly  in  the  long  spines 
of  that  segment.  The  superior  appendage  is  one  fourth,  and  the  lateral 
appendages  are  one  half  shorter  than  the  inferiors.  Images  and  the  two 
known  species  of  nymphs  may  be  separated  by  the  following  key. 


514  NEW   YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

KEY  TO  SPECIES  OF  CELITHEMIS 

Imagos 

a  Wings  spotted  with  brown  beyond  the  nodus 

&  Expanse  of  wings  at  least  65  mm ;  a  band  of  brown  on  the  wings  at  the 

nodus  reaching  almost  across  the  wings eponina 

Tab  Expanse  of  wings  not  over  60  mm  ;   a  small  rouuded  spot  of  brown  just 

beyond  the  nodus elisa 

aa  Wings  with  no  brown  markings  except  at  base ornata 

Nymphs 

a  Unknown ornata 

aa  Dorsal  hooks  well  developed  on  abdominal  segments  4  to  7,  longest 
on  segment  6  and  sharp ;  lateral  spines  of  the  ninth  segment  reaching 
level  of  the  apices  of  the  iuferior  appendages ;  lateral  setae  eight  or 

nine eponina 

aaa  Dorsal  hooks  weakly  developed  on  segments  5  to  7,  short,  but  pointed  ; 
lateral  spines  of  the  ninth  segment  attaining  only  the  level  of  the  tip 
of  the  superior  appendage;    lateral  setae  seven elisa 

Celithemis  eponina  Drury 

Plate  24,  fig.  2 
1773  Libellula     eponina     Drury,  Tllus.  exotic  ins.  v.  2,  pi.  47,  fig.  2 
1861  Celithemis  eponina  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  147 
1875  Celithemis   eponina  Hagen,  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.  Proc.    18:66-67 
1893  C  elithemis  eponina  Calvert,   Am.   ent.   soc.    Trans.     20:261    (des- 
cription) 
1895-97  Celithemis  eponina  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.   3:48  and  5:94  (listed 
from  Westchester  co.  New  York,  Lake  Bluff,  Wayne  eo.) 

1898  C  el  i  them  i  s    eponina    Needham,  Outdoor    studies,    p.    60,     fig.    60, 

(habits) 

1899  Cell themis  eponina  Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  103 

1900  Celithemis  eponina  Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  318 

This  beautiful  skimmer  is  abroad  about  the  latter  end  of  June  and  the 
first  weeks  of  July  in  our  latitude.  It  frequents  the  borders  of  ponds 
and  neighboring  grassy  slopes,  and  sometimes  when  foraging,  it  is  carried 
far  from  water  by  the  winds.  Its  flight  is  not  the  swiftest  or  the  most 
continuous,  and  there  is  a  flutter  to  it  suggestive  of  the  flight  of  a  butterfly. 
So  far  as  I  have  observed,  the  female  in  ovipositing  is  held  by  the  male, 
and  both  are  apt  to  be  seen  on  windy  days  when  other  species  are  in 
shelter,  dipping  to  the  surfaces  of  foaming  waves,  far  out  from  shore. 
The  eggs  are  better  distributed  than  in  most  related  species,  and,  pos- 
sibly for  this  reason,  they  seem  to  be  somewhat  fewer,  and  of  larger  size. 
Each  egg  is  rotund  oblong,  whitish  at  first,  soon  turning  yellowish. 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS  515 

Nymph.  Total  length  21  mm;  abdomen  12.5  mm;  hind  femur  6 
mm;  width  of  head  6  mm,  of  abdomen  7  mm. 

To  the  foregoing  generic  characterization  of  the  nymphs  of  C  el  i  t  h  e- 
m  i  s  and  to  the  statement  of  the  characters  made  for  this  species  in  the 
table,  It  need  only  be  added  here  that  in  this  nymph  there  is  a  blackish 
band  between  the  eyes,  and  the  femora  are  ringed  with  the  same  color ; 
the  abdomen  is  widest  across  the  sixth  segment,  beyond  which  the  sides 
seem  scarcely  narrowed  to  the  tips  of  the  lateral  spines  of  the  ninth 
segment;  the  lateral  margins  of  segments  8  and  9  are  conspicuously 
spinulose  serrate. 

The  nymphs   clamber   about  on   submerged  objects,    and   climb   up 

stumps,  etc.,  at  the  bank  to  transform,  going  but  a  little  way,  usually  not 

farther  than  a  foot. 

Celithemis  elisa  Hagen 

1861  Diplax   elisa   Ha^en,  Synopsis    Near.  N.  Am.  p.  182 
1867  Diplax   elisa   Packard,  Am.  nat.  1:  311,  pi.  9,  fig.  5 

1862  Celitliemis   elisa  Walsh,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.  Proc.  p.  400 
1875  Celithemis   elisa   Hagen,  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.  Proc.  18  :  67 

1893  Celithemis  elisa   Calvert,  Am.  eut.  soc.  Trans.  20:261  (description) 
1895  Celithemis   elisa  Walsh,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  3 :  48  (listed  from  Long 
Island,  New  York  and  Ithaca) 

1899  Celithemis   elisa  Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  104  (description) 

1900  Celithemis   elisa  Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  318  (description) 
This   species    has  about  the  same  seasonal   range  as  the  preceding. 

E.  B.  Williamson  has  written  {loc.  cit.  p.  319-20)  very  interestingly  of  the 
habits  of  the  imago,  as  follows. 

This  species  may  often  be  found  resting  on  the  inflorescence  of  some  of 
the  rushes,  preferably  the  bulrush,  Scirpus  lacu  s  tri  s ,  growing  in 
the  shallow  waters  of  our  lakes.  So  perched  on  a  swinging  rush,  they 
have  a  wide  view  of  what  is  going  on  about  them  and  at  the  same  time 
are  inconspicuous,  harmonizing  well  with  the  dingy  brown  of  the  over 
ripe  flowers  to  which  they  cling.  From  this  vantage  ground  they  make 
sudden  dashes  at  passing  Diptera  and  smaller  dragon  flies,  often  returning 
to  the  identical  sedge  time  and  again.  Each  is  the  proprietor  of  a  par- 
ticular locality.  When  one  encroaches  on  the  hunting  territory  of  an- 
other, he  is  quickly  hustled  away  by  the  rightful  and  irate  owner  .  .  .  The 
females  are  more  retired,  and  are  usually  found  among  the  sedges  back 
from  the  water's  edge. 

Nymph.  Measures  in  total  length  14.5  mm;  abdomen  8  mm;  hind 
femur  4  mm  ;  width  of  head  4  mm,  of  abdomen  5  mm.  These  measure- 
ments are  taken  from  a  rather  small  nymph  skin,  from  New  England — a 
bred  specimen,  and  the  only  specimen  in  my  possession.  I  should  expect 
the  typical  elisa  nymphs  from  localities  farther  west  would  be  of 
somewhat  larger  size. 


5l6  NEW   YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

?  Celithemis  ornata   Rambur 

1842  Libellula  oruata  Rambur,  Ins.  Neui*.  p.  96 
1861  Diplax  ornata  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  182 
1861  Diplax   amanda  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  183 
1893  Celithemis   ornata   Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20:  261  (description) 
Maine  to  Florida  along  the  coast;  not  as  yet  recorded  from  this  state. 
Nymph  unknown. 

LEUCORHINIA 

A  single  species,  the  common  L.  intacta,  has  been  recorded 
hitherto  from  this  state.  A  second  species  is  now  added,  L.  glacialis, 
which  was  common  at  Saranac  Inn.  I  have  bred,  and  describe  below 
the  nymphs  of  both  these  species,  as  well  as  the  female  imago  of  the 
latter  species  which  has  not  hitherto  been  known. 

Imagos  of  this  genus  flit  about  the  vegetation  of  marshy  shores,  or  go 
foraging  along  weedy  roadsides  near  by.  Their  flight  is  not  long  sus- 
tained, consisting  mainly  of  short  sweeps  from  one  resting  place  to  another. 
The  nymphs  clamber  among  the  submerged  stems  of  aquatic  plants. 
They  are  smooth,  clean,  and  generally  show  a  definite  and  well  marked 
color  pattern,  of  brown  on  a  greenish  ground,  harmonizing  well  with  the 
environment  of  mixed  green  and  dead  stems.  They  agree  in  having  the 
eyes  laterally  prominent,  but  a  little  less  so  than  in  Celithemis, 
lacking  the  tendency  toward  the  lateral  angulation  seen  in  that  genus,  in 
having  a  larger  number  of  lateral  setae  on  the  labium  (lo-ii),  in  having 
the  abdomen  a  httle  narrowed  beyond  the  sixth  segment,  and  the  dorsal 
hooks  on  segments  5-8  sharply  bent  posteriorly  just  above  their  bases, 
and  long — as  long  as  their  respective  segments — and  very  sharp. 

Our  two  species  mdy  be  separated  by  the  following  keys. 

KEY  TO  SPECIES  OF  LEUCORHINIA 

Imagos 

a  Inferior  appendage  of  the  males  bifurcated ;  generally,  a  yellow  twin  spot  on 
the  dorsum  of  the  seventh  abdominal  segment;  females  with  the  two  lobes 
of  the  vulvar  lamina  long  and  slender,  each  much  longer  than  wide 

intacta 

aa  Inferior  abdominal  appendage   of  the  male  not  bifurcated,   with  only   a 

shallow   angular  notch  in  its   end,   no   twin  spot  on  segment  7 ;   valvar 

lamina  of  the  female  with  its  two  lobes  little  developed,  much  shorter  than 

broad glacialis 

Nymphs 

a  Dorsal  hook  of  the  eighth  abdominal  segment  directed  straight  posteriorly 

at  its  apex  ;  lateral  setae  10 intacta 

aa  Dorsal  hook  of  the  eighth  abdominal  segment  strongly  declined  at  its  tip; 
lateral  setae  11  resting  on  the  dorsum  of  the  ninth  segment glacialis 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE   ADIRONDACKS  51/ 

Leucorhinia  intacta     Hagen 

White  face 

1861  Diplax  intacta  Hageu,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  179 

1890  Leuc  orli  in  i  a  i  n  t  ae  t  a  Calvert,   Am.   ent.   soc.   Trans.    18:39,    pL   5, 

fig.  1,  7-9 
1890  Leucorliinia  intacta  Hageu,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.   17:235,  pi.  10,  fig. 

6,  8,  15,  16  and  23 
1893  Leucorhinia  intacta  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20:262 
1895-97  Leucorhinia  intacta  Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  3;48  and  5:94 
(listed  from  Center,  Keeseville,  Ithaca,  Westchester  co.,  Croton  on  Hud- 
son, Niagara  river,  etc.) 

1899  Leucorhinia  iotacta  Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  106  (description) 

1900  Leucorhinia  intacta  Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  321  (descrip- 

tion) 

This  species  was  not  observed  at  Saranac  Inn,  but  it  is  very  common 
at  Ithaca  in  the  marshy  flats  below  the  city,  at  the  head  of  Cayuga  lake 
and  in  the  shallow  ponds  between  McLean  and  Freeville  N.  Y.,  where 
I  have  collected  the  nymphs  in  great  numbers.  I  have  observed  the 
female  images  ovipositing  in  two  quite  different  ways :  descending  and 
striking  the  water  with  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  while  in  flight  after  the 
manner  most  common  among  Libellulidae,  and  at  rest  on  some  vertical 
stem  at  the  surface  of  the  water,  plying  with  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  just 
below  the  surface.     In  both  cases  the  female  was  unattended  by  the  male. 

Nymph.  Total  length  17.5  mm;  abdomen  10  mm;  hind  femur  5 
mm;  width  of  head  5  mm,  of  abdomen  6.5  mm. 

In  coloration  the  body  shows  generally  very  distinctly  the  following 
marks,  besides  others  less  distinct  and  constant.  There  is  the  usual  black 
band  across  the  head  including  the  eyes,  and  the  usual  rings  of  brown  are 
on  the  legs,  and  oblique  stripes  on  the  sides  of  the  thorax;  there  is  a 
pair  of  black  bands  emerging  from  beneath  the  tips  of  the  wing  cases, 
and  extending  to  the  sides  of  the  loth  abdominal  segment;  there  is 
a  submedian,  double  row  of  round  dots  on  the  ventral  side,  running  the 
length  of  the  abdomen ;  and  between  these  and  the  lateral  margins  of 
the  abdomen  there  are  two  blackish,  interrupted  bands,  one  on  each  side. 

The  labium  is  ample,  and  has  10  lateral  setae,  and  about  13  mental 
setae,  of  which  the  sixth  (counting  from  the  side)  is  longest;  the  teeth 
are  obsolescent,  but  still  distinctly  crenate  in  form,  and  armed  with  sev- 
eral spinules  each ;  the  abdomen  is  widest  across  the  sixth  segment, 
narrowing  slowly  to  the  eighth  segment,  and  then  suddenly  narrowed  at 
the  ninth;  the  lateral  spines  of  the  eighth  segment  surpass  the  middle 
of  the  ninth  segment  on  its  dorsal  side;  those  of  the  ninth  segment  about 
attain  the  level  of  the  tip  of  the  superior  appendage;  the  lateral  append- 
ages are  half  as  long  as  the  inferiors,  and  these  exceed  the  superior  a 
little;  dorsal  hook  of  the  third  segment  very  minute,  erect;  that  of  the 
fourth  segment  erect  also  but  larger,  the  remaining  hooks  of  more  nearly 
equal  size,  laterally  flattened,  and  above  their  bases  strongly  bent  pos- 
teriorly, the  tip  of  the  hook  of  the  eighth  segment  being  scarcely  more 
declined  than  the  tip  of  the  hook  of  the  segment  before  it. 


5l8  NEW   YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

Leucorhinia  pflacialis  Hagen 

Plate  10. 

1890  Leuc  orhini  a    glacialis     Hagen,  Am.  ent.   soc.   Trans.    17:234,   pi 
10,  fig.  3  and  14 

This  species  has  been  known  hitherto  from  a  few  male  specimens  col- 
lected at  Cape  Breton,  N.  S.,  London,  Ont.;  Michipicoten  on  Lake 
Superior;  Reno,  Nev. ;  and  in  the  White  mountains  of  New  Hampshire. 
It  has  not  been  recorded  from  New  York  state,  but  I  found  it  common  at 
Saranac  Inn.  During  the  irrst  week  or  two  of  adult  Hfe,  before  age  and 
pruinosity  have  obscured  its  remarkably  fine  coloration,  it  is  a  singularly 
beautiful  insect.  One  who  sees  only  preserved  specimens  would  not  sus- 
pect this  however,  for  in  such,  faded  browns  have  replaced  the  ruby  red 
color  of  the  males  and  the  brilliant  yellow  of  the  females.  I  well  remember 
with  what  dehghted  surprise  I  greeted  my  first  specimen.  It  was  a 
young  male,  with  a  brilliant  red  body  phalerate  with  jet  black,  a  flaves- 
cent  tinge  beyond  the  basal  markings  of  the  wings,  a  rich  red-brown 
stigma,  with  a  touch  of  yellow  on  the  costa  either  side  of  it,  and  a  face 
with  the  whiteness  and  subopaqueness  of  fine  china.  That  specimen 
was  captured  beside  the  Inn  road  in  the  last  week  of  June ;  soon  after, 
ward  I  found  plenty  of  them — females  as  well — about  the  bog  pond  that 
lies  near  this  road  south  of  the  station ;  they  were  flying  with  C  o  r  d  u  1  ia 
shurtleffi,  Dorocordulia  libera,  and  Lestes  eurina 
— a  group  of  rare  beauties. 

Early  in  July  I  found  them  commonly  about  the  outlet  of  Little  Clear 
pond,  and  there  obtained  nymphs  (which  later  were  reared),  saw  the 
females  ovipositing  and  obtained  the  eggs. 

Female  imago  (hitherto  undescribed;  pi.  lo,  fig.  3).  Length  34 
mm  ;  abdomen  23  mm;  hind  wing  25  mm. 

Similar  to  the  male,  with  only  the  middle  half  of  the  labium  black, 
the  sides  white  (I  have  a  small  male  that  is  so,  also);  face  opaque 
white.  Thorax  and  basal  segments  of  the  abdomen  brilliant  yellow  in 
life,  phalerate  with  black ;  the  middorsal  thoracic  stripe  of  black  con- 
stricted above,  dilated  below ;  a  short,  not  very  distinct,  isolated  humeral 
stripe  of  black;  complete  stripes  that  are  broad  and  irregular  on  the 
humeral  and  third  lateral  sutures,  and  an  oblique  lateral  stripe  crossing 
the  midlateral  suture  and  joining  the  humeral  stripe;  a  black  mark  on 
the  mesothoracic  spiracle;  dorsal  and  lateral  yellow  areas  almost  envel- 
oping the  basal  abdominal  segments,  but  isolated  on  the  first  and  second 
segments,  fused  on  the  third,  which  is  all  yellow  except  an  apical  ring 
and  a  mark  at  each  side  below;  there  is  a  yellow  dorsal  mark  on  the 
fourth  segment,  and  there  are  dorsal  yellow  triangles  on  segments 
5-7 ;  there  is  also  a  lateral  yellow  basal  triangle  on  each  side  of  the 
fourth  segment.     The  wings  have  the  basal  marking  and   the  yellow 


AQUATIC   INSECTS    IN   THE  ADIRONDACKS  519 

points  at  the  ends  of  the  stigma  as  in  the  male,  but  they  are  more  flaves- 
cent  in  their  basal  half.  The  vulvar  lamina  is  very  short,  being  very 
much  broader  than  long,  with  a  quadrangular  excavation  in  the  middle 
separating  its  two  low  lobes  widely;  far  beyond  the  apices  of  these  two 
lobes  and  near  the  middle  of  the  venter  of  the  ninth  segment  there  is  a 
pair  of  minute,  erect  quadrangular  prominences ;  the  apical  margin  of 
the  venter  of  the  ninth  segment  is  very  convex. 

I  observe  in  my  specimens  considerable  variation  in  the  size  of  the 
males :  32  to  37  mm  in  length ;  the  genitalia,  however,  are  quite  constant 
in  form  and  agree  well  with  the  figures  by  Hagen  cited  above. 

Nymph.  (PI.  lo,  fig.  i,  2)  Total  length  18  mm;  abdomen  10  mm; 
hind  femur  5.5  mm;  width  of  head  5.5  mm,  of  abdomen  6.7  mm. 

Unfortunately,  I  obtained  but  few  nymphs,  and  reared  them  all,  so 
that  I  have  nothing  left  but  the  cast  skins  for  description;  these  do  not 
preserve  well  the  nymphal  color  pattern  when  dry ;  there  is  enough  of  it 
left  to  show  that  the  coloration  is  similar  to  that  of  L.  in  tact  a  de- 
scribed above,  though  probably  not  so  well  marked.  The  nymph  is  so 
very  similar  to  the  preceding,  it  is  hardly  worth  while  to  repeat  the  de- 
scription in  detail.  The  more  salient  points  are  as  follows.  The  lateral 
setae  are  11;  the  mental  setae  about  13,  of  which  the  sixth  (counting 
from  the  side)  is  longest;  the  lateral  spines  of  the  eighth  abdominal  seg- 
ment are  a  trifle  longer  than  half  the  dorsal  length  of  the  ninth  segment , 
the  lateral  spines  of  the  ninth  segment  attain  to  the  level  of  the  tips  of 
the  inferior  appendages,  which  are  scarcely  longer  than  the  superior  ap- 
pendage. The  dorsal  hooks  are  as  described  above  for  L.  in  tact  a; 
excepting  that  the  apex  of  the  hook  of  the  eighth  segment  is  declined  so 
that  it  rests  at  its  apex  on  the  dorsum  of  the  ninth  segment. 

This  last  and  most  distinctive  character  between  the  two  species  is 
shown  by  some  nymphs  which  were  collected  for  me  by  Chester  Young 
at  EUenville  N.  Y.,  May  30,  1897.  These,  from  the  Catskills,  may  be 
the  nymphs  of  L.  glacial  is  also;  but,  among  so  many  species  so 
much  alike,  and  so  few  of  them  bred,  they  can  not  be  so  determined  with 
certainty  as  yet. 

The  eggs  are  roundish  oval,  with  a  moderate  investment  of  gelatin. 
They  are  white  at  first,  but  turn  a  pale  lemon  yellow  after  a  number  of 
hours.  They  are  dropped  by  the  female  in  flight  in  the  little  clear  pools 
along  shore,  strewn  over  the  bottom  with  hemlock  leaves. 

SYMPETRUM 

This  large  genus  is  represented  in  New  York  state  by  seven  nominal 
species,  and  an  eighth  is  regional.  Most  of  these  species  are  exceed- 
ingly common  along  marshy  shores  and  in  wet  meadows.  The  imagos 
travel  often  considerable  distances  from  the  water,  and  at  the  proper 
season  are  met  with  on  upland  meadows  very  commonly.  Because  of 
their  famihar  habits  and  their  strikingly  brilliant  red  coloration,  they  are 
very  well  known. 

The  nymphs  are  very  like  those  of  Leucorhinia,  specially  the 
species  placed  first  in  our  list;  but  they  are  (except  S.  corruptum) 


520 


NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 


of  smaller  size  and  have  the  dorsal  hooks  of  the  abdomen  less  developed. 
The  following  keys  will  serve  for  the  separation  of  our  imagos  and  also  of 
the  nymphs  as  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  find  any  differences  between 
them. 

albifronB 


coBtifemm 

Fig.  30  Genitalia  of  the  New  York  species  of  Sympetrum  (excepting  S.  cor  rup  turn  Hagen); 
first  column,  external  view  of  the  male  genital  hamule  ;  second  column,  lateral  view  of  male  ab- 
dominal appendages ;  and  third  column,  ventral  view  of  vulvar  lamina  of  the  female,  for  the 
species  named  In  the  figure 

KEY  TO  SPECIES  OF  SYMPETRUM 

Iniagos 

a  Witli  a  median  transverse  ridge  incircliug  the  fourth  abdominal  segment  (in 
addition  to  the  normal  apical  ridge) corruptum 

aa  With  no  such  added  ridge  on  the  fourth  abdominal  segment 

&  Superior  appendages  of  the  male  with  a  prominent  median  inferior  tooth, 
having  some  denticles  before  it;  vulvar  lamina  of  the  female  divided  by 
a  median  cleft  into  two  pointed  lobes 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  521 

c  Tibiae  and  tarsi  yellow  externally  ;  tbe  black  of  the  abdominal  segments 

tending  to  form  apical  rings albifrons 

cc  Tibiae  and  tarsi  wholly  black;  the  black  of  the  abdominal  tending  to 
form  apical  lateral  triangles 
d  Wings  with  the  basal  half  (or  somewhat  less)  flavescent ;  branches  of 
the  genital  hamule  of  the  male  inclosing  an  angular  notch;  vulvar 
lamina  of  the  female  with  its  lobes  short  and  sharply  recurved  up- 
ward, their  apices  meeting  the  venter  of  the  ninth  segment  vertically 

assimilatum 

dd  Wings  flavescent  only  at  the  extreme  base ;   branches  of  the  genital 

hamule  of  the  male  inclosing  an  oval  or  a  rounded  notch  ;  vulvar 

lamina  of  the  female  with  appressed  lobes  which  meet  the  venter  of 

the  ninth  segment  more  obliquely 

e  Branches  of  the  genital  hamule  of  the  male  inclosing  an  oval  notch, 

the  outer  about  twice  as  stout  as  the  inner,  about  equally  curved; 

the  vulvar  lamina  of  the  female  with  its  sides  regularly  sloping 

rubi  cundulu  m 
ee  Branches  of  the  genital  hamule  of  the  male  inclosing  a  short  rounded 
notch,  the  inner  branch  more  sharply  incurved,  the  outer  about  four 
times  as  thick  as  the  inner ;  the  vulvar  lamina  of  the  female  some- 
what contracted  at  about  midway  its  length,  the  sides  more  con- 
vergent in  the  basal  half obtrusum 

66  Superior  abdominal  appendage,  of  the  male  without  a  prominent  inferior 
median  tooth,  but  only  with  small  inferior  denticles  of  about  equal  size  ; 
vulvar  lamina  of  the  female  not  cleft 

c  Wings  with  the  basal  half  flavescent semicinctum 

ec  Wings  flavescent  only  at  the  extreme  base 

d  Femora  and  tibiae  entirely  yellow -- vicinum 

dd  Femora  and  tibiae  marked  with  black  on  the  sides costiferum 

Nymphs'^ 

a  Dorsal  hooks  of  abdominal  segments  6-8  long  and  sharp,  about  as  long  as 
their  respective  segments 
&  Lateral  spines  straight  on  both  outer  and  inner  margins costiferum 

1  The  nymphs  of  albifrons  and  corruptum  are  unknown;  that  of  the  former  species  Is 
likely  to  be  of  the  type  of  the  nymph  of  rublcundulum.  I  give  a  figure  (pi.  25,  fig.  1)  of  a 
nymph  from  southern  California  of  S.  illotum,  the  nearest  ally  of  corruptum.  The  nymph 
of  corruptum  will  probably  be  of  this  type. 

I  have  nymphs  of  rubicundulum  raised  at  Ithaca,  of  obtrusum,  raised  at  Lake  Forest 
111.,  and  of  assimilatum  raised  at  Saranac  Inn.  Between  the  nymphs  of  rubicundulum  . 
and  obtrusum  I  find  only  a  scarcely  perceptible  difference  in  size,  that  of  obtrusum  being  a 
little  smaller,  in  the  bred  specimens.  Both  these  are  a  very  little  smaller  than  assimilatum;  and 
I  note  that  In  the  bred  specimens  the  dorsal  hooks  on  the  fourth  and  fifth  abdominal  segments 
(hidden  between  the  wing  cases)  are  larger  and  more  nearly  equal  in  size  in  assimilatum, 
smaller  and  more  unequal  in  size  and  paler  in  the  other  two.  These  differences  are  so  slight  and 
have  been  studied  in  so  few  specimens  that  I  have  not  thought  best  to  introduce  them  as  yet  into 
the  table. 

As  to  the  images  of  these  three  nominal  species,  I  know  of  no  absolutely  constant  differences 
either  in  size,  coloration,  structure,  distribution  or  habits  that  will  In  every  case  distinguish  be- 
tween them.  The  typical  rubicundulum  is  of  course,  intermediate  between  the  other  two.  I 
have  examined  hundreds  of  specimens  of  each,  and  say  unhesitatingly  tliat  they  intergrade  eoju- 
pletely;  nevertheless,  it  is  convenient  to  recognize  the  three  forms,  and  practically,  there  is  little 
difficulty  generally  in  distinguishing  between  them.    I  have  therefore  listed  them  separately. 


522  NEW   YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

M  Lateral  spines  of  the  ninth  segment  straight  on  the  inner,  but  incurvate 
on  their  outer  margins 
c  Lateral  spines  of  the  eighth  segment  thin,  flat  and  sharp,  attaining  the 
level  of  the  apical  margin  of  the  ninth  segment  on  the  middorsal  line 

vieinum 
cc  Lateral  spines  of  the  eighth  segment  stouter,  their  tips  hardly  surpassing 

the  middle  of  the  dorsum  of  the  ninth  segment semi  cin  turn 

aa  Dorsal  hooks  of  abdominal  segments  6-8  shorter  than  the  segments  bearing 
them,  andlesspointed.  assimilat  um,   r  ubieundulum,  obtrusum 

Sympetrum  costiferum  Hagen 

Figure  30 

1861  Diplax  costifera  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  175 
1895  Diplax  costifera  Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.    3:48  (listed  from 
Amherst) 

This  species  came  up  quite  unexpectedly  in  one  of  my  breeding  cages 
at  Saranac  Inn.  I  had  collected  a  number  of  nymphs  from  the  shore  of 
Little  Clear  pond  near  the  outlet,  and  put  them  in  this  cage,  supposing 
them  to  be  of  one  species;  they  yielded  at  transformation  imagos  of 
S.  vieinum,  but  one  nymph  yielded  a  fine  male  specimen  of  this 
species.  It  is  the  one  from  which  the  characters  stated  herewith  are 
drawn.  No  imagos  were  seen  at  large.  This  one  appeared  on  August  8. 
The  cast  skin  was  left  in  a  somewhat  collapsed  condition,  so  that  it  is 
hard  to  measure  accurately;    but  the  measurements   are,  as  nearly  as 

I  can  make  out,  as  follows:  total  length  14.5  mm;  abdomen,  g  mm; 
hind  femur  5  mm ;    width  of  head  5  mm,  of  abdomen,  6  mm. 

The  eyes  are  a  trifle  less  prominent  than  in   S.    vieinum;    there  are 

II  lateral  setae,  and  about  13  mental  setae,  of  which  the  fifth,  counting 
from  the  side,  is  longest,  the  movable  hook  is  somewhat  shorter  and 
thicker  than  in  S.  vieinum,  and  the  teeth  are  more  nearly  obsolete; 
the  lateral  spines  of  the  eighth  abdominal  segment  are  about  half  as  long 
as  is  that  segment;  those  of  the  ninth  segment  are  much  longer,  slender, 
straight  on  both  margins,  and  their  tips  scarcely  attain  the  level  of  the 
tips  of  the  appendages.  The  superior  appendage  is  scarcely  shorter  than 
the  inferiors,  but  these  laterally  are  less  than  one  half  as  long. 

Sympetrum  vieinum  Hagen 

Figure  30 
1861  Diplax   vicina   Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  175 
1893  Diplax  vicina  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20:264  (description  and 
figure) 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  523 

1895-97  Diplax  vicina  Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  3  :  48  and  5 :  94  (listed 
from  Lake  St  Regis,  Keesevilie,  Dobbs  Ferry,  New  York,  Ithaca,  Cats- 
kill  mouutains,  Schoharie,  Piseeo  lake  and  Bnifalo) 

1899  Diplax  vicina   Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  110  (description  aud  figure) 

1900  Diplax  vicina   Williamson,  Dragon  flies  lud.  p.  323 

This  pretty,  little,  yellow-legged,  autumnal  species  is  likely  to  be  found 
about  every  marsh-bordered  pond  in  the  state.  It  flits  about  the  shore 
vegetation  and  is  not  at  all  difficull  to  capture  with  a  net.  At  Cascadilla 
pond  near  Ithaca  I  have  watched  the  females  ovipositing  on  beds  of  wet 
and  matted  dwarf  club-rush,  sometimes  alone,  but  oftener  held  by  the 
male,  both  descending  together  and  rising  every  time  the  tip  of  the  ab- 
domen was  brushed  against  the  wet  mats.  Some  eggs  obtained  in  Sep- 
tember at  Ithaca  hatched  the  following  January,  having  been  kept  the 
Avhile  in  a  laboratory  of  the  normal  temperature.  Doubtless,  under  nor- 
mal conditions  they  do  not  hatch  before  spring. 

Nymph.  Total  length  13  mm;  abdomen  8  mm;  hind  femur  4.5 
mm;  width  of  head  4.5  mm,  of  abdomen  5  mm. 

The  eyes  are  a  little  more  prominent  laterally  than  in  other  members 
of  the  genus;  the  lateral  setae  are  nine;  mental  setae  about  12  or  13, 
the  fifth  (counting  from  the  side)  longest;  the  movable  hook  is  exces- 
sively long  and  slender;  the  superior  appendage  is  one  third  shorter  than 
the  inferiors,  and  the  laterals  less  than  one  half  as  long  as  the  inferiors. 

At  Saranac  Inn,  the  nymphs  were  found  at  the  north  side  of  the  outlet 
of  Little  Clear  pond,  on  the  shelving  bank  behind  the  hummock  of  cat- 
tails. They  are  rather  daintily  colored  with  bands  of  black  across  the 
head,  including  the  eyes,  around  the  femora,  and  across  the  middle  of 
the  abdominal  segments.  They  clamber  about  amid  the  semiaquatic 
vegetation. 

Sympetrum  semicinctum  Say 

Figure  30 

1839  L  i  bell  ul  a  semicincta   Say,  Acad.  nat.  sei.  Phil.  Jour.  8  ;  27 
1861  Diplax  semicincta  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.    p.  176 
1893  Diplax  semicincta  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.    Trans.    20:263  (descrip- 
tion and  figure) 
1895  Diplax  semicincta   Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour,     3:48  (listed  from 
Ithaca,  Staten  Island,  Westchester  co.) 

1899  Diplax  semicincta  Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,    p.  110   (description  and 

figure) 

1900  Sympetrum   semicinctum   Williamson,    Dragon   flies   lud.    p.    324 

(description  and  figure) 

This  species,  which  I  have  observed  at  Ithaca,  and  have  bred  in  Illinois, 
did  not  appear  at  Saranac  Inn.  It  is  quite  like  the  others  of  the  genus. 
I  have  observed  the  female  ovipositing  alone  in  muddy  pools  among 
dead  smartweed  stems  on  a  mud  flat  beside  a  pond. 


524  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

Nymph.  (PI.  25,  fig.  2)  Of  much  the  same  form  as  that  of  S. 
vie  in  um,  but  a  httle  larger  (at  the  time  of  writing  this  1  have  not  my 
specimens  at  hand  for  reference,  and  can  not  therefore  give  the  exact 
measurements;  I  have  all  the  other  details  carefully  recorded  in  note 
and  drawings,  but  the  measurements  have  been  accidentally  omitted) ; 
the  eyes  are  laterally  prominent,  but  well  rounded;  lateral  setae  nine; 
mental  setae  about  12,  of  which  the  fifth  (counting  from  the  side)  is 
longest;  the  dorsal  hooks  on  the  fourth  and  fifth  abdominal  segments 
are  less  than  one  third  as  large  as  those  on  the  three  following  segments ; 
the  superior  abdominal  appendage  is  one  fourth  shorter  and  the  laterals 
are  one  half  shorter  than  the  inferiors ;  the  spines  of  the  ninth  segment 
surpass  the  apices  of  the  superior  appendage,  and  are  strongly  incurved, 
and  spinulose  serrate  on  their  exterior  margins. 

Sympetrum  assimilatum  Uhler 

Figure  30 

1857  Libellula  assimilata  Uhler,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.  Proc.  p.  88 

1893  Diplax  rubicundula  var.  assimilata  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc. Trans. 

20 :  263 
1899  Diplax    rubicundula  Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  109  (description) 

This  was  very  common  at  Saranac  Inn  in  Little  Clear  creek.  During 
the  latter  part  of  July  the  nymph  could  be  seen  any  clear  morning 
climbing  up  the  Sparganium  stems,  and  transforming.  The 
nymphs  were  obtained  whenever  collecting  was  done  from  the  beds 
of  standing  vegetation  along  the  creek. 

Sympetrum  rubicundulum  Say 

Figure  30 

1839  Libellula  rubicundula  Say,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.  Jour.  8 :  26 
1861  Diplax  rubicundula  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  176 
1866  Diplax  rubicundula  Scudder,  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.  Proc.  10:219 
1893  Diplax  rubicundula  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20:262  (descrip- 
tion) 

1899  Diplax  rubicundula  Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  109  (description) 

1900  Diplax  rubicundula  Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  322  (descrip- 

tion) 

Pale,  teneral,  yellowish  specimens  of  this  species  begin  fluttering  up 
out  of  the  grasses  that  fill  the  shallow  water  in  the  upper  reaches  of 
most  ponds  about  the  latter  end  of  June.  A  month  later,  when  they 
have  assumed  their  brillant  black  and  red  coloration,  and  have  become 
more  numerous,  we  find  them  scattered  everywhere.  They  seem  most 
numerous,  however,  about  wet  meadows,  where  they  delight  to  go 
foraging. 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  525 

The  nymph,  like  that  of  the  preceding  and  that  of  the  following 
species  (the  only  differences  that  I  have  observed  between  these  I  have 
already  stated  in  a  footnote  to  the  nymph  table)  has  nine  lateral  setae, 
and  12  mentals,  of  which  the  fifth  (counting  from  the  side)  is  longest; 
the  dorsal  hooks  on  segments  4-8  are  low,  less  considerable  in  length 
than  the  segments  which  bear  them,  but  sharp  ;  the  lateral  spines  of  the 
eighth  and  ninth  segments  are  less  developed,  and  follow  in  their  external 
contour  the  incurvate  lines  of  the  posteriorly  narrowing  abdomen ;  the 
lateral  appendages  are  half  as  long  as  the  inferiors,  which  are  distinctly 
longer  then  the  superior. 

Sympetrum  obtrusum  Hagen 

Figure  30 

1867  Diplax  obtrusa  Hagen,  Stett.  ent.  zeit.  28 :  95 

1893  Diplax  obtrusa  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20:264  (description  and 
figure) 

1899  Diplax  obtrusa  Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  109  (description  and  figure) 

1900  Diplax  obtrusa  Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  323  (description) 

For  this  and  the  two  foregoing  species  I  have  hardly  thought  it  worth 
while  to  state  the  distribution  in  detail,  it  is  so  general  throughout  the 
state,  whenever  any  collecting  has  been  done. 

Sympetrum  albifrons  Charpentier 

Figure  30 
1841  Libellula  albifrons  Charpentier,  Lib.  Europ.  p.  81,  pi.  11,  fig.  3 
1861  Diplax  albifrons  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  177 
1900  Sympetrum  albifrons  Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  323  (descrip- 
tion) 

Not  yet  found  in  the  state ;  nymph  unknown. 

Sympetrum  corruptum  Hagen 

1861  Mesothemis  corrupta  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  171 

1893  Diplax  corrupta  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20:264  (description) 

1897  Diplax  corrupta  Calvert,   N.  Y.    ent.   soc.   Jour.   5:95   (listed  from 

Staten.  Island) 
1897  Diplax  corrupta  Van  Duzee,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  5:  91  (listed  from 

Lake  Erie) 

1899  Diplax  corrupta  Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  Ill  (description) 

1900  Diplax  corrupta  Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  324  (description) 
This  species  is  much  more  common  westward;  its  nymph  is  unknown. 


526  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

PACHYDIPLAX 

There  is  a  single  species. 

Pachydiplax  longipennis  Burmeister 

1839  Libellula    longipennis    Burmeister,  Handb.  ent.  2  :  850 
1861  Mesothemis    longipennis    Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  173 
1893  P  a  c  hydi  plax    longipennis    Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20  :  265 
1895-97  Pachydiplax   longipennis    Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  3 :  48 
and  5 :  94  (listed  from  New  York,  Westchester  co.,  Ithaca  and  Black- 
rock) 

1899  Pachydiplax    longipennis    Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  114  (descrip- 

tion) 

1900  Paehy  d  iplax    longipennis    Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.   p.  326 

(description) 

This  is  a  species  of  very  wide  distribution.  It  has  been  recorded 
from  most  regions  of  North  America,  south  of  the  Canadian,  from 
Mexico,  and  from  the  Bahama  islands,  and  last  summer  Dr  O.  S.  West- 
cott,  stopping  to  visit  our  station  on  his  return  from  the  Bermuda  islands, 
brought  a  number  of  specimens  collected  in  that  new  quarter.  The 
species  was  not  observed  at  large  at  Saranac  Inn.  It  is  likely  to  be 
found  rather  generally  distributed  throughout  the  state  at  lower  alti- 
tudes. 

Imagos  of  this  species  are  swift  of  wing,  and  somewhat  difficult  to 
capture  with  a  net.  The  males  hover  near  the  surface  of  the  water, 
darting  hither  and  thither,  meeting  every  newcomer,  perching  on  a  twig 
and  immediately  quitting  it;  and,  when  two  males  meet  in  combat,  they 
have  the  curious  habit  of  darting  upward  together  into  the  air  and  flying 
skyward,  often,  till  lost  from  view.  The  females  are  less  in  evidence. 
They  rest  habitually,  except  when  foraging  or  ovipositing  on  trees  back 
from  the  shore.  When  ovipositing  over  open  water,  they  have  a  curious 
habit  which  I  have  not  observed  in  other  dragon  flies :  they  do  not  rise 
and  descend  again  between  strokes  of  the  end  of  the  abdomen  against 
the  surface  of  the  water,  but  fly  along  horizontally  close  to  the  surface 
and  from  time  to  time  strike  downward  with  the  abdomen  alone,  pre- 
sumably washing  off  the  eggs.  In  the  midst  of  vegetation,  however,  they 
fly  down  and  up  again,  as  do  other  species. 

The  nymphs  clamber  about  among  the  trash,  and,  when  grown,  trans- 
form within  a  few  inches  of  the  margin  of  the  water,  if  suitable  place  be 
found  so  near;  otherwise  they  may  go  a  distance  of  several  feet.  They 
are  smooth,  generally  of  dark  color,  with  little  pattern  of  color  showing, 
except  in  the  transverse  banding  of  the  femora. 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  527 

Nymph.  Total  length  21  mm;  abdomen  12  mm  ;  hind  femur  6  mm  ; 
width  of  head  6  mm,  of  abdomen  7.5  mm. 

Easily  recognizable  among  other  libelluline  nymphs  (when  well  grown 
at  least)  by  the  head  twice  as  wide  as  long,  the  entire  absence  of  dorsal 
hooks,  the  smooth  and  depressed  body,  and  by  the  superior  appendage 
being  one  third  shorter  than  the  inferiors  and  twice  as  long  as  the 
laterals.  The  labium  is  large,  and  the  median  lobe  is  at  its  maximum 
size;  hook  long  and  slender;  laterals  10;  mentals  about  12,  the  fifth  or 
sixth  (counting  from  the  side)  longest;  the  lateral  spines  of  the  eighth 
and  ninth  segments  of  the  abdomen  are  very  similar  in  size  and  shape, 
those  of  the  ninth  segment  extending  posteriorly  almost  to  the  level  of 
the  tips  of  the  inferior  appendages. 

MESOTHEMIS 

There  is  a  single  species  occurring  within  the  state. 
Mesothemis  simplicicollis  Say 

1839  Libel  lula  simpliGicollis   Say,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.  Jour.    8:28 
1861  Me  sot  h  em  is  simplicicollis  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.    p.  170 
1893  Mesothemis  simplicicollis  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.   Trans.  20:265 

(description) 
1895-97  Mesothemis   simplicicollis   Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.     3:48 

and  5 :  94  (listed  from  New  York,   Westchester  co.,  Ithaca  and   To- 

wanda  creek) 

1899  Mesothemis  simplicicollis,   Kellicott, Odon.  Ohio,    p.  113  (descrip- 

tion) 

1900  Mesothemis   simplicicollis,   Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.    p.  325 

This  is  another  species  of  wide  distribution,  that  is  much  more  common 
southward  and  westward :  a  single  specimen  was  seen  at  Saranac  Inn. 
I  remember  having  seen  but  very  few  at  Ithaca.  I  bred  this  species  and 
P.  longipennis  in  Illinois  in  1895.  The  imagos  of  this  species  have 
more  of  the  gomphine  habit  of  squatting  on  the  ground  than  any  other 
libellulines  known  to  me.  That  may  be  the  meaning  of  the  long  spines 
on  the  hind  femora.  They  do  not  seek  the  topmost  twigs  of  reeds,  as  do 
most  other  shore-frequenting  species,  but  settle  by  preference  in  some 
bare  path,  or  aslant  a  board  at  the  edge  of  the  water.  The  nymphs  are 
rapid  climbers  among  reed  stems.  In  life  their  eyes  are  yellowish  exter- 
nally, and  the  teeth  on  the  edges  of  the  labial  lobes  are  white.  The 
bodies  of  the  nymphs  are  greenish  with  little  pattern  showing. 

Nymph.  Measures  in  total  length  17  mm;  abdomen  9  mm;  hind 
femur  5  mm  ;  width  of  head  5  mm,  of  abdomen  5.5  mm. 

It  is  recognizable  at  a  glance  among  all  other  libelluline  nymphs  known 
to  me  by  the  thickness  of  the  body,  the  bulging  prominence  of  the  eyes, 
the  relative  brevity  of  the  abdomen,  and  the  decurved  appendages  at  the 
apex  of  the  abdomen. 


528  NEW   YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

The  median  labial  lobe  is  very  prominent;  the  teeth  on  the  edges  of 
the  lateral  lobes  are  obsolete;  the  lateral  setae  are  eight,  and  of  these  the 
proximal  one  is  a  small  one;  the  mental  setae  are  about  13,  of  which  the 
eight  outermost  are  a  series  of  larger  size.  There  are  no  dorsal  hooks, 
but  there  are  some  coarse  hairs  on  the  transverse  apical  carinae  of  the 
segments,  and  there  is  a  long  brush  of  these  springing  from  the  apical 
ventral  margin  of  the  ninth  segment;  there  are  no  lateral  spines,  or  the 
merest  vestiges  of  them  remain  sometimes  on  the  ninth  segment:  the 
appendages  are  all  decurved,  the  inferiors  most  strongly ;  the  superior  is 
a  little  shorter  than  the  inferiors,  a  little  longer  than  the  laterals;  the 
prothoracic  spiracles  are  elevated  to  the  highest  point  of  the  body.  So 
unique  are  a  number  of  these  characters,  there  is  no  confusing  this  nymph 
with  the  others  of  the  subfamily. 

MICRATHYRIA 

A  single  species  of  our  fauna  is  referred  to  this  genus. 
Micrathyria  berenice  Drury 

1773  Lib e  11  ul a  berenice  Drury,  Illus.  exotic  en t.    v.  1,  pi.  48,  fig.  3 
1839  Lib  ell  ul  a  berenice   Say,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  PhiL  Jour.    8:25 
1861  Di  pi  ax  berenice  Hagen,  Syuopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.     p.  178 
1867  Diplax  berenice   Packard,  Am.  nat.     1 :  311,  pi.  9,  fig.  3  and  4 
1893  Micrathyria  berenice     Calvert,     Am.  ent.  see.  Traus.  20  :  260   (de- 
scription) 
1895-97  Micrathyria  berenice   Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.     3:47  and 

5  ;  94  (listed  from  Thousand  Islands,  New  York  and  Sheepshead  bay, 

L.  L) 

This  is  a  species  I  have  never  seen  alive.  It  is  said  to  be  common 
down  the  valley  of  the  Hudson.     Its  nymph  is  unknown. 

LADONA 

Of  the  three  forms  comprising  this  genus,  originally  described  as 
distinct  species,  two  probably  occur  within  the  limits  of  New  York  state. 
In  what  I  have  written  concerning  these  hitherto,  I  have  followed  with- 
out question  the  synonymy  as  given  by  Hagen  and  Calvert,  according  to 
which  both  deplanata  of  Rambur  and  j  u  1  i  a  of  Uhler  are  but 
varieties  of  e  x  u  s  t  a  Say,  not  even  bearing  a  varietal  name.  A.  P. 
Morse  has  called  my  attention  to  some  facts  which  seem  to  indicate  that 
these  three  may  yet  have  to  be  considered  as  distinct  species.  I  may  add 
that  my  breedings  have  furnished  farther  facts  corroborating  this  opinion. 

Before  the  "  lumpmg  "  process  began  the  bibliography  of  these  forms 

was  as  follows. 

1839  Libellula  exusta  Say,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.  Jour.  8 :  29 

1842  Libellula  deplanata  Eambur,  Ins.  Neur.  p.  75 

1857  Libellula  julia  Uhler,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.  Proc.  p.  88 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  529 

Then  Hagen,  in  his  Synopsis  of  the  Neuroptera  of  North  America 
(186 1),  ranked  deplanata  and  exusta  as  synonymous  (under  the 
later  name,  however)  ;  in  his  Synopsis  of  the  Odoiiata  of  America  (1875) 
he  ranked  them  separately,  remarking  that  deplanata  was  probably 
but  a  dwarf  southern  form  of  exusta,  but  he  wrote  down  j  u  1  i  a  as  a 
synonym  of  exusta.  In  1893  Calvert  in  his  Odonata  of  Philadelphia 
and  vicinity  again  added  deplanata  to  the  exusta  lump.  The 
three  have  been  treated  as  one  ever  since,  and  in  all  recent  descriptions 
and  lists,  dimensions,  coloration,  structural  characters  and  distribution 
are  hopelessly  confused;  and  it  becomes  necessary  to  revert  to  the 
original  descriptions  to  find  statement  of  differences  between  them. 

The  two  which  concern  us  here  in  New  York  are  L.  e  x  u  s  t  a  Say  and 
L.  Julia  Uhler.  So  far  as  I  am  able  to  judge  by  my  own  specimens 
and  by  those  in  the  Museum  of  comparative  zoology  at  Cambridge,  these 
seem  to  be  distinguished  by  the  following  characters. 

a  Dorsum  of  the  thorax  pale  with  a  black  stripe  each  side  on  the  humeral 
suture,  no  ante-humeral  stripe  of  white;  the  fuscous  spot  on  the  base 
of  the  hind  wing  not  enveloping  the  triangle ;  the  eii^hth  abdominal 
segment  of  the  male  narrower  than  the  seventh  ;  the  apex  of  the  anterior 

branch  of  the  genital  hamule  of  the  male  directed  laterally julia 

aa  Dorsum  of  the  thorax  blackish  brown,  with  a  white  ante-humeral  stripe  each 
side;  the  fuscous  spot  of  the  hind  wing  envelops  the  triangle  ;  the  eighth 
abdominal  segment  in  the  male  is  as  wide  as  or  wider  than  the  seventh; 
the  apex  of  the  anterior  branch  of  the  genital  hamule  of  the  male  is 
directed  posteriorly „ exusta 

I  have  described  in  the  Canadian  eiiiomologist  for  1897  (29:144-46) 
the  nymphs  of  deplanata  from  Florida.  These  differ  from  the 
nymphs  of  L.  j  uli  a  described  below  by  some  unusu- 
ally good  specific  characters,  such  as  the  entire  absence 
of  raptorial  setae  from  the  median  lobe  of  the  labium, 
and  the  hooked  teeth  on  the  margin  of  the  lateral  lobes. 
It  remains  now  to  discover  the  nymph  of  exusta,  and  ^    \j^ 

to  learn  whether  deplanata  agrees  with  it.  (^[j    / 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  characters  given  in  the       W.^-^  t)  ( 
generic  table  for  nymphs  at  the  beginning  of  this  sub-     ^.^  3^  ^^,^  ^^^^^^ 
family  abundantly  justify  the  erection  of  Ladona  as  T^il%^t  iu)^t^al 

r  T    •!       -11       1  exusta  Say  (1)1 

a  genus  separate  from  Libellula. 

L.  e  X  u  s  t  a  is  recorded  in  Calvert's  list  of  the  Odonata  of  New  York 
state  from  Lake  George,  and  Croton  on  Hudson.  Whether  the  record  be 
for  exusta  or  for  julia,  is  uncertain.  The  characters  given  above 
will  I  trust,  enable  the  collector  in  the  future  to  distinguish  between  these 


530  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

two  ;  and  if  some  collector  find  the  typical  e  x  u  s  t  a  to  be  common,  he 
may  aid  the  farther  solution  of  this  question  by  setting  about  to  find  its 
nymph.  I  discuss  below  the  single  form  which  I  have  found  within  the 
state. 

Ladona  julia  Uhler 

1857  Libellula  julia  Uhler,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.  Proc.  p.  88 
1861  Libellula  Julia  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  153 
1867  Libellula  julia  Hageu,  Stett.  ent.  zeit.  28 :  192 

This  species  was  very  common  at  Saranac  Inn.  It  was  beginning  to 
appear  in  numbers  on  the  wing  at  the  time  of  our  arrival,  June  13.  I 
went  out  to  the  banks  of  Little  Clear  pond  at  sunrise  of  the  morning  of 
the  14th  and  found  a  number  of  nymphs  transforming,  associated  with 
Tetragoneuria.  The  imagos  were  abundant  along  every  roadside 
during  the  month  of  June,  and  females  were  only  a  little  less  in  evidence 
than  the  males.  Nymphs  were  taken  abundantly  from  the  trashy  places 
in  the  borders  of  Little  Clear  and  Bone  ponds,  and  a  few  were  found  in 
Little  Clear  creek;  exuviae  were  seen  in  numbers  clinging  to  the  banks 
of  Colby  pond,  and  a  few  along  Stony  brook  near  Axton. 

Nymph.  Total  length  24  mm;  abdomen  15.5  mm;  hind  femur  5.5 
mm;  width  of  head  5  mm,  of  abdomen  5.5  mm. 

Body  slender,  elongate,  moderately  hairy,  dark  colored,  without  distinct 
pattern,  but  paler  on  the  sutures  and  below. 

Head  somewhat  wider  than  long,  with  eyes  not  very  prominent,  and 
hind  margin  slightly  concave;  median  lobe  of  the  labium  with  a  median 
flat,  toothlike  prominence  in  the  middle  of  its  free  border,  on  either  side 
of  which  the  border  is  crenulate,  with  spinules  inserted  singly  in  the 
notches  between  the  crenulations;  lateral  setae  six;  hook  slender,  and 
not  very  long;  mental  setae  three  each  side. 

Abdomen  with  sharp  lateral  spines,  relatively  shorter  than  on  the 
nymph  of  deplanata;  dorsal  hooks  on  segments  4-8  straight  and. 
sharp ;  superior  and  inferior  appendages  of  about  equal  length,  and 
about  as  long  as  the  last  two  abdominal  segments;  lateral  appendages 
one  fifth  to  one  fourth  as  long  as  the  others. 

The  presence  of  three  mental  setae  on  the  labium  will  distinguish  this 
species  at  a  glance  from  the  nymph  ofL.    deplanata   of  the  south. 

LIBELLULA 

This  genus  contains  the  species  which  are,  perhaps,  the  best  known  of 
all  our  dragon  flies.  The  imagos  hover  habitually  over  ponds  in  summer, 
are  large,  and  for  the  most  part  beautifully  colored,  and  are  everywhere 
common.  Eight  species  are  known  from  the  state,  and  it  is  not  likely 
that  any  others  will  be  found  resident  in  numbers.  It  is  of  course  always 
possible  for  a  few  strays  to  be  blown  into  new  territory  from  distant 
regions  by  high  winds.     The  nymphs  of  five  of  these  eight  species  are 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  53I 

known,  and  are  described  and  distinguished  below.  So  much  alike  are 
they  that  a  general  account  of  the  nymphal  characters  will  save  much 
restatement. 

The  known  nymphs  of  this  genus  agree  in  having  the  body  elongate, 
tapering  to  the  pointed  apex  of  the  abdomen,  hairy,  the  hairs  serving  to 
hold  an  ambuscade  of  silt  about  the  body.  Head  compact,  little  wider  than 
long,  with  the  eyes  capping  the  anterolateral  angles,  and  directed  ante- 
riorly; head  little  narrowed  behind  the  eyes;  labium  large,  reaching 
posteriorly  between  the  bases  of  the  middle  legs ;  median  lobe  with  its 
front  border  not  crenate ;  mental  setae  always  present,  variable  in 
number;  lateral  setae  five  to  nine;  prothorax  with  a  flatish  dorsal  shield, 
whose  margins  are  generally  fringed  with  coarse  hairs  ;  wing  cases  reach- 
ing the  base  of  the  sixth  abdominal  segment;  abdomen  triquetral, 
its  lateral  margins  becoming  acute  posteriorly,  with  short  lateral  spines 
on  segments  8  and  9 ;  a  variable  number  of  dorsal  hooks  beginning 
on  the  third  or  fourth  segment,  sometimes  quite  rudimentary ;  ninth 
segment  two  to  three  times  as  long  as  the  loth  ;  lateral  appendages  half 
as  long  as  the  others;  tarsi  with  the  second  and  third  joints  successively 
each  a  very  little  longer  than  the  first. 

The  imagos  discussed  below,  and  the  known  nymphs  of  the  same 
species  may  be  separated  by  the  following  keys. 

KEY  TO  SPECIES  OF  LIBELLULA 

Imagos 

a  Wings  with  no  spot  at  the  nodus 

b  With  a  broad  basal  band  of  black  covering  the  basal  third  of  both  wings 

b  as  al is 

hb  With  the  black  color  of  the  base  of  the  wings  confined  to  a  narrow  streak 

in  the  subcostal  space,  or  entirely  wanting 

c  Stigma  bicolored 

d  Inner  half  of  stigma  white  or  yellow,  outer  half  dark  brown,  c  y  a  n  e  a 

dd  Stigma  mainly  yellow,  but  distinctly  darker  at  the  outer  end 

plumbea 
cc  Stigma  not  differing  in  color  at  its  inner  and  outer  ends 

d  Stigma  red  or  yellow;  wings  flavescent,  unspotted auripennis 

dd  Stigma  black incesta 

aa  Wings  with   a   small  nodal  spot  which   is  restricted  to  the  outer  (distal) 

side  of  the  nodus 

6  With  a  large  triangular  patch  of  black  extending  from  the  triangle  to  the 

hind  margin qxia  d  ri  m  ac  u  1  a  t  a 

ih  Without  a  black  patch  between  the  triangle  and  the  huid  margin  in  the 

hind  wing vibrans 

aaa  With  a  large  nodal  spot  which  completely  surrounds  the  nodus 

i  Nodal  and  apical  wing  spots  yellowish  or  reddish semifasciata 

lb  Nodal  and  apical  wing  spots  blackish pulchella 


532  NEW   YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 

Nymphs 

a  Dorsal  hooks  on  the  seventh  and  eighth  abdominal  segments  long  and  sharp 

h  Lateral  setae  five auripennis 

ih  Lateral  setae  six cyanea 

ihi  Lateral  setae  seven has  alia 

aa  Dorsal  hooks  on  the  seventh  and  eighth  abdominal  segments  rudimentary 
(and  hidden  among  scurfy  hairs)  or  wanting 

b  Lateral  setae  seven quadrimaculata 

hh  Lateral  setae  eight  to  nine pulchella 

aaa  Nymphs  unknown 

axillena,  plumbea,   incesta  and   semifasciata 

Libellula  basalis  Say 

1839  Lib  ell ul a  basalis  Say,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.  Jour.  8:23 
1839  Libellula  luctuosa   Burmeister,  Handb.  ent.  2:861 
1861  Libellula  luctuosa  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  152 
1875  Libellula  basalis   Hagen,  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.  Proc.  18:  70 
1893  Libellul  a   basalis   Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20:255  (description) 
1895-97  Libellula   basalis   Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  3:47   and  5:94 
(listed  from  Dobbs  Ferry,  Ithaca,  Kenwood,  Niagara  river) 

1899  Libellula  basalis   Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  96  (description) 

1900  Libellula  basalis  Williamson,  Dragon  flies Ind.  p.  329 

This  is  not  one  of  the  more  common  species  apparently  in  New  York 
state.  I  have  taken  a  few  specimens  at  Ithaca ;  I  saw  one  imago  at 
Saranac  Inn,  and  took  one  nymph  there.  I  studied  and  reared  the 
species  in  1895  at  Galesburg  111.,  where  it  is  abundant.  Of  a  June 
morning  half  an  hour  after  sunrise,  I  have  seen  scores  of  the  nymphs 
transforming  at  a  time  on  the  blue-grass  bordered  banks  of  a  little  pond. 

Nymph.  Total  length  25  mm;  abdomen,  14  mm;  hind  femur  5.5 
mm;  width  of  head,  5.5  mm,  of  abdomen,  6.5  mm. 

The  points  which  will  chiefly  serve  for  comparison  with  other  species 
are  as  follows :  body  not  very  hairy,  generally  dirty  and  showing  little 
color  pattern;  lateral  setae,  seven;  mental  setae  about  10  or  11,  the 
outer  five  or  six  in  a  longer  series ;  movable  hook,  long,  slender,  little 
curved;  dorsal  hooks  on  abdominal  segments  4-8  all  sharp  and  well 
exposed,  but  the  sixth  longest. 

Libellula  auripennis  Burmeister 

Golden-wing 

1839  Libellula   auripennis   Burmeister,  Handb.  ent.  2 :  861 
1861  Li  bell  u  la  auripeunis  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  155 
1866  Libellula  auripennis  Scudder,  Bost.  soc.  nat.  liist.  Proc.  10:191 
1893  Libellula   auripennis   Calvert,   Am.    ent.    soc.   Trans.  20:256    (de- 
scription) 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  533 

1895  Libellula   auripennis   N.  Y.    ent.  soc.  Jour.  3:47  (listed  from  the 
vicinity  of  New  York) 

1899  Libellula   auripennis   Kellicott,  Odori.  Ohio,  p.  97  ^description) 

1900  Libellula   auripennis   Williamson,   Dragon     flies  Ind.   p.   329   (de- 

scription) 

This  beautiful,  golden-winged,  southern  species  is  not  likely  to  be  found 
in  the  state  except  near  the  coast.  .  A  few  years  ago  Prof.  A.  L.  Quaint- 
ance  reared  the  species  at  Lake  City  Fla.,  and  very  kindly  sent  me  the 
bred  specimen  with  its  cast  skin,  and  some  nymphs  in  alcohol.  I  have 
several  times  since  received  the  nymphs  from  other  localities  in  the  south. 
I  have  not  seen  the  species  at  large. 

Nymph.  Total  length  27  mm;  abdomen  17.3  mm;  hind  femur  6  mm; 
width  of  head  6  mm,  of  abdomen  7  mm. 

The  body  is  a  trifle  heavier  than  in  the  nymph  of  b  a  s  a  1  i  s  and  more 
hairy;  the  median  lobe  of  the  labium  is  decidedly  pointed  in  the  middle 
of  its  front  border;  lateral  setae  five;  mental  setae  eight  to  ten,  the  six 
outer  ones  forming  a  larger  series;  movable  hook  rather  stout  and  little 
curved ;  ninth  abdominal  segment  twice  as  long  on  the  ventral  as  on  the 
dorsal  side,  twice  as  long  above  as  the  loth  segment;  dorsal  hooks  on 
segments  3  or  4-8,  straight,  and  sharp;  appendages  as  long  as  the  two 
last  abdominal  segments,  the  laterals  half  as  long  as  the  others. 

Libellula  vibrans  Fabricius 

1793  Libellula  vibrans  Fabricius,  Ent.  syst.  2 : 380 
1861  Libellula  1yd ia  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  155 
1893  Libellula  axillena  vibran  s  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20:  257 
1895  Libellula  axillena  vibrans  Calvert,   N.    Y.   ent.   soc.   Jour.   3:47 
(listed  from  Staten  Island  and  Westchester  co.) 

1899  Libellula  vibrans    Kellicott,  Odon.Ohio,  p.  98  (description) 

1900  Libellula  vibrans   Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  330  (description) 

Another  handsome,  graceful,  well  proportioned  insect,  of  very  swift 
flight;  apparently  not  common  in  this  state.     Its  nymph  is  unknown, 

Libellula  incesta  Hagen 

1861  Libellula  incesta  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.Am.  p.  155 

1893  Libellula  axillena  incesta  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20 : 257 

1899  Libellula  incesta  Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  99  (description ) 

1900  Libellula  incesta  Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p,  330 

This  species  has  not  as  yet  been  taken  in  the  state :  it  is  almost  sure 
to  be  found  there  eventually.  It  ranges  from  New  Hampshire  to  Texas, 
and  is  said  to  be  common  in  places  in  Ohio.     Its  nymph  is  unknown. 


534  NEW   YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 

Libellula  plumbea  Uhler 

1857  Libellula  plumbea  Uhler,  Acad.  uat.  sci.  Phil.  Proc.  p.  87 
1861  Libellula  plumbea  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  157 
1893  Libellula  plumbea  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20 :  256  (description) 
1895  Libellula  plumbea  Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  3 ;  47  (listed  from 
Westchester  co.) 

This  is  another  southern  species  which  seems  not  likely  to  be  found 
commonly  in  the  state  excepting  possibly  in  the  lower  valley  of  the 
Hudson  river.     Its  nymph  is  unknown, 

Libellula  cyanea  Fabricius 

1775  Libellula  cyanea  Fabricius,  Syst.  ent,  p.  424 
1839  Libellula  quadrupla  Say,  Acad,  nat,  sci,  Phil,  Jour.  8 ;  23 
1857  Libellula  bistigma   Uhler,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.  Proc,  p.  87 
1861  Libellula  quadrupla  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur,  N,  Am.  p.  1.57 
1893  Libellula  cyanea    Calvert,  Am,  ent.  soc.  Trans,  20:556  (description) 
1895  Libellula  cyanea    Calvert,  N,  Y.  ent,  soc.  Jour.  3:47  (listed  from  the 
vicinity  of  New  York) 

1899  Libellula  cyanea   Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  97  (descrijition) 

1900  Libellula  cyanea  Williamson,  Dragon  flies  lud.  p.  330. 

This  species  ranges  from  Massachusetts  to  Indiana  and  South  Carolina  ; 
it  is  likely  to  be  found  eventually  in  numerous  unreported  localities  in 
New  York  state,  I  have  not  seen  it  at  large,  but  I  have  been  allowed  to 
study  a  bred  specimen  kindly  lent  me  by  Samuel  Henshaw,  and  from 
that  specimen,  the  following  characters  of  the  nymph  are  drawn. 

Nymph.  Total  length  20  mm;  abdomen  13.5  mm;  hind  femur  5  mm; 
width  of  head  5  mm,  of  abdomen  6.5  mm. 

The  head  is  considerably  narrowed  behind  the  eyes,  and  the  hind 
angles  are  rough  hairy;  lateral  setae  six;  mental  setae  eight  or  nine, 
the  six  or  seven  external  ones  forming  a  stronger  series ;  the  movable 
hook  is  stout,  short  and  almost  straight ;  dorsal  hooks  on  abdominal  seg- 
ments 4-8,  straight  and  sharp ;  lateral  spines  spinulose  hairy  externally, 
those  of  the  ninth  segment  shorter  than  the  loth  segment,  9th  segment 
a  little  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  loth  ;  appendages  as  long  as  the 
last  two  segments,  the  lateral  appendages  half  as  long  as  the  others. 

Libellula  quadrimaculata  Linnaeus 

1785  Libellula   quadrimaculata   Linnaeus,  Syst.  nat.  1 :  543 
1861  Libellula  quadrimaculata  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  150 
1867  Libellula  quadrimaculata   Packard,  Am.  nat.  1 :  310,  pi.  9,  fig.  2 
1893  Libel  lu  la  quadrimaculata  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20:258 
1893-97  Libellula   quadrimaculata  Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour,  3 :  47 
and  5 :  94  (listed  from  New  York,  Ithaca,  Schoharie,  Karner  and  Buffalo) 

1899  Libellula  quadrimaculata  Kellicott,  Odon,  Ohio,  p.  100  (descrip- 

tion) 

1900  Libellula  quadrimaculata  Williamson,  Dragon  flies  lud,  p,  331 

(description) 


,  AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  535 

This  species  occurred  sparingly  at  Saranac  Inn.  A  few  images  were 
seen  sitting  on  twigs  which  rose  directly  a  few  feet  out  of  the  water. 
They  were  shy  and  difficult  to  capture,  and,  when  disturbed,  would  rarely 
return  to  the  same  vicinity.  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  this  so  common 
species  in  its  immature  stages  in  person,  but  I  have  nymphs  sent  me  from 
EUenville  N.  Y,  by  Chester  Young,  and  others  from  the  state  of  Wash- 
ington; these  agree  well  with  specimens  from  France  which  I  have 
received  from  my  esteemed  correspondent,  M.  Rene  Martin,  of  Leblanc. 
The  nymph  of  this  species  has  long  been  known  in  Europe. 

Nymph.  The  largest  EUenville  nymph,  apparently  full  grown,  meas- 
ures in  total  length  26  mm;  abdomen  18  mm ;  hind  femur  6  mm ;  width 
of  head  6  mm,  of  abdomen  8  mm. 

The  head  is  very  compact  in  this  nymph,  scarcely  narrowed  behind 
the  eyes ;  the  median  lobe  of  the  labium  is  produced  at  the  middle  of  its 
free  border  into  a  flat,  toothlike  prominence  ;  lateral  setae  seven ;  mental 
setae  about  13,  of  which  the  seven  outermost  are  longest;  movable 
hook  slender  and  incurvate ;  the  dorsum  of  the  body  is  scurfy  hairy  (hardly 
less  so  than  in  L.  p  u  1  c  h  e  1 1  a ,  described  below),  and  the  hairs  partly 
obscure  the  dorsal  hooks  which  are  present  on  segments  3-8  of  abdomen, 
that  of  the  eighth  segment  short  and  rudimentary ;  lateral  spines  very 
short;  segment  10  about  half  as  long  on  the  dorsal  as  on  the  ventral 
side  ;  appendages  fully  as  long  as  the  last  two  abdominal  segments. 
The  laterals  have  unusual  length  for  a  member  of  this  genus  in  being 
but  about  one  fourth  shorter  than  the  others. 

Libellula  semifasciata  Burmeister 

Plate  23,  fig.  1 
1839  L  ib  ellula   semifasciata   Burmeister,  Handb.  eut.  2  ;  862 
1861  Libellula   semifasciata   Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  151 
1839  Libellula  ternaria  Say,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.  Jour.  8:  21 
1842  Libellula   maculata   Rambur,  Ins.  Neur.  p.  55 
1893  Libellula  semifasciata   Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20 :  258 
1895-97  Libellula   semifasciata   Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  3 :  47  and 
5  :  94  (listed  from  New  York,  Dobbs  Ferry  and  Buffalo) 

1898  Lib  ellula  semifasciata  Needham,  Outdoor  studies,  p.  55,  fig.  54 

1899  Libellula  semifasciata  Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  100  (description) 

1900  Libellula  semifasciata  Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  332   (de- 

scription) 

In  the  north  this  species  is  the  earliest  of  the  genus  to  be  abroad  in 
the  spring,  making  its  appearance  before  the  middle  of  May.  I  have 
oftenest  found  the  imago  about  woodland  brooks — rarely  about  ponds. 
I  have  never  found  the  nymph ;  it  is  still  unknown. 


53^  NEW  YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 

Libellula  pulchella  Drury 

Plate  23,  fig.  3 
1773  Libellula  pulchella   Drury,  Illus.  exotic  eot.  v.  1,  pi.  48,  fig.  5 
1857  Libellula  confusa  Uhler,  Acad.  uat.  sci.  Phil.  Proc.    p.  87 
1861  Lib  el  lu  la  pulchella  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.     p.  153 
1893  L  i  bel  1  ula  pulchella  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.     Trans.     20:259 
1895-97  Libellula  pulchella  Calvert,  N.  Y.   ent.   soc.  Jour.      3:47  and 
5  :  94  (listed  from  Keesevllle,  Dobbs  Ferry,  New  York,  Ithaca,  Scho- 
harie and  Buffalo) 

1898  Libellula  pulchella  Needham,  Outdoor  studies,  p.  56,  fig.  55 

1899  Libellula  pulchella  Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  101  (description) 

1900  Libellula  pulchella   Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  332  (descrip- 

tion) 

This  beautiful,  pond-loving  species  is  one  of  the  best  known  of  all 
Odonata  peculiar  to  North  America.  The  old  and  white  pruinose  males 
hovering  over  the  open  water  under  the  summer  sun  are  certainly  suffi- 
ciently striking  to  catch  the  eye  of  the  most  casual  observer.  The 
species  was  not  common  at  Saranac  Inn.  But  a  few  specimens  were 
seen  there.  I  reared  one  specimen  there,  many  at  Ithaca  (where  the 
species  is  abundant)  and  many  in  Illinois. 

Nymph.  Total  length  26  mm;  abdomen  16  mm;  hind  femur  6  mm; 
width  of  head  6  mm,  of  abdomen  8  mm. 

All  the  ridges  on  the  dorsum  of  this  nymph  are  fringed  with  stiff, 
strong,  erect  hairs ;  these  are  specially  marked  about  the  borders  of  the 
prothbracic  shield,  and  on  the  rear  of  the  head;  the  labium  is  rather 
regularly  rounded  on  the  prominent  median  lobe,  lacking  the  median 
toothlike  prominence  of  some  of  the  other  species;  the  lateral  setae  are 
eight  to  nine  ;  mental  setae  12-13,  the  seven  outermost  each  side  longest; 
the  lateral  spines  are  moderate ;  the  dorsal  hooks  are  quite  distinctive, 
being  represented  only  on  segments  4-6,  rudimentary,  or  sometimes 
wanting  altogether.  Among  my  Ithaca  nymphs  were  a  good  many  on 
which  I  could  find  no  dorsal  hooks  at  all.  My  Illinois  specimens  agree 
with  the  nymph  from  Peoria  111.,  figured  by  Cabot, ^  and  referred  by 
doubtful  supposition  to  Neurocordulia  obsoleta. 

PLATHEMIS 

There  is  a  single  species  within  our  limits. 

Plathemis  lydia  Drury 

Plate  21,  flg.  : 
1770  Libellula   lydia   Drury,  Illus.  exotic  ent.  1 :  112,  pi.  47,  fig.  4 
1773  Lib  ell  ula  trimaculata   DeGeer,  Mem.  ins.     3  :  556,  pi.  26,  fig.  2 

1854  Emmons,  Agric.  N.   Y.    v.  5,  pi.  15,   fig.  4  and  5  (no  name  or 

description) 

1  Immature  state  of  the  Odonata.  pt  3,  pi.  6,  fig.  6. 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS 


537 


1867  Libellula   trimaculata  Packard,  Am.  nat.     1  ;  310,  pi.  9,  fig.  1 
1861  Pla  the  mis    trimaculata   Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.     p.  149 
1873  Libellula  trimaculata  Eiley,  Ins.  Mo.  5tb  rep't,  p.  14   (This  article 

contains  a  woodcut  of  this  species  which  has  been   most    extensively 

copied  in  this  country.) 

1893  Plathemis   trimaculata   Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.     Trans.     20 :  259 
1895-97  Plathemis   trimaculata   Calvert,  N.   Y.   ent.  soc.  Jour.     3  ;  47 

and  5  :  94   (listed  from  New  York,   Dobbs  Ferry,   Itbaca,   Sctioharie, 

Albany  and  Buffalo) 

1898  L  i  b  ell  ul  a   trimaculata   Needham,  Outdoor  studies,  p.  57  and  65, 

fig.  56  and  66 

1899  Plathemis  trimaculata  Kellicott,  Odou.  Ohio,  p.  102   (description) 

1900  Plathemis  lydia   Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.     p.  333  (descriijtion) 
This  is  another  well  known,  widely  distributed  and  generally  common 

species^  which  inhabits  ponds  and  ditches  generally.  I  present  herewith 
(fig.  32)  a  figure  of  its  nymph,  which  I  have  pre- 
viously published  in  Outdoor  studies.  It  differs  firom 
Libellula  and  L  a  d  o  n  a  in  having  the  head 
widest  behind  the  eyes,  and  firom  Libellula  in 
having  the  front  margin  of  the  median  lobe  of  the 
labium  crenulate. 


Nymph.  Total  length  24  mm  ;  abdomen  14  mm ; 
hind  femur  4.5  mm;  width  of  head  4.5  mm,  of  abdo- 
men 5.5  mm. 

Body  elongate,  rather  smooth,  and  more  free  from 
dirt  than  most  Libellulas,  generally  showing  two 
bands  of  blackish  brown  extending  from  beneath  the 
tips  of  the  wing  cases  to  the  bases  of  the  lateral  ap- 
pendages.    Head  not  widened  behind  the  eyes,  but 

•.|  .J  111  I'll  rli-  ■  -TIJ,.    a<i      i-'ursai     vit;w     Ui. 

With  sides  parallel;  median  lobe  of  labium  promi- nymph  of  piathemis 
nent,  but  with  no  middle  tooth  on  its  fore  margin  ;  '^^'^  °™- 
lateral  setae  10;  mental  setae  eight;  of  which  the  five  outer  ones  are 
longer;  abdomen  triquetral,  with  moderate  lateral  spines  on  segments 
8  and  9,  and  with  rudimentary  dorsal  hooks  on  segments  3-5,  highest  on 
the  fourth  segment,  absent  from  the  hinder  segments;  lateral  appendages 
about  half  as  long  as  the  equal  superior  and  inferiors. 


Fig,  32    Dorsal   view  of 


TRAMEA 

But  two  species  of  this  large  genus  seem  to  belong  to  the  New  York 
fauna.  These  are  insects  of  superb  aerial  powers,  representing,  together 
with  the  next  genus,  the  extreme  of  specialization  in  wing  development, 
at  least  for  the  subfamily.  Our  two  species  may  be  recognized,  even 
while  in  flight,  by  the  broad,  basal  colored  band  on  the  hind  wings.  The 
nymphs  agree  in  having  the  body  smooth,  depressed,  unusually  clean  and 
marked  with  a  pattern  of  brownish  on  a  ground  of  clear  transparent  green; 


538  NEW   YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 

head  widest  across  the  eycb,  which  are  set  well  back  toward  the  hind 
angles,  the  widest  point  being  a  little  posterior  to  the  middle  of  the  head; 
rear  of  head  abruptly  rounded  and  a  little  concave  on  the  hind  margin; 
legs  long,  thin;  tarsi  with  the  second  and  third  joints  each  twice  the 
length  of  the  first;  abdomen  strongly  depressed,  without  dorsal  hooks; 
dorsum  smooth,  with  a  pattern  of  paler  mottlings  on  a  darker  ground; 
lateral  spines  of  the  eighth  segment  one  and  one  half  times  as  long  as  the 
body  of  the  ninth  segment,  those  of  the  ninth  segment  longer,  reaching 
the  level  of  the  tips  of  the  superior  appendage  ;  loth  segment  about  half 
as  long  as  the  ninth ;  appendages  longer  than  the  last  two  abdominal 
segments,  superior  a  very  little  shorter  than  the  inferiors,  laterals  one 
fourth  as  long;  external  margins  of  superior  and  inferior  appendages  and 
of  the  lateral  spines  spinulose. 

These  unusually  attractive  nymphs  live  in  the  midst  of  green  vegeta- 
tion about  the  shores  of  ponds  and  lakes. 

Our  two  species  may  be  distinguished  as  follows. 

Imagos 

a  Mature  coloration  of  the  basal  patch  of  the  hind  wings  reddish . .  Carolina 
aa  Mature  coloration  of  the  basal  patch  of  the  hind  wing  blackish ..  lacerata 

Nymphs 

a  Fourth  joint  of  the  antenna  three  fourths  as  long  as  the  third  ...  Carolina 
aa  Fourth  joint  of  the  antenna  one  half  as  long  as  the  third laeerata 

Tramea   Carolina   Linnaeus 

1763  Libollula  Carolina  Linnaeus,  Ceutur.  ins.  p.  28 
1861  Tramea  Carolina  Hageu,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  143 
1890  Tramea    Carolina  Cabot,  Immature  state  Odon.  pt  3,  p.  46,  pi.  6,  fig.  2 
1893  Tramea  Carolina  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20 :  255 
1895-97  Tramea   Carolina   Calvert,    N.   Y.   ent.  soc.  Jour.  3:47  and  5:94 
(listed  from  New  York  city  and  Schoharie) 

A  large  and  very  handsome  species  that  is  common  all  along  our 
southern  coast,  and  is  distributed  sparingly  throughout  the  Mississippi 
valley. 

Nymph.  Total  length  25  mm  ;  abdomen  15  mm  ;  hind  femur  7.5  mm ; 
width  of  head  7.5  mm,  of  abdomen  9  mm. 

Save  for  the  slightly  larger  size  and  a  slightly  darker  general  color,  I 
can  find  no  differences  between  this  nymph  and  that  ofT.  lacerata 
excepting  the  ones  stated  in  the  table:  I  find  but  10  lateral  setae  in  my 
nymphs  of  Carolina,  while  generally  there  is  an  added  shorter  one , 
at  the  proximal  end  of  the  row  in  lacerata. 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  539 

Tramea  lacerata  Hagen 

1861  Tramea  lacerata  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  145 
1890  Tramea  lacerata  Cabot,  Immature  state  Odon.  pt  3,  p.  46,  pi.  6,  fig.  1 
1893  Tramea  lacerata  Calvert,  Am.  ent.  see.  Trans.  20  :  255 
1895-97  Tramea  lacerata  Calvert,  ]SI.  Y.   ent.  soc.  Jour.  3:47   and   5:94 
(listed  from  Freeville  and  Buffalo) 

1899  Tramea  lacerata  Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  94  (description) 

1900  Tramea  lacerata  Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  316  (description) 

This  species  is  likely  to  be  found  more  generally  distributed  through 
the  central  part  and  in  the  higher  altitudes  of  New  York  state  than  the 
preceding  one.  It  flies  throughout  the  greater  part  of  the  season.  Pairs 
are  often  seen  coursing  the  borders  of  ponds  and  ovipositing  in  early 
spring,  and  in  August  males  are  often  seen  out  on  the  uplands,  miles 
from  water,  foraging.  They  are  exceedingly  difficult  to  capture  ;  but  the 
nymphs  are  often  found  quite  abundantly  and  are  easily  reared. 

Nymph.  Measures  in  total  length  24  mm  ;  abdomen  14  mm ;  hind 
femur  7.5  mm;  width  of  head  7.5  mm,  of  abdomen  9  mm. 

Characters  as  stated  for  the  genus :  there  is  a  middorsal  paler  line  on 
the  abdomen,  distinguishable  among  the  other  paler  markings ;  there  is  a 
little  proximal  seta  on  the  lateral  labial  lobe  added  to  the  10  that  are 
always  present  in  Carolina;  the  hook  is  very  long  and  slender  and 
incurvate  at  end  as  in  that  species;  the  mental  setae  are  14-15,  as  in 
that  species,  with  the  outer  8  or  9  very  close  set  and  longer. 

PANTALA 

Our  state  can  claim  but  a  single  species. 

Pantala  flavescens  Fabricius 

1798  Libellula  flavescens  Fabricius,  Ent.  syst.  snppl.  p.  285 
1861  Pantala  flavescens  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  142 
1890  Pantala  flavescens  Cabot,  Immature  state  Odon.  pt  3,  p.  43,  pi.  6, 

fig.  5 
1893  Pantala  flavescens   Calvert,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  20:254 
1895  Pantala  flavescens   Calvert,  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.  Jour.  3:47 

1899  Pantala  flavescens  Kellicott,  Odon.  Ohio,  p.  93  (description) 

1900  Pantala  flavescens  Williamson,  Dragon  flies  Ind.  p.  315   (descrip- 

tion ;  recorded  from  New  York  state) 

This  cosmopolitan  species  is  apparently  rare  within  our  limits. 

Nymph.  Measures  in  total  length  25  mm;  abdomen  15  mm;  hind 
femur  7  mm;  width  of  head  7  mm,  of  abdomen  8  mm. 

Body  clean,  smooth,  depressed,  very  similar  to  Tramea,  with  rows 
of  four  to  six  black  dots  arranged  transversely  near  the  apex  of  abdominal 
segments  5-8,  paired  blotches  at  the  middle  of  the  sides  of  segment  7, 
at  the   lateral   margins   of  segment  8,  and  near  the  middorsal  line  of 


540  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

segment  9;  black  markings  suffusing  segment  10;  a  black  mark  on  the 
middle  of  each  of  the  inferior  appendages;  lateral  setae  12  to  14;  mentals 
about  15,  the  nine  outer  ones  longer;  teeth  obliquely  oval,  as  high  as 
wide,  spinulose  at  apex;  tarsus  with  its  second  joint  twice  as  long  and 
its  third,  thrice  as  long  as  the  first. 

No  dorsal  hooks  at  all;  lateral  spines  long,  a  httle  incurvate;  those 
of  the  eighth  segment  reaching  the  level  of  the  apical  border  of  the  ninth 
segment;  those  of  the  ninth  segment  twice  as  long  as  that  segment, 
their  apices  reaching  the  level  of  the  tips  of  the  lateral  appendages; 
superior  appendage  as  long  as  or  a  little  longer  than  the  inferiors ;  laterals 
one  fifth  shorter. 

The  nymphs  of  this  genus  may  be  distinguished  from  those  of 
Tram e a  by  the  greater  length  of  the  superior  abdominal  appendage, 
by  the  greater  depth  of  the  incisions  between  the  teeth  on  the  opposed 
margins  of  the  lateral  labial  lobes,  and  by  the  brevity  of  the  movable 
hook — hardly  longer  than  the  teeth,  while  in  T  r  a  m  e  a  it  is  nearly  as 
long  as  the  setae. 

Order  NEUROPTEEA. 

Ant  liojis,  aphis  lions,  dobsons,  etc. 

Of  this  group  as  now  delimited  by  most  entomologists,  a  small  pro- 
portion is  aquatic,  constituting  one  family  (Sialidae)  and  part  of  another 
(Hemerobiidae).  Members  of  the  order  agree  in  the  possession  of 
carnivorous  habits  and  in  their  type  of  metamorphosis,  and  in  Httle  else. 
The  families  of  Neuroptera  occurring  within  the  state  of  New  York  may 
be  separated  by  the  following  table. 

KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES  OF  NEUROPTERA 

a  Antennae  enlarged  toward  the  tip,  club-sbaped,  or  witli  a  terminal  knob 
(Larvae  terrestrial:  ant  lions,  etc.;  the  commoner  oues  make  the  well- 
known  "pitfalls"  in  sand  or  dust  iu  sequestered  places.  Pupa  inclosed  in 
cocoon  of  silk,  hidden  in  the  same  jilaces  as  those  in  which  the  larva  lives) 

Myrmeleonidae 
aa  Antennae  without  terminal  enlargement 

6  Fore  legs  fitted  for  seizing  prey,  stouter  than  the  other  legs ;  attached  to 
the  front  end  of  an  extremely  long  prothorax 

(The  larvae,  so  far  as  known,  live  parasitically  in  the  nests  of  spiders 
and  wasps,  and  transform  to  pupae  in  the  same  places  within  a  cocoon 

of  silk) - Mantispidae 

&&  Fore  legs  not  thicker  than  other  legs;  not  fitted  for  grasping  ;  not  attached 
at  the  front  end  of  a  very  long  prothorax 
c  Wings  with  few  and  simple  veins,  and  covered  with  a  whitish    powder 
(Minute  and  rare  insects ;  larvae,  so  far  as  known,  arboreal ;  feed- 
ing on  aphids  ;  pupating  in  a  double  layered  cocoon  of  silk) 

Coniopterygidae 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  54I 

cc  Wiugs  with  many  veins  and  not  covered  with  whitish  powder 

d  Wing  veins  all  terminating  at  the  distal  border  of  the  wing  in  a  suc- 
cession  of  symmetric   forks,   the  ultimate   forks   often    forming     a 
peripheral  zone  around  the  distal  margin  of  the  wing 
e  Cross  veins  between  the  radius  and    its  sector  numerous  (ten  or  more) 
(Green  or  yellowish   insects  :  lace  wing  flies ;  larvae,  aphis   lions, 
arboreal;   pupating  in   cocoon  of  silk,  attached  to  the  plants  on 

which  they  have  lived) Chrysopidae 

ee  Cross  veins  between  the  radius  and  its  sector  few  (two  to  six) 

Hemerobiidae 

dd  Wing  veins  meeting  the  outer  wing  margin  in  straight  lines.     Forks 

fewer,  more  remote  from  the  margin  and  less  symmetric ..  Sialidae 

The  two  families  which  contain  our  aquatic  species  will  now  be  con- 
sidered in  detail.  Their  larvae  have  already  been  distinguished  in  the 
key  to  the  orders  of  aquatic  insect  larvae. 

Family  &iJ>>^i^nDJs.E. 

Alder  flies  ^  fish  flies,  dob  sons,  etc. 

This  family  comprises  but  few  genera  and  species ;  but  the  large  size 
and  the  enormous  number  of  individuals  of  some  of  the  species  make 
them  a  well  known  part  of  the  aquatic  population.  Few  insects  of  incon- 
spicuous coloration  and  secretive  habits  are  so  well  known.  Every 
species,  in  larval  as  well  as  adult  stages,  is  attractive  food  for  fishes,  and 
many  of  them  are  among  the  insects  most  highly  prized  and  most  com- 
monly used  for  bait. 

The  adult  insects  do  not  wander  far  from  the  borders  of  their  native 
streams  or  ponds;  they  are  generally  found  sitting  closely  on  some 
support,  with  wings  folded  like  a  roof  over  the  back.     They  fly  but  little. 

The  larvae  are  somewhat  cylindric,  with  large  heads  and  very  large 
raptorial  mandibles,  and  have  on  the  sides  of  each  of  the  first  seven  or 
eight  abdominal  segments  a  pair  of  long,  conspicuous  lateral  filaments. 

The  eggs  are  deposited  on  any  convenient  support  near  the  water,  in 
clusters  whose  form  varies  with  the  genus,  and  to  a  less  extent,  with  the 
species. 

Our  three  genera  may  be  distinguished  as  follows. 

KEY   TO  GENERA  OF  SIALIDAE 

Ijnagos 

a  Fourth  segment  of  the  tarsus  bilobed  ;  posterior  branch  of  the  radial  sector 

forked.    No  ocelli Sialis 

aa  Fourth  segment  of  the  tarsus  simple,   cylindric ;  posterior  branch   of  the 
radial  sector  simple.     Three  ocelli 


542  NEW   YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 

h  Hind  angles  of  the  head  rounded  ;  the  median  vein  two  branched ;   anten- 
nae with  segments  enlarged  distally Chauliodes 

66  Hind  angles  of  the  head  hearing  a  sharp  angulation  or  tooth ;  median 
vein  ihree-branched;  segments  of  the  antennae  cylindric 

Corydalis 
Larvae 

a  The  last  abdominal  segment  produced  in  a  long,  median,  laterally  fringed 
tail  like  process;  a  pair  of  lateral  filaments  on  abdominal  segments  1-7 

S  ialis 
aa  Last  abdominal  segment  bifurcated,  the  fleshy  forks  each  bearing  a  pair  of 
hooks  and  a  minute,  external,  lateral  filament;  conspicuous  lateral   fila- 
ments on  abdominal  segments  1-8 
6  Lateral  filaments  with  no  tuft  of  fine  tracheal  gills  at  their  bases] 

Chauliodes 
66  Lateral  filaments  each  with  a  tuft  of  fine  tracheal  gills  at  its  base 

Corydalis 
SIALIS 

Alder  Jly^ :  orl  fly 
A  single  species  of  this  genus  is  recorded  from  this  state. 

Sialis  infumata  Newman 
Smoky  orl  fly 

Plate  29,  fig.  3 

1838  Sialis  infumata  Newman,  Ent.  mag.  5  :  500 

1853  Sialis  infumata  Walker,  Cat.  neur.  ins.  Brit.  mus.  3 :  195 

1861  Sialis  infumata  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  188 

1863  Sialis  infumata  Hagen,  Ent.  soc.  Phil.  Proc.  2 :  180 

1863  Sialis  infumata  Walsh,  Ent.  soc.  Phil.  Proc.  2 :  261-62  (figure  of  male 

genitalia) 
1892  Sialis  infumata  Banks,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans,  (listed) 
1888  Sialis  infumata  Howard,  Insect  life,  1:99  (Sialis  larvae  in  pools 

with  Simulium) 

This  is  a  dusky  brownish  fly,  often  seen  with  wings  closely  folded  sit- 
ting on  sedge  leaves  near  quiet  waters.  It  may  be  taken  with  the  fingers; 
but,  if  the  fingers  close  too  slowly,  it  will  fall  to  the  ground,  kick  vigor- 
ously several  times  to  push  itself  into  some  crevice  or  tangle  of  stems  and 
lie  very  quietly ;  then  it  will  be  difficult  to  find  again.  The  collector  may 
take  advantage  of  this  habit  by  bringing  his  opened  cyanid  bottle  up  to 
the  insect  from  below. 

This  species  is  widely  and  generally  distributed  over  the  United  States, 
and  is  often  very  abundant,  specially  westward.     I  have  seen  the  grassy 

1  So  called  in  England  because  often  found  on  alders  overhanging  tranquil  streams. 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  543 

shores  of  a  pond  at  Galesburg  111.  black  with  these  flies  about  the  begin- 
ning of  June. 

Several  adults  were  taken  on  both  Little  Clear  and  Big  Clear  creeks, 
during  the  latter  half  of  June.  Larvae  were  obtained  in  small  numbers 
from  Little  Clear  creek  on  the  hatchery  grounds.  No  attempt  was  made 
to  rear  them.  I  have  reared  the  species  in  Ithaca  N.  Y.  in  1897.  Larvae 
obtained  here  agree  entirely  with  others  from  Ithaca  and  from  Galesburg 
III. 

The  larvae  live  in  trashy  places  filled  with  aquatic  plants  in  the  borders 
of  streams  and  ponds.  They  clamber  through  fallen  vegetation  with 
great  agility,  and  push  their  way  readily  through  sediment  fallen  on  the 
bottom.  In  an  aquarium,  and  probably  outside,  the  abdomen  maintains 
an  undulating  motion,  the  long  tail  being  intermittently  lashed  up  and 
down.  This  causes  a  swirl  in  the  water,  which  is  doubtless  useful  in  bring- 
ing a  fresh  supply  of  water  into  contact  with  the  lateral  filaments. 

The  larvae,  when  fully  grown,  transform  in  moist  soil  at  some  little 
distance  from  the  edge  of  the  water.  At  a  depth  of  several  inches  or  a 
foot  or  more,  depending  on  the  character  of  the  soil,  an  oval  cell  is 
formed  in  which  the  larva  curls  itself  up,  and  without  making  a  cocoon 
becomes  a  pupa.  Two  or  three  weeks  after  the  making  of  the  pupal  cell 
the  adult  fly  emerges. 

Excellent  available  accounts  of  European  species  of  Sialis  are: 

Pictet,  F.  J.     M6iiioire  sur  le  genre  Sialis  Latreille,  etc.     Ann.  sci.  uat.  (2) 

1836.  5 :  69-80,  1  colored  pi.  (life  history) 
Nunney,  W.  H.      Development  of  the  alder  fly.     Science  gossip,     n.  s.  1895 

2 : 257-58. 
Miall,  L.  C.     The  alder  fly.     Natural  history  of  aquatic  insects,  p.  273-8,  1895. 

Larva  (PI.  29,  fig.  3)  Measures  in  length  22  mm,  including  a 
tail  4  mm  long;  width  2.3  mm.  Head  and  thorax  of  equal  width, 
abdomen  very  slowly  tapering. 

Color  yellowish,  darker  on  the  abdomen;  a  middorsal  Hne  of  brown 
extending  from  the  middle  of  the  head  to  the  base  of  the  abdomen,  in- 
terrupted on  the  middle  of  the  prothorax ;  an  arrow-shaped  mark  on  the 
frons,  and  a  brown  line  extending  obliquely  inward  from  the  hind  angles 
of  the  head.  Sides  of  thorax  mottled  with  yellow  and  brown.  Abdomen 
brownish  or  purphsh  with  paler  sutures  and  a  pair  of  submedian,  dorsal 
()-marks  on  the  middle  abdominal  segments. 

Head  depressed,  subquadrangular,  with  rounded  angles,  and  pro- 
jecting mouth  parts;  prothorax  subquadrangular,  as  large  as  the  head, 
and  about  as  large  as  the  two  succeeding  segments  of  the  thorax  taken 
together. 

Abdominal  segments  4-7  of  about  equal  length,  3,  2  and  i,  succes- 
sively, each  a  little  shorter;  segment  9  a  Httle  shorter  than  8;  10  drawn 
out  into  the  tapering,  lashlike  filament  4  mm  long;  the  filament  marked 
with  black  at  two  thirds  its  length  and  laterally  fringed  with  yellowish 


544  NEW   YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

hairs;  lateral  filaments  more  or  less  distinctly  5-segmented,  tapering, 
sparsely  fringed  with  hairs,  increasing  in  length  posteriorly,  on  segment  i 
as  long  as  the  width  of  that  segment;  on  segment  7  twice  as  long  as 
on  I. 

Body  smooth ;  legs  smooth  at  bases,  hairy  toward  the  tip,  yellow ; 
tarsal  claws  unequal,  tipped  with  black.  As  with  other  semi-burrowers 
and  burrowers,  the  forelegs  are  closer  together  at  base  that  are  the  legs 
of  the  other  pairs. 

Pupa.  (PI.  29,  fig.  2.)  Length  (coiled)  9  mm ;  width  of  head  3.7  mm, 
of  abdomen  4  mm. 

Body  clad  with  soft,  fine  hairs,  specially  on  head  and  thorax ;  head 
and  appendages  pale  yellow,  varying  with  age.  Thoracic  dorsum  yel- 
lowish with  broad,  brownish  or  purplish  marks  at  sides  and  on  front 
margins  of  segments ;  abdomen  short,  thick,  accurate,  with  obtuse  but 
prominent  lateral  margins,  narrowed  a  little  at  both  ends ;  no  sharp 
angles  or  spines  on  any  of  the  segments;  apical  segments  mainly  yellow ; 
the  others  suffused  more  or  less  with  brown  or  purple  tending  to  be 
arranged  in  a  pattern  as  follows  :  a  middorsal,  narrow  line  ;  a  dorsolateral 
interrupted  band;  a  lateral  row  of  dots,  three  ventral  rows  each  side  of 
unequal  marks,  confluent  in  stripes  or  interrupted ;  sutures  all  darker. 
There  is  a  transverse,  anteapical,  impressed  line  of  brown  on  the  middle 
abdominal  segments. 

CHAULIODES 

Of  the  eight  nominal  North  American  species  of  this  genus,  but  two 
are  recorded  from  this  state.  These  two  and  a  third  occur  at  Saranac 
Inn. 

These  insects  are  less  secretive  than  those  in  other  genera  of  the 
family.  Images  of  some  species  ofChauliodes  at  least  are  abroad 
habitually  during  hours  of  sunshine,  making  short,  fluttering  flights 
from  stem  to  stem.  They  rest  most  of  the  time :  resting  or  flying,  they 
are  easily  taken  with  a  net. 

The  eggs  are  placed  in  somewhat  regular  rows  on  the  surface  of  some 
leaf  or  other  support;  sometimes  over  water,  but  oftener  at  a  short 
distance  from  it. 

The  larvae  Hve  in  wet  places  at  the  edge  of  the  water,  or  in  water 
close  to  the  surface,  and  are  perhaps  oftenest  found  clinging  to  the  under 
side  of  floating  logs  or  crawling  beneath  the  loosened  bark.  They  crawl 
rapidly  and  cling  securely  by  means  of  the  claws  on  the  thoracic  legs  and 
on  the  bifurcated  tenth  abdominal  segment.  They  swim  but  poorly  by 
means  of  undulations  of  the  abdomen  and  lashing  of  the  lateral  filaments. 

The  lateral  filaments  are  less  important  respiratory  organs  than  in 
Sialis.  While  they  contain  tracheae,  they  also  contain  a  larger  pro- 
portion of  muscle  and  are  covered  by  thicker  integument.  There  are 
nine  pairs  of  well  developed  spiracles,  one  pair  in  the  sides  of  the  pro- 
thorax  at  its  hind  margin,  and  one  on  each  of  the  first  eight  abdominal 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  545 

segments,  situated  just  above  the  bases  of  the  lateral  filaments.  The 
pair  on  the  eighth  segment  is  more  or  less  elevated  above  the  surface  of 
the  segment,  being  more  or  less  extended  in  flexuous  respiratory  tubes. 
These  tubes  may  reach  a  length  exceeding  that  of  the  lateral  filaments. 
They  enable  the  larva  to  remain  below  while  taking  air  at  the  surface  of 
the  water. 

The  genus  is  semiaquatic. 

The  full  grown  larva  finds  a  place  above  the  level  of  the  water  under  a 
stone  or  log  or  layer  of  moss  or  in  a  rotten  log  and  excavates  a  cell  in 
moist  soil  or  in  rotten  wood,  in  which  without  spinning  a  cocoon  it 
enters  on  a  pupal  period  of  about  two  weeks'  duration. 

Three  species  of  Chauliodes  larvae  were  taken  in  the  edges  of 
Little  Clear  pond  and  creek.  None  of  them  were  raised.  One  of  them 
agrees  with  the  larva  figured  asCh.  pectinicornis^  by  J.  Bridgham 
in  Dr  Lintner's  eighth  report  as  entomologist  of  the  state  of  New  York 
(1893.  pi.  i).  Another  is  distinguished  by  its  size  :  it  is  too  large  to  be 
the  larva  of  any  known  New  York  species  save  Ch.  pectinicornis. 
The  third  one  should  belong  to  Ch.  rastricornis,^  and  probably  it 
does;  for  it  agrees  with  the  larva  of  that  species  as  figured  by  Prof. 
Weed,  and  copied  in  the  above  mentioned  report  of  Dr  Lintner.  Since 
no  specific  differences  m  habits  were  noted  for  these  larvae  save  that  the 
one  referred  toCh.  pectinicornis  was  less  aquatic,  and  since  they 
can  not  be  referred  to  the  species  discussed  below  with  positive  certainty, 
the  structural  differences  between  them  may  as  well  be  briefly  indicated 
here. 

a    The  spiracles  of  the  eighth  abdominal  segment  widely  separated,   their 
margins  elevated  but  slightly  above  the  level  of  the  segment 

Ch.  pectinicornis,   supposition 

aa  Spiracles  of  the  eighth  abdominal  segment  approximated  and  drawn  out  into 

a  pair  of  long,  flexuous,  contractile  respiratory  tubes  which  surpass  the 

tip  of  the  abdomen 

b  Respiratory  tubes  conspicuously  unequal  in  length;  the  10th  abdominal 

segment  including  its  claws  two  and  a  half  times   the  length   of  the 

ninth  ;  the  lateral  filament  of  the  10th  segment  surpassing  the  tips  of 

the  claws  by  more  than  the  length  of  the  claws 

Ch.  serricornis,  supposition 

hb  Respiratory  tubes  about  equal  in  length  ;  the  10th  abdominal  segment 

with  its  claws  one  and  a  half  times  the  length  of  the  ninth ;  the  lateral 

filament  of  the  10th  segment  surpassing  the  tips  of  the  claws  by  less 

than  the  length  of  the  claws Ch.  rastricornis,  supposition 


1  This,  I  take  it,  was  a  case  of  mistakeu  determination.  The  larva  was  not  reared ;  it  is  too 
small  to  belong  to  pectinicornis;  it  is  like  larvae  of  Ch.  serricornis,  bred  byMrHen- 
shaw  and  in  the  Museum  of  comparative  zoology.    I  therefore  refer  it  to  that  species. 

aOhloagric.  esp.  sta.  Tech.  ser.  Bui.  1889. 1:7-10,  pi.  1,  fig.  3. 


546  NEW   YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 

Chauliodes  rastricornis  Rambur 

1842  Ch.   rastricornis   Rambur,  Ins.  Neur.  p.  444 
1853  Cli.   rastricornis   Walker,  Cat.  neur.  ins.  Brit.  mus.  3 :  198 
1861  Cb.   rastricornis  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  189 
1863  Ch.   rastricornis   Hagen,  Eut.  soc.  Pbil.  Proc.  2 :  181 
1863  Ch.   rastricornis  Walsh,  Ent.   soc.  Phil.  Proc.  2:  263-64  (larva  de- 
scribed and  distiuguisbed  from   Corydalis   larva) 
1889  Ch.   rastricornis  Weed,  Ohio  agric.  exp.  sta.  Tech.  ser.  Bui.  1 :  7-10, 

pi.  1,  fig.  3  (life  history) 
1892  Ch.   rastricornis   Banks,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  19 :  357  (listed) 

Ch.    rastricornis  Lintner,  N.  Y.  state  ent.  8th  rep't.  p.  158-59  (notes 
on  distribution) 

To  the  excellent  account  of  this  insect  given  by  Professor  Weed  we 
have  nothing  to  add  save  a  few  notes  as  to  its  occurrence  at  Saranac 
Inn,  The  imago  was  not  observed  at  all  outside  our  breeding  cages. 
Larvae  and  pupae  were  obtained  in  several  places  about  the  shores  of 
Little  Clear  pond. 

June  14  Dr  Felt  and  I,  while  looking  over  the  ground  preparatory  to 
beginning  regular  operations,  rowed  into  the  little  bay  on  the  west  side  of 
Blueberry  island  in  Little  Clear  pond  and  found  the  species  in  abundance. 
The  bank  was  overhung  with  clumps  of  fragrant  Labrador  tea,  and  here 
and  there  lay  a  rotting  hemlock  log  half  in  the  water  and  half  out,  the 
exposed  portion  bearing  an  ornamental  covering  of  matted  moss  and 
sundew  plants.  Our  boat  touched  shore  beside  one  of  these  logs;  and 
there  was  a  hole  i'n  the  rotten  wood,  with  an  empty  pupa  skin  hanging 
out  of  it.  We  followed  this  clue,  and,  examining  the  log,  found  the 
Chauliodes  pupae.  By  pulling  apart  the  crumbling  fragments  with 
our  fingers,  we  in  a  very  little  while  found  in  this  and  a  few  other  logs 
near  by,  25  pupae.  One  of  these  transformed  on  the  way  home,  and  the 
imago  was  lost ;  three  were  raised ;  a  number  were  preserved  for  specimens, 
and  the  remainder  died.  On  the  i6th  I  returned  to  this  place  again, 
and  found  that  by  this  time  many  had  transformed.  There  were  still 
plenty  of  pupae  to  be  found,  however,  by  dihgent  searching  of  the  partly 
submerged  and  crumbling  logs. 

Chauliodes  eggs,  which  I  took  to  belong  to  this  species,  were  not 
uncommonly  found  attached  to  the  flat  surface  of  some  old,  gray  snag  or 
board  several  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  water.  They  were  more 
grayish  in  color  than  the  eggs  of  Ch.  serricornis,  and  were  ar- 
ranged in  somewhat  more  regular  V-shaped  rows,  and  never  more  than 
one  layer  in  depth.  I  saw  a  number  of  clusters  about  July  i  on  the 
side  of  the  boathouse  facing  the  pond.     These,   as  well  as  the  clusters 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  547 

found  on  snags  about  the  lake  shores,  were  very  generally  parasitized,  by 
the  very  minute  egg  parasite,  Trichogramma  minutum  Riley. 
The  proportion  of  the  eggs  thus  destroyed  in  a  number  of  clusters  col- 
lected in  several  places,  was  found  by  count  to  exceed  70%.  As  will  be 
noted  below,  a  great  number  of  clusters  of  eggs  ofCh.  serricornis 
were  hatched  under  observation.  Among  these  not  a  single  egg  parasite 
was  observed. 

Chauliodes  pectinicornis  Linnaeus 
Comb-horned  fish  fly 

Plate  26,  fig.  1 
1763  H  e  merobi  u  s   pectinicornis   Linnaeus,  Amoea.  acad.     6:412 
1767  H  e  m  er  o  bi  u  8    pectinicornis    Linnaeus   Syst.  nat.  Ed.    12,    v.    1, 

pt  2,  p.  911 
1775  Hemerobius  pectinicornis    Fabricius,  Syst.  ent.  p.  309, 
1781  Semblis  pectinicornis  Fabricius,  Spec.  ius.  1 : 386 
1787  Semblis  pectinicornis  Fabricius,  Mant.  ins.  1 :  244 
1807  Chauliodes  pectinicornis  Latreille,  Gen.  crust,  ins.     3 :  198 

1862  Chauliodes  pectinicornis  Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  189 

(description  of  imago) 

1863  C  haulio  d  es    pectinicornis  Hagen,  Eut.   soe.   Phil.  Proc.    2:181 

(mention) 

1869  Ch  au  1  io  d  e  8  p  e  cti  n  i  c  o  r  n  i  s    Walsh-Riley,   Am.   ent,    1:245  (char- 
acters of  imago) 

1869  Chauliodes  pectinicornis  Packard,  Guide  study  ins.  p.  607 

1873  Chauliodes  pectinicornis  Hagen,  Bost.  soc.  nat.  hist.  Proc.  15  :  29 

(mention) 

1874  Ch  aulio  des  pec  t  i  n  i  corni  s    Pettit,  Can.  ent.  6:45  (occurrence  in 

Canada) 

1877  C  h  a  n  liod  es    pectinicornis    Moody,    Psyche.      2:52    (description 

(in  part)  and  habits  of  larva) 

1878  Chauliodes  pectinicornis  Riley,  Can.  ent.  11 : 97-98 

1879  C  h  auliode  8    pectinicornis    Riley,    Am.    ass'n     adv.    sci.    Proc. 

p.  286-87  (eggs  and  characters  of  larvae) 
1888  Chauliodes  pectinicornis   Comstock,  Introd.  ent.  p.  220 
1888  C  h  a  ul  i  o  d  e  s    pectinicornis   Packard,   Eut.   for  beginners,    p.   87 

(mention) 
1895  Chauliodes  pectinicornis   Comstock,  Manual  stud.  ius.  p.  178 
Chauliodes    pectinicornis    Lintner,    N.  Y.    state     ent.    8th   an. 
rep't.  p.  155-59  (a  full  account  with  digest  of  preceding  papers  and  origi- 
nal figure  of  imago  (text  fig.  15)  and  remarks  as  to  its  probable  econ- 
omic status) 

A  single  female^  specimen  was  bred  from  a  pupa  found  in  an  old  pine 

1  This  female  was  caged  in  a  trap  lantern  (from  which  the  cyanld  was  omitted;  for  a  night  and 
part  of  two  days,  in  the  hope  of  luring  males,  but  without  result. 


548 


NEW   YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 


stump  in  the  edge  of  the  water  near  the  outlet  of  Little  Clear  pond.  The 
pupal  cell  was  located  in  red -rotten  wood,  fracturing,  but  not  crumbling, 
and  was  about  a  foot  above  the  level  of  the  water.  Soon  after  trans- 
formation the  photograph  reproduced  in  pi.  26,  fig.  i  was  taken.  It 
shows  beside  the  imago,  a  piece  of  the  stump,  the  broken  cell,  and  the 
pupal  skin. 

This  is  the  largest  of  the  ashen  gray  species  of  Chauliodes.  It  meas- 
ures in  length  to  tip  of  wings  54  mm.  Expanse  of  wings  95  mm.  It  has 
sometimes  been  confused  with  the  other  common  gray  species  Ch. 
rastricornis,  but  may  readily  be  distinguished  by  the  characters 
tabulated  below. 


CHAEACTEES  COMPAEED 

EASTEICOENIS 

PECTINICOENIS 

antennae  of  female 

serrate 

pectinate 

embossed     markings    on 
head  and  prothorax 

black  on  a  paler  ground 

yellow  on  a  black  ground 

prothorax 

longer  than  wide 

not  longer  than  wide 

radial  sector 

5-6  branched 

7  branched 

pale  fuscous  spots  on  fore 
wings 

indistinct,  isolated 

meeting  in  narrow,  trans- 
verse bands  across  the 
middle  of  the  wing 

base  of  the  upper  limb  of 
first  fork  of  radical  sec- 
tor, as   far  as  the  first 
cross  vein  in  cell  Ei 

black 

mostly  white 

Near  the  place  where  the  insect  was  found  in  a  stump  the  larvae 
referred  to  this  species  by  supposition  were  taken:  one  on  July  18, 
apparently  fully  grown,  and  two  smaller  ones  June  30. 

The  full  grown  larva  measured  55  mm  in  length;  width  of  prothorax 
5  mm;  length  of  respiratory  tubes  on  eighth  abdominal  segment  only  .7 
mm.  (Ch.  serricornis  larvae,  length  ;^6 ;  of  respiratory  tubes  5; 
width  of  prothorax  3). 

Color  yellowish  brown,  darker  on  head  and  prothorax ;  margins  of 
sclerites  yellowish ;  clypeus  yellow ;  labrum  reddish  brown.  Legs  yel- 
lowish, washed  with  brown  exteriorly.     A  longitudinal  mark  of  brown  at 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  549 

the  base  of  each  of  the  lateral  filaments  of  the  tenth  abdominal  segment 
on  its  inner  side.     Other  characters  as  given  in  the  table  for  larvae 

above. 

Chauliodes  serricornis    Say 

Saw-horned  fish  fly 

Plate  27 
1821  Chauliodes  serricornis   Say,  Acad.  nat.  sei.  Phil.  Jour.  v.  2,  appen- 
dix p.  307 
1839  Chauliodes    serricornis    Burmeister,  Handb.  ent.     2:949 
1842  Neuromus    maculatus  Eambur,  Ins.  Neur.  p.  442,  pi.  10,  fig.  2 
1853  Neuromus    maculatus  Walker,  Cat,  Neur.  ins.  Brit.  mus.     3:202 
1861  Chauliodes    maculatus   Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  190 
1863  Chauliodes    serricornis   Walsh,    (Corrects   Hagen's  names)     Ent. 
soc.  Phil.  Proe.  2  :  262 

1892  Chauliod  68    serricornis    Banks,  Am.  ent.  soc.     19  :  357  (listed) 

1893  Chauliodes    serricornis    Lintner,   N.   Y.   state  ent.  8th   an.  rep't, 

p.  157  (notes  on  its  occurrence  in  New  York  state,  with  original  figure  ; 
larva  described  and  figured  as   Ch.  pectinicoruis?) 

This  species  was  very  common  on  Little  Clear  creek  between  the 
hatchery  and  the  railroad.  Half  a  dozen  specimens  could  be  picked 
from  the  sedges  and  flowering  ferns  in  walking  across  this  short  open 
space  any  day  in  July.  When  resting  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves  of 
the  flowering  fern,  Osmunda  regalis  Linn.,  they  were  not  easily  dis- 
turbed ;  several  were  carried  into  the  hatchery  on  a  fern  spray.  A  pair 
found  in  copido  was  thus  carried  in  and  photographed  (pi.  27) ;  these 
pictures  show  the  singular  position  assumed  by  the  male  in  copulation. 
In  this  case,  though  not  in  any  other  of  the  many  observed,  the  female 
had  apparently  already  deposited  a  large  number  of  eggs.  Shortly  after 
photographs  a  and  b  of  the  plate  were  taken  the  male  departed,  and  the 
female  resumed  ovipositing.  She  added  eggs  at  first  in  regular  series, 
following  the  lines  of  the  cluster  already  laid  down ;  finally  depositing  a 
partial  second  layer  in  less  regular  order  on  the  top  of  the  first.  While 
thus  at  work,  the  photograph  reproduced  as  fig.  c  of  the  plate  was  taken. 

A  large  number  of  egg  clusters  were  seen,  all  of  them  on  the  under 

side  of  leaves  of  the  above  mentioned  fern.    In  the  cluster  shown  in  these 

figures  there  were  about  900  eggs.    Some  larger  clusters  were  seen ;  many 

of  them  were  smaller.    These  eggs  hatched  in  1 7  days.    There  appears  to 

be  great  uniformity  in  incubation  period  with  eggs  of  the  same  cluster. 

Numerous  clusters  were  picked  with  the  eggs  all  hatching  at  once,  heads 

protruding,  and  jaws  widely  swung  open,  a  most  curious  sight,  a  veritable 

cheval  de  frise  of  great  rapacious  mandibles. 

The  newly  hatched  larva  of  Ch.  serricornis  is  3  mm  long,  and 
has  much  the  same  aspect  as  older  larvae  of  the  genus  have.     The  head 


550  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

and  mouth  parts  are  relatively  larger.  The  lateral  filaments  bear  two 
spinules  at  their  apex,  the  posterior  one  minute.  Each  filament  shows 
a  central  tracheal  branch,  without  distinguishable  tracheoles  and  with  a 
rough  prickly  surface  which  is  certainly  not  suggestive  of  a  respiratory 
organ .  The  circulation  of  the  blood,  easily  seen  in  other  parts  of  the 
body,  I  could  not  observe  in  these  at  all. 

Respiratory  tubes  from  the  spiracles  of  the  eighth  abdominal  segment, 
wide  apart,  short,  not  half  as  long  as  the  segment.  The  lateral  filaments 
of  the  tenth  abdominal  segment  are  short,  bearing  three  setae,  of  which 
the  two  exterior  are  longer  than  the  filament  itself:  filament  not  surpas- 
sing the  tips  of  the  claws.  The  two  longitudinal  tracheal  trunks  within 
the  body  terminate  in  the  tubes  springing  from  the  spiracles  of  the  eighth 
abdominal  segment,  but  they  are  much  stouter  anteriorly  where  passing 
the  other  spiracles,  and  they  bend  distinctly  outward  to  meet  the 
spiracles  of  the  prothorax. 

Antennae  three-jointed,  the  second  joint  bearing  at  its  distal  end  ex- 
teriorly a  pair  of  spinules  close  beside  the  base  of  the  terminal  joint. 

The  brevity  of  the  respiratory  tubules  on  the  eighth  abdominal  segment 
is  doubtless  ancestral;  and  the  spinules  on  the  lateral  filaments  may  mean 
that  these  filaments  are  but  modified  larval  setigerous  tubercles.  The 
function  of  the  filaments  is  largely  locomotor ;  they  are  used  as  fins  in 
swimming.  But  they  are  also  "outriggers,"  if  we  may  so  speak,  serving 
to  maintain  the  proper  position  of  the  long  abdomen  while  crawhng 
about  over  submerged  logs. 

Ch.  serricornis  was  first  taken  June  20,  and  was  quite  common 
for  a  month  thereafter.     The  pupa  was  searched  for,  but  not  found. 

Corydalis 

Our  sole  species,  C.  cornuta  Linn,  is  too  well  known  to  need 
another  description.  It  will  be  recognized  by  the  characters  stated  in 
the  keys,  and  by  Dr  Lintner's  figures,  reproduced  herewith  as  Plate  28. 

Family  hea^ierobiidae 
This  family  has  received  little  attention  from  entomologists  in  America. 
I  do  not  now  recall  a  single  American  species  whose  life  history  is  known 
in  full.  A  single  species  supposed  to  be  aquatic  has  been  twice  reported 
from  the  United  States— once  from  New  York  state.  It  is  gratifying 
therefore  to  be  able  to  add  another  genus,  C  1  i  m  a  c  i  a  ,  to  the  list  of 
aquatic  genera,  and  to  make  a  slight  contribution  to  the  knowledge  of 
its  habits  and  life  history. 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  55I 

KEY  TO  GENERA  OF  HEMEROBIIDAEi 

a  Branches  of  the  radical  sector  arising  (i.  e.  separating  from  vein  Ei  )  hy  a 
common  stalk  (fig.  32) 
&  Humeral  cross  vein  recurrent,   and  bearing  several  branches  on  its  outer 

side Polystoec botes 

1)1)  Humeral  cross  vein  unbranched  and  not  recurrent 

c  The  median  vein  repeatedly  forked;  some  of  the  branches    of  vein  Cui 

forked Sisyra 

cc  The  median  vein  but  once  forked  ;  the  branches  on  vein  Cui   simple 

C  1  i  maci  a 
aa  Branches  of  the  radial  sector  arising  separately  from  vein  Ri 
d  Humeral  cross  vein  recurrent  and  bearing  several  branches    on    its   outer 

side Hemerobius 

dd  Humeral  cross  vein  unbranched  and  not  recurrent Micromus 

The  typical  genus,  Hemerobius,  includes  the  majority  of  the 
described  species  of  the  family.  Its  larvae  are  commonly  arboreal,  and 
feed  on  aphids,  small  moth  larvae,  etc.  They  commonly  spin  their  loose 
cocoons  of  silk  in  crevices  of  the  bark  and  there  undergo  their  transfor- 
mations. 

Of  the  American  genus  Polystoechotes,  which  contains  our 
largest  species,  the  life  history  has  not  been  recorded.  Hagen,  char- 
acterizing the  genus  in  1861  (^Synopsis  Neuroptera  of  North  America), 
wrote  "  Larvae  perhaps  aquatic  ";  and  this  opinion  has  been  handed  down 
to  the  present  time.  I  obtained  some  of  the  eggs  in  July  by  confining  some 
of  the  females  of  P  olys  toe  ch  o  tes  in  a  pastebbard  box.  The  eggs 
were  dropped  at  random  on  the  bottom  of  the  box,  where  they  rolled 
loosely  about.  They  were  chalky  white  in  color,  oblong  oval  in  outline, 
with  surface  minutely  granular.  Some  were  dropped  on  water  in  a  glass, 
where  they  floated  high  and  dry ;  and  the  next  day  were  overgrown 
with  molds.  The  others  were  left  in  the  box,  and  the  box  closed  that 
more  eggs  might  be  obtained :  instead,  the  females  ate  the  eggs  already 
laid,  and  then  began  to  devour  one  another.  Thus  I  lost  an  excellent 
opportunity  for  studying  the  earlier  part  of  the  life  history  of  this  interest- 
ing insect.  The  character  of  the  eggs,  and  the  haunts  of  the  females 
lead  me  to  suppose  rather  that  the  larva  is  terrestrial  or  arboreal,  as  in 
Hemerobius. 

Polystoechotes  punctatus  (pi.  26,  fig.  2)  Fabr.  was  not  un- 
common during  the  month  of  July.  It  was  taken  a  few  times  in  our  trap 
lanterns ;  but,  for  some,  to  me  unknown  reason,  was  found  in  numbers  only 
in  the  Saranac  Inn  railway  station.  At  the  windows  of  the  depot  one  might 
expect  to  gather  with  little  effort  a  dozen  or  more  specimens  in  an  evening. 

1  Three  North  American  genera  remain  as  yet  unreported  from  New  York  state:  Dilar,  with  a 
single  species,  distinguished  from  the  remainder  of  the  family  lay  the  possession  of  ocelli; 
Psectra,  with  a  single  species,  distinguished  by  its  having  normally  but  two  wings;  and 
Berotha,  with  three  species,  distinguished  by  having  the  apes  of  the  wing  very  acute,  and  a 
notch  or  excision  in  the  outer  wing  margin. 


552  NEW  YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 

Clearly,  Dr  Lintner  found  this  species  in  far  greater  abundance  at  Long 
lake,  Hamilton  co,  N.  Y.  in  August  1885^;  for  he  wrote  of  it,  "  Hundreds 
could  be  seen  resting  on  the  parlor  walls." 

But  two  hemerobian  genera  have  been  accounted  aquatic  hitherto. 
These  are  Osmylus,  a  European  genus,  whose  life  history  has  been 
fully  made  known  by  Hagen  and  Brauer,  and  Sisyra,  whose  larvae, 
common  in  fresh-water  sponges  in  Germany  and  in  England,  seem  to 
have  been  determined  by  exclusion ;  at  least  I  have  been  unable  to  find 
any  account  of  the  rearing  of  the  larvae  or  any  description  of  the  pupae 
or  the  cocoons.  I  reared  many  of  the  larvae  at  Saranac  Inn  during  the 
past  season;  and  bred  also  the  American  genus  C 1  i  m  a  c  i  a ,  of  whose 
habits  nothing  seems  to  have  been  known  hitherto.  It  also  is  aquatic, 
and,  like  Sisyra,  lives  on  fresh-water  sponges. 

Larvae  and  pupae  of  these  two  genera  may  be  separated  as  follows. 

Larvae 

a  Setae  on  tlie  dorsum  of  the  thorax  pedunculate  (i.  e.  the  setigerous  tubercles 

elevated  considerably  above  the  level  of  the  integument) Climacia 

aa  Thoracic  setae  sessile Sisyra 

Pupae 

a  Tips  of  the  fore  tarsi  extending  posteriorly  beyond  the  apices  of  the  maxillary 
palpi ;  the  fifth  segment  of  the  latter  less  than  twice  the  width  of  the  fourth . 
Outer  covering  of  pupal  case  of  open  regular  hexagonal  mesh 

Climacia 

aa  Fore  tarsi    and  palpi  with  apices  about  on  a  level;  fifth  segment  of  the 

maxillary  more  than  twice  the  width  of  the  fourth.     Outer   covering   of 

pupal  case  close  woven - Sisyra 

Sisyra 

1771  DeGeer,  Mem.  pour  servir  k  V  histoire  nat.  ins.  v.  2,  pt  2.  German  transla- 
tion 1779  :  index,  " Die  schwarze  haarichte  Hem  er  obius,  eine  neue 
gattung,"  v.  2,  pt  2,  p.  71,  no.  3.  "Die  echwarze,  haarichte  Heme- 
r  obi  us,  mit  hellbraunen  flilgeln  und  br  aungelb  1  i  che  n  fiiszen." 
(A  good  detailed  description  of  the  species  afterward  named  H  e  m  e  - 
robius  fuscatus  by  Fabricius,  and  made  the  type  of  the  new 
genus  Sisyra  by  Burmeister.  PL  22,  fig.  8  nat.  size,  fig.  9  more  en- 
larged imago,  fig.  10  head  still  more  enlarged,  fig*  11  fore  wing) 

1835  Stephens,  Section  C  of  genus  Hemerobius.     Illus.  Brit.  ent.  6 :  114 

1839  Sisyra    Burmeister,  Handb.  ent.  v.  2,  pt  2,  p.  975  (original   description 

of  the  genus) 

1840  Sisyra    Wesmael,  Acad.  Brux.  Bui.  8:4  of  reprint,  which  only  I  have 

seen.     The  article  is  "Notice  sur  les  hemerobides  de  Belgique."   19  p. 
4  pi. 

1  "CoUeetlons  in  the  Adirondack  region  In  1885,"  ia  his  fifth  report  on  the  Injurious  and  other 
Insects  of  the  state  of  New  York.    Albany  1889.  p.  286. 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  553 

1842  S  i  s  y  r  a    Rambur,  Ins.  Neur.  p.  414-15 

1851  S  i  8  y  r  a    Hagen,  Stett.  eat.  zeit.  12 :  185-86  (bibliography) 

1857  8  i  s  y  r  a    Brauer,  Fauna  Austriaca  ;   Neur.  p.  55  and  p.  22  of  introduction 

1858  S  i  s  y  r  a    Hagen,  Ent.  annual  p.  25 

1861  S  i  s  y  r  a    Hagen,  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  197 
1868  S  i  s  y  r  a    Brauer,  Verb.  k.  k.  zool.-bot.  ges.  in  Wien.  p.  398 
1868  S  i  s  y  r  a    McLachlan,    Ent.    soc.    Lond.    Trans,    p.    166-67    (the    fullest 
characterization  of  the  genus) 

Larva 

1839  Westwood,    "an   anomalous  insect   fouud  in  theSpongilla    fluvia- 

t  ills"  Mag.  nat.  hist.  (2)  3:200;  An.  sci.  nat.  (2)  11:380 

1840  Westwood,  Introd.  modern  classification  of  ins.  2: 586  (notes  on  the  larvae, 

with  some  bad  guesses  as  to  their  place  in  the  system) 
1840  Hogg.     "Observations    on     Spongilla     f  lu  v  ia  tills,"    Linn.     soc. 

Lond.  Trans.     18  :  390-92 ;  Isis  for  1843,  review,  p.  466 
1842  Westwood.     "  Descriptions  of  some  insects  which  inhabit  the  tissues   of 

Spongilla    fluviatilis,"    Ent.   soc.   Lond.   Trans.   3 :  105-8,    fig. 

(Names  the  larvae    Branchiostoma    spongilla  e) 
1842  Erichson.     Wiegm.  arch.  f.  uaturg.  p.  91 

1842  Rambur  in  Ins.  Neur.  p.  415,  says  the  larva  of  S  i  s  y  r  a  is  aquatic 
1844  Grube.     Beschreibung  einer  auffallenden,  an  siisswasserschwammen  lebeu- 

den  larve,  Wiegm.  arch.  f.  naturg.  11 :  331-37,  fig.      (refers  the  larvae  to 

Sisy r  a) 

1847  Haliday.     On  the  Branchiostoma   spongilla  e,  and  on  Coniop- 

teryx,  Ent.  soc.  Lond.    Trans.    5  :  Proc.  31-32 

1848  Westwood.     TheSpongilla    insect,  Gardener's  chronicle,  p.  557 

1851  Hagen.  "Uebersicht  der  neueren  litteratur  betreffend  der  Neuroptera, 
Linne."  Stett.  ent.  zeit.  12:185-86  (under  Hemerobius  [Sisyra] 
f  u  s  c  a  t  u  s  Fabr.,  says  that  the  larva  is  not  known,  but  that  it  is  prob- 
ably the  Branchiostoma  spongillae  of  Westwood,  since  the 
adults  are  very  abundant  all  through  the  summer,  and  are  found  only 
near  water) 

1855  Brauer.  "  Beitrage  zur  kenntniss  des  inneren  banes  und  der  verwandlung 
der  neuropteren,"  Schriften  des  zool.-bot.  vereins  in  Wien,  p.  1-26,  5  pi. 
p.  3,  "  Die  f  ragliche    S  i  s  y  r  a-larve  " 

1858  Hagen.  "  Synopsis  of  the  British  planipennes,"  Ent.  an.  p.  25  (under 
Sisyra,  says:  "Larva  lives  in  the  water  (Branchiostoma 
spongillae    Westwood  :  cocoon  ?") 

1866  Hagen.     "  Hemerobidarum  synopsis  synonymiea."  Stett.  ent.  zeit.  27 :  369- 
462   (on   p.   388,    says  that  the    Branchiostoma    is   the   larva  of 
Sisyra   fuscata  Fabr.) 
Subsequent  papers  repeat  this  statement,  but  I  have  been  unable  to  find  any 

account  of  the  life  history   of  the   genus,  or  any  description  of  the  pupa  or 

cocoon. 

Anyone   who  will   take   the   trouble   to  look   through  the  published 
records  of  the  larva  of  this  dusky  little  fly  will   discover  that  it  has  had 


554  NEW  YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 

an  interesting  history,  and  has  occupied  a  unique  place  in  our  entomo- 
logic  Uterature.  Unhke  the  larva  of  the  beetle,  P  s  e  p  h  e  n  u  s,  or  that 
of  the  syrphus  fly,  Microdon,  or  the  larval  case  of  the  caddis  fly 
Helicopsyche,  or  the  nymph  of  the  May  fly,  Prosopistoma, 
all  of  which  were  for  a  time  mistaken  for  mollusks,  the  S  i  s  y  r  a  larva, 
was  clearly  an  insect,  but  not  referable  by  its  discoverers  to  any 
definite  place  in  the  insect  series.  James  Hogg  first  found  it  while 
studying  fresh-water  sponges,  and  J,  O.  Westwood  brought  it  to  the 
notice  of  the  public.  A  discussion  was  then  raging  in  the  learned 
societies  of  the  old  world  as  to  whether  sponges  belong  to  the  plant  or 
to  the  animal  kingdom,  and  the  Sisy  r  a  larva  was  dragged,  an  innocent 
victim,  into  this  controversy.  Dujardin,  maintaining  that  sponges  are 
animals,  told  the  French  academy  that  he  found  in  the  sponge  body 
numerous  fine  filaments  that  moved  to  and  fro.  James  Hogg,  on  the 
other  hand,  believing  that  sponges  are  plants,  maintained  before  the 
Linnaean  society  of  London  that  the  filaments  seen  by  Dujardin  were  the 
setae  on  the  back  of  these  larvae,  which  had  crawled,  as  is  their  wont, 
into  the  sponge  through  the  open  osteoles. 

The  larva  possessed  two  structures,  also,  so  unique  in  character  that 
interest  in  them  has  survived  the  sponge  controversy,  and  on  account  of 
which  the  original  figures  of  Westwood  and  Grube  are  handed  down  in 
textbooks  of  the  present  day.  These  peculiar  parts  are  i)  paired, 
jointed  appendages  beneath  the  abdominal  segments,  and  2)  long,  de- 
curved,  piercing  mouth  parts,  of  a  unique  suctorial  type. 

Notwithstanding  the  interest  attaching  to  this  larva,  it  seems  not  to 
have  been  reared.  That  it  belonged  to  S  i  s  y  r  a  was,  I  take  it,  a  logical 
deduction.  The  brief  quotations  which  I  have  inserted  in  the  above 
bibliography  will  serve  to  show  how  the  conviction  grew.  The  small 
size  of  the  larva,  and  its  certain  Hemerobian  affinities  (the  larva  of  other 
genera  being  known)  left  no  doubt  that  it  was  S  i  s  y  r  a.  I  was  unwill- 
ing to  believe  that  it  had  not  been  reared  till  after  consulting  all  the 
hterature  in  which  I  could  find  any  mention  of  it,  and  examining  at  Cam- 
bridge Dr  Hagen's  manuscript  drawings  illustrating  hemerobian  life  his- 
tories and  finding  among  them  a  larva  well  drawn,  but  no  pupa  or 
cocoon. 

There  are  several  European  species  of  Sisyra:  there  is  one  North 
American  species,  S.  vie  aria  Walker,  described  from  Georgia,  and 
afterward  reported  from  New  York.^  The  species  I  found  at  Saranac 
Inn  is  very  close  to  the   typical    Sisyra   fuscata    Fabr.     It  differs 

1  Banks.  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.    Possibly  not  v  1  c  a  r  i  a. 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  555 

from  S.  V  i  c  a  r  i  a  in  being  much  larger,  according  to  the  measurements 
given  in  the  extremely  brief  and  uncritical  published  descriptions  of  that 
species.  There  is  a  specimen  from  Illinois  in  the  Museum  of  comparative 
zoology,  and  I  collected  many  specimens  of  both  larvae  and  adults  at 
Lake  Forest  111.  in  June  1899.  I  did  not  at  that  time  rear  the  species, 
however.     I  describe  it  below  as    Sisyra   umbrata   n.  sp. 

In  passing,  I  should  call  attention  to  an  error  almost  uniformly  com- 
mitted in  the  characterizing  of  this  genus :  there  is  said  to  be  no  cross 
vein  in  the  basal  part  of  the  subcostal  space.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  that 
cross  vein  is  almost  always  present,  though  it  is  sometimes  not  very  dis- 
tinct. I  have  examined  specimens  of  three  European  species  in  the 
Museum  of  comparative  zoology,  among  them  a  large  series  of  specimens 
of  the  typical  S.  fuscata,  as  well  as  hundreds  of  specimens  of  the 
species  described  below,  and  have  not  noted  the  absence  of  this  cross 
vein  in  a  single  case. 

Sisyra  umbrata  sp.  nov. 

PI.  12,  fig.  6,  7  and  33,  34,  36  text  figures 

Length  to  tip  of  wings,  male  6  mm  ;  female  8  mm  ;  expanse  of  wings, 
male  12  mm,  female  13  mm. 

Color  nearly  uniform  blackish  brown.  There  is  a  faint  wash'  of  rufous 
on  the  face,  the  legs  and  the  apex  of  the  abdomen  are  dirty  yellowish. 


Fig.  33    Fore  wing  of  Sisyra  umbrata 

Lake  Forest  111.  June  1899;  Saranac  Inn  N.  Y.  June  28  to  July  16, 
1900;    abundant. 

This  is  a  stouter,  larger,  blacker,  more  hairy  species  than  S.  f  u  s  c  a  t  a. 
The  second  segment  of  the  antennae  is  nearly  as  large  as  the  third  and 
fourth  together,  and  the  third  is  little  more  than  half  the  size  of  the 
fourth;  in  S.  fuscata  the  second,  third  and  fourth  antennal  segments 
are  subequal,  and  the  third  is  not  distincdy  smaller  than  the  fourth.     In 


556 


NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 


S.  umbrata  ths  last  joint  of  both  palpi  is  distinctly  pediform  (fig. 
34,  36) ;  I  have  not  been  able  to  examine  the  palpi  with  any  degree  of 
satisfaction  in  any  specimen  of  S.  fuscata,  but  according  to  Wes- 
mael's  figure^   the  terminal  segment  should  be  simply  conic. 

During  the  first  week  of  our  stay  at  Saranac  Inn  we  scraped  the  surface 
water  supply  trough  in  the  hatchery,  and  in  the  scrapings  found  about 
100  small  fresh-water  sponges.  A  few  of  the  larvae  of  this  species  were 
found  on  the  sponges.  Shortly  the  cocoons  began  to  appear  on  the  sides 
of  the  supply  trough,  and  in  such  numbers  that  it  was  evident  that  the 
larvae  were  coming  in  from  the  pipes.  The  cocoons  were  located,  some 
inside  the  supply  troughs  on  the  smooth,  tarred,  vertical  sides  just  above 
the  water,  some  on  the  upper  edges,  some  on  the  sides  and  edges  of  the 

hatching  troughs  below,  but 
mostly  on  the  outside  of  the 
supply  troughs  and  in  the 
angles  which  they  make  with 
the  hatching  troughs,  or  in 
the  thread  grooves  at  the  base 
of  the  faucets.  Each  larva 
spins  over  itself,  a  hemispheric 
cover  of  close  woven  silk  (pi. 
12,  fig.  11),  attached  by  its 
edges  to  the  supporting  sur- 
face, and  a  complete  inner  co- 
coon of  considerably  smaller 
size,  likewise  close  woven. 

Larvae  of  this  species  taken 
from  unfinished  cocoons  and 
placed  in  a  vial  spun  new  co- 
coons in  the  corners  of  it 
under  observation.  It  was 
interesting  to  watch  them 
weaving  back  and  forth  their 
anal  spinnerets,  as  the  threads 
were  laid  down. 

Two  larvae  of  this  species,  taken  just  as  they  were  leaving  the  water 
June  21  and  placed  in  a  vial  plugged  with  cotton,  spent  at  least  12  hours 
in  spinning  their  cover  and  cocoon,  and  remained  inactive  larvae  24 
hours  longer.     Then  they  transformed  to  pupae,  which  remained  suffi- 


Fig.  34    Maxillae: 

a  of  Climacia  dictyona  Ndm. 
bofSisyra  umbrata   Ndm. 


1  Acad.  Brux.  Bui.  1840.    v.  7,  flg.  3  of  plate. 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  557 

ciently  active  thereafter  to  kick  vigorously  whenever  the  vial  w^as  moved, 
The  imagos  emerged  July  2,  ii  days  after  leaving  the  water.  The  pupa 
makes  its  way  through  the  side  of  the  cocoon,  and  the  empty  pupal  skin 
is  left  sticking  in  the  hole  when  the  imago  flies  away. 

In  the  supply  trough  in  the  hatchery  fresh-water  sponges  of  small  size 
were  easy  to  find,  and  I  saw  the  S  i  s  y  r  a  larvae  clinging  to  them, 
crawling  over  them,  and  apparently  piercing  them  with  their  long,  sharp 
decurved  jaws.  I  also  observed  this  later  on  a  sponge-covered  log  in 
Little  Clear  pond.  The  larva  clings  closely  to  the  sponge  surface,  lies  in 
the  hollows  of  it,  or,  sometimes,  descends  bodily  into  an  open  osteole. 
The  numerous  spines  on  its  back  usually  carry  a  load  of  debris  beneath 
which  its  form  is  well  concealed.  It  can  readily  be  driven  about  over 
the  sponge  surface,  but  will  hardly  be  induced  to  take  a  step  away  from 
it  on  the  bare  wood. 

The  respiratory  filaments  are  jointed  and  folded  beneath  the  abdomen. 
They  are  moved  intermittently  in  a  rapid  shuttle-like  vibration. 

Imagos  on  emergence  seemed  by  preference  to  fly  at  once  to  the 
hatchery  ceiling.  They  congregated  on  the  best  lighted  portions  of  it. 
I  stood  in  one  spot  on  my  work  table  and  collected  from  the  part  of  the 
ceiling  within  reach  hundreds  of  specimens  at  a  time.  Nothing  was 
easier.  They  would  jump  directly  into  an  unstoppered  bottle  held  close 
below  them.  Their  flight  to  the  ceiling  on  emergence  suggests  a  prob- 
able reason  why  I  was  able  to  see  so  few  specimens  out  of  doors.  There 
they  probably  fly  directly  to  the  tree  tops — the  home  of  their  nonaquatic 
kin.  A  few  specimens  were  taken  at  a  trap  lantern  placed  near  the  out- 
let of  Little  Clear  pond.  I  caught  one  or  two  specimens  close  above 
the  water  while  sweeping  aquatic  vegetation  in  Little  Clear  creek.  These 
may  have  been  females  ovipositing,  but  I  did  not  find  their  eggs.  Neither 
did  I  get  them,  though  I  several  times  inclosed  females  in  cages  supplied 
with  aquatic  plants  and  with  sponge-bearing  pieces  of  wood. 

•A  student  in  my  laboratory  at  Lake  Forest  college  is  working  on  the 
anatomy  and  metamorphosis  of  this  species.  I  prefer  to  leave  the  farther 
characterization  of  the  several  stages  to  the  paper  which  will  result  from 
that  work. 

CLIMACIA 

1869  McLachlan.  " New  species  of  Hemerobina,  with,  synonymic  notes",  Eut. 
month,  mag.  1 :  27.  The  genus  is  caref ally  characterized,  and  is  cor- 
rectly allied  with  S  i  s  y  r  a ,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by  the  fol- 
lowing characters,  the  first  of  which  will  not  hold: 

1  A  single  basal  cross  vein  in  the  subcostal  space 

2  Two  well  defined  series  of  gradate  veins 

3  Pro  thorax  elongate 

4  Face  long  and  triangular 

?  5  Two  curious  setiform  organs,  apparently  attached  to  the  maxillae 


558 


NEW  YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 


That  these  last,  whatever  they  may  have  been,  were  extraneous,  is  evident 
from  an  examination  of  the  maxillae  of  fresh  or  alcoholic  specimens  (fig.  34). 
McLachlan  had  for  examination  only  a  few  dried  specimens.  "Larva  probably 
aquatic". 

The  single  species  of  this  genus  hitherto  known,  C.  areolaris  Hagen 
has  been  reported  only  from  the  southern  states.  There  are  numerous 
specimens  of  it,  however,  in  the  Museum  of  comparative  zoology  from 
Waltham  and  Cambridge  Mass.,  as  well  as  a  number  from  Florida.  The 
species  found  at  Saranac  Inn  and  described  below  differs  from  areolaris 
in  being  of  darker  color  on  the  wings  (black,  where  areolaris  is  but 
brown),  of  larger  size  (females  of  areolaris  do  not  exceed  the  measure- 
ments given  by  Hagen^ ),  and  in  having  the  vein  Cuj  seven-branched  (it 
is  six-branched  in  a  r  e  o  1  a  r  i  s) . 

Climacia  dictyona  sp.  nov. 

PI.  12,  fig.  1,2  and  34-36  text  figures 

Imago.  Length  to  tip  of  wings,  male  6  mm,  female  8  mm;  expanse 
of  wings,  male  ii  mm,  female  13  mm;  length  of  antennae  5  mm. 

Face  yellow;  eyes  blackish;  top  of  head  rufous;  thorax  black;  legs 
clear  yellow  beyond  the  coxae,  excepting  the  extreme  tips  of  the  tarsi. 

Wings  smoky  brown,  varied  with  yellow  and  black.  Pterostigma 
yellow,    with   a   black   mark    each    side;    the    proximal    one    curving 


Fig.  85    Fore  wing  of  Climacia   dictyona   Ndm 

posteriorly  and  then  anteriorly  to  the  base  of  the  wing,  leaving  the 
greater  part  of  the  costal  area  yellow.  A  triangular  yellow  spot  on  the 
fork  of  the  median  vein,  its  apex  directed  toward  but  hardly  reaching  the 
hind  margin  of  the  wing;  from  its  proximal  side  a  less  distinct  yellowish 
streak  extends  to  the  base  of  the  wing  on  the  hind  margin.  Veins  black 
except  where  crossing  the  yellow  areas.  In  the  wider  spaces  there  are 
distinct  fuscous,  longitudinal  streaks  midway  between  the  veins. 

Abdomen  brownish,  paler  apically. 

Saranac  Inn  N.  Y.     Common.     June  18  to  July  i,  and  Aug.  10  to  20. 

Figures:  wing,  fig.  35;  maxilla,  fig.  34;  labium,  fig.  36. 


1  Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  199. 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS 


559 


Larva.  Length  5.5  mm;  greatest  breadth  of  body  exclusive  of 
spines  i  mm. 

Color  yellowish  to  greenish,  varying  with  the  color  of  the  sponge, 
obscurely  marked  with  brown ;  a  middorsal  incomplete  stripe,  darkest  on 
the  thorax  (where  also  is  a  lateral  one  each  side),  divided  and  more 
interrupted  on  the  abdomen. 

Antennae  setaceous,  very  sharp  pointed,  a  very  little  longer  than  the 
piercing  mouth  parts,  15-jointed,  the  two  basal  joints  turgid,  meeting  at 
an  angle,  the  other  segments  narrowly  cylindric. 

Mouth  parts  adapted  for  piercing  and  sucking  the  sponge  substance ; 
labrum  and  labium  rudimentary;  mandibles  and  maxillae  developed  as 
long,  channeled,  decurved  stylets,  which  may  be  applied  in  pairs,  or  all 
four  together.^ 

Body  with  two  rows  each  side  of  dorsum  of  mostly  trifurcate,  triseti- 
gerous  tubercles;  a  pair  of  simple,  unisetigerous  tubercles  on  the  ventral 
side  of  the  eighth  abdominal  segment.  loth  abdominal  segment  not 
setigerous;  extensile,  bearing  the  spinneret. 


Fig.  36   Labia 

a  of    Climacla   dlctyona  Ndm 
bof  Sisyra   umbrata  Ndm 


Very  soon  after  my  arrival  at  Saranac  Inn,  M.  A.  Roberts,  a  careful 
and  observant  employee  of  the  Adirondack  hatchery,  called  my  attention 
to  some  minute,  hemispheric,  silken  pupa  cases,  attached  to  the  sides  of 
the  supply  troughs  in  the  hatchery  building.  There  was  an  outer  covering 
of  coarse  silk  (pi.  12  fig.  4.,  5)  woven  in  hexagonal  meshes,  like  bobbinet ; 

1  These  are  cast  off,  and  the  normal  biting  mouth  parts  developed  during  metamorphosis. 


560  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

and  there  was  an  inner  cocoon  of  finer  threads  closely  woven.  An  exam- 
ination of  the  contained  pupa  showed  it  to  be  a  hemerobian.  From  some 
pupa  cases  stripped  from  the  trough  and  placed  in  a  vial  plugged  with 
cotton,  I  first  bred  on  June  18  the  species  described  above  as  C 1  i  m  a  c  i  a 
d  i  c  t  y  o  n  a  n.  sp.  The  same  day  I  found  my  first  specimen  at  large 
in  one  of  the  hatchery  windows. 

During  the  remainder  of  June  the  imagos  of  this  species  were  fairly 
common.  Then  they  disappeared,  to  reappear  in  some  numbers  about 
the  middle  of  August.  Whether  this  means  another  distinct  brood  I 
can  not  say,  with  certainty. 

The  larvae  and  pupae  are  very  similar  in  form  and  in  habits  to  those 
of  S  i  s  y  r  a ,  described  above.  The  cocoons  are  similarly  located,  and 
are  often  intermixed  with  those  of  S  i  s  y  r  a  ,  but  are  much  more  beauti- 
fully and  skilfully  wrought.  The  imagos  were  taken  a  few  times  at  trap 
lanterns,  and  in  sweeping  of  aquatic  vegetation,  but  the  hatchery  ceiling 
was  the  best  collecting  ground.  The  eggs  were  not  found.  The  larvae, 
as  in  S  i  s  y  r  a  ,  live  on  fresh- water  sponges, 

I  could  find  none  of  these  sponges  in  condition  fit  for  determination; 
up  to  the  time  of  leaving  Saranac  Inn  no  gemmules  were  developed  on 
them.  The  commoner  species,  and  the  one  on  which  larvae  of  both 
S  i  s  y  r  a  and  C  1  i  m  a  c  i  a  were  observed,  was  probably  Spongilla 
fragilis  Leidy;  for  they  appeared  to  be  quite  the  same  species  as 
that  on  which  I  found  S  i  s  y  r  a  larvae  at  Lake  Forest,  and  that  was 
certainly  S.  fragilis.  It  was  not  without  interest  that  I  noted  a 
striking  difference  in  the  behavior  of  this  sponge  in  the  two  localities. 
At  Lake  Forest  it  grows  on  logs  in  a  very  shallow,  exposed  pond,  which 
generally  dries  up  about  midsummer,  leaving  the  logs  exposed,  usually 
to  remain  so  for  several  months.  There,  gemmules  were  fully  formed 
before  the  first  of  July.  In  the  cool,  deep,  permanent  water  of  Little 
Clear  pond,  however,  where  sponges  were  likewise  abundant  on  the  logs 
but  not  subject  to  exposure  and  evaporation,  I  could  find  no  gemmules 
at  all  up  to  the  time  of  my  departure,  August  20. 

I  would  suggest  that  as  a  common  name  for  the  insects  of  these  two 
genera,  spongilla  flies,  or  sponge  flies,  would  not  be  inappropriate. 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  561 

Order  TRICHOFTEEA 

Caddis  flies 

BY  CORNELIUS   BETTEN 

Insects  of  this  order  were  found  to  be  very  abundant  at  Saranac  Inn. 
Larvae  and  pupae  were  very  common  in  Little  Clear  creek  and  along 
the  edges  of  the  lakes  and  ponds  of  the  vicinity,  while  adults  were  taken 
in  great  numbers  by  the  trap  lanterns.  Throughout  the  period  of  work, 
swarms  of  adults,  mainly  of  three  species,  settled  on  the  hatchery  win- 
dows, having  doubtless  transformed  in  the  fish  troughs.  While  the  ma- 
terial was  therefore  abundant,  only  four  species  were  successfully  reared. 
Of  many  species  the  time  of  transformation  did  not  fall  within  the  period 
of  the  work,  and  consequently  a  full  life  history  could  not  be  recorded. 

The  larvae  of  these  insects,  as  is  well  known,  build  for  themselves 
cases  differing  greatly  in  manner  and  material  of  construction.  Several 
species  of  larvae  were  reared  from  the  egg,  and  the  larvae  were  observed 
to  begin  making  their  cases  almost  immediately  after  hatching.  Before 
building  their  cases  the  young  larvae  are  doubtless  at  the  mercy  of  many 
enemies.  Hydras  were  seen  killing  many  of  them  in  rapid  succession 
but  were  unable  to  use  them  as  food  because  of  their  size.  The  charac- 
teristic forms  of  the  cases  may  be  recognized  almost  from  the  beginning. 
The  cases  are  enlarged  as  the  growth  of  the  insect  demands.  The  food 
of  the  larvae  is  doubtless  largely  vegetable.  Several  species  were  ob- 
served feeding  on  stonewort,  Nit  ell  a,  and  river  weed,  Potamo- 
g  e  t  o  n ,  which  flourished  in  the  creek.  Some  species  are  however 
known  to  be  carnivorous  in  their  habits. 

Well  protected  by  its  case,  the  body  of  the  caddis  fly  larva  needs  no 
hard  covering  of  chitin.  The  head  and  the  thorax,  with  the  three  pairs  of 
legs,  protrude  from  the  case  when  the  larva  is  moving  about  or  feeding,  and 
these  parts  are  protected  somewhat  more  than  the  other  parts.  The  legs 
terminate  in  one-jointed  tarsi,  each  of  which  has  a  single  claw.  A  spur  is 
very  prominent  at  the  base  of  each  hook.  The  abdomen  has  nine  well 
defined  segments  and  an  anal  appendage  terminated  by  a  pair  of  hooks 
pointing  outward.  These  hooks  can  be  fastened  into  the  sides  of  the 
case  and  thus  prevent  the  forcible  eviction  of  the  larva.  The  dorsal 
side  of  the  first  segment  is  marked  by  a  large  protractile  tubercle.  Two 
smaller  tubercles  are  located  on  the  ventral  side  of  the  same  segment. 
These  tubercles  are  supposed  to  serve  the  larva  as  a  means  of  maintain- 
ing its  position  in  its  case.  This  view  is  supported  by  the  fact  that  a 
species  of  Hydropsychidae  reared  at  Saranac  Inn  constructed  no  larval 


562  NEW   YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 

case  and  had  no  tubercles  on  the  abdomen.  Numerous  filaments  on  the 
abdomen  serve  as  respiratory  organs,  obtaining  oxygen  from  the  water 
which  is  kept  circulating  through  the  case  by  the  undulatory  motion  of 
the  body. 

When  the  time  for  transformation  approaches,  the  larva  closes  the 
opening  of  its  case,  sometimes  with  the  same  material  as  that  used  in  the 
case  itself,  but  frequently  with  other  things.  Sometimes  only  a  web  of 
silk  is  spun  across  the  opening,  and  in  every  case  sufficient  space  is  left 
for  the  circulation  of  the  water.  During  the  pupal  period  the  cases  are 
generally  fastened  to  submerged  sticks,  stones  or  other  supports.  In 
size  the  pupa  does  not  differ  greatly  from  the  larva.  The  eyes  have 
become  far  more  prominent.  Wings  and  antennae  appear  and  are  folded 
backward  and  downward  under  the  body.  The  legs  and  palpi  are  also 
folded  beneath  the  body.  In  place  of  prolegs  and  hooks,  two  long  tube- 
like processes  (fig.  38)  terminate  the  body.  The  pupa  holds  its  position 
by  means  of  hooks  on  the  dorsal  side.  Generally  there  are  hooks  point- 
ing backward  at  the  anterior  edge  of  several  segments,  while  at  the 
posterior  edge  of  one  or  two  segments  is  a  pair  of  plates  bearing  spikes 
which  point  forward.  The  respiratory  filaments  remain,  and  breathing  is 
doubtless  accomplished  by  the  same  method  as  in  the  larval  stage. 
When  the  time  of  transformation  arrives,  the  pupa  leaves  its  case,  climbs 
up  some  support,  casts  its  skin .  and  emerges  as  an  adult  insect.  Some 
species  emerge  directly  from  the  surface  of  the  water. 

So  far  as  observed,  the  adult  caddis  flies  do  not  feed.  They  spend 
their  lives  near  the  place  of  emergence,  most  of  them  flying  but  little,  at 
least  durmg  the  day,  but  some  species  may  be  seen  swarming  just  over 
the  surface  of  the  water.  The  large  number  taken  by  the  trap  lantern  is 
evidence  of  the  nocturnal  habits  of  the  adults.  The  laying  of  the  eggs 
was  not  observed  but  must  of  course  take  place  in  or  directly  above  the 
water.  Many  clusters  of  eggs  were  found  under  the  bark  of  submerged 
trees,  which  would  lead  to  the  conclusion  that  in  some  cases  the  female 
insect  goes  under  water  to  deposit  the  eggs.  The  circular  cluster  of 
greenish  eggs  shown  in  plate  ;^^,  figure  4  was  found  suspended  on  a  sub- 
merged twig  under  a  log  floating  in  deep  water.  The  number  of  eggs  in 
this  cluster  was  estimated  at  450. 

In  the  description  of  species  given  below,  there  was  no  opportunity 
for  comparison  with  other  work  of  the  same  kind.  In  fact,  no  descrip- 
tions of  the  immature  stages  of  the  American  species  of  Trichoptera  has 
heretofore  been  published,  except  the  paper  of  Miss  Cora  Clarke^  which 

1  Clarke,  Cora  H.    Caddice  worms  of  Stony  brook.    Psyche.  1891.    p.  153. 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  563 

deals  chiefly  with  the  cases  and  the  habits  of  a  few  species.  Two  of  those 
described  by  her  seem  to  correspond  with  two  described  below,  viz, 
Molanna  cinerea  Hag.  and  Polycentropus  lucidus  Hag. 
There  have  subsequently  come  to  hand  the  very  valuable  papers  ot 
Prof.  Klapalek^  in  which  the  cases,  larvae  and  pupae  of  53  European 
species  are  described.  It  is  from  these  papers  and  from  that  ot 
Dr  Struck^  that  the  following  table  for  the  determination,  by  families, 
of  caddis  fly  larvae  has  been  compiled.  The  undetermined  species  herein 
described  have  been  arranged  according  to  this  table.  I  regret  exceed- 
ingly that  a  closer  determination  has  been  impossible.  The  first  three 
species  discussed  below  were  reared  and  subsequently  determined  from 
the  adults.  The  fourth  in  the  hst  was  also  reared.  Its  adult  was  sent  to 
MacLachlan  but  no  report  of  its  identification  has  yet  been  received.  I 
have  found  that  adult  characteristics  are  sufficiently  evident  in  the  pupae 
to  admit  of  determination,  to  families,  by  the  use  of  Banks'^  table  for 
adults. 

For  the  identification  of  the  adults  herein  listed,  I  am  largely  indebted 
to  Mr  Nathan  Banks  of  Washington  D.  C.  The  drawings  of  the  cases, 
larvae,  pupae  and  adults  are  all  by  Mrs  J.  H.  Comstock  of  Cornell  uni- 
versity. I  am  indebted  most  of  all  to  Dr  J.  G.  Needham,  under  whose 
direction  this  work  has  been  done. 

KEY  TO  FAMILIES  OF  CADDIS  FLY  LARVAE 
a  Larva  larviform,  i.  e.  with  head  bent  downward  at  an  angle  with  the  body, 
tubercles  generally  present  on  the  basal  abdominal  segment,  gill  filaments, 
when  present,  simple  (except  in  some  Limnophilidae),  lateral  fringe  gener- 
ally present. 
h  Hind  legs  not  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  first  pair. 

c  Head  longitudinally  elliptic,  at  slight  angle  with  the  body,  pronotum  only 
chitinized,  abdominal  constrictions  deep,  third  pair  of  legs  slightly 
longer  than  the  first.  Cases  of  vegetable  matter  laid  longitudinally 
and  forming  a  spiral,  widening  at  the  anterior  end...Phryganeidae 
cc  Head  oval  to  round,  pronotum  chitinized,  mesonotum  often,  metanotum 
seldom  chitinized,  abdominal  constrictions  slight. 

d  Lateral  fringe  well  developed  ,•   cases  various Limnophilidae 

dd  Lateral  fringe    slightly  developed,  cylindric  case   of  sand   or   small 

stones Sericostomatidae 

e  Three  tubercles 

^  Klapalek  Pr.  Metamorphose  der  Trichopteren,  Archlv  der  Naturwissenschaf tl.  Landdurch- 
forschung  von  Bohmen  6,  Band  No.  5  and  Band  7,  No.  6. 

2  Struck,  R.  Neue  und  Alte  Trichopteren-Larven-gehause.  lUus.  Zelts.  Ent.  Bd  4.  No.  8,  10,  13, 
17,  19,  21,  22. 

^Banks,  Nathan.  A  synopsis,  catalogue,  and  bibliography  of  the  Neuropteroid  insects  of  tem- 
perate North  America.    Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  1892.     19:338. 


564  NEW   YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

/  Tubercles  low  and  broad,  pronotum  quadrilateral,  claws  with  two 

basal  hooks S  eric  ostoma,  Oecismus,  Notidobia 

//■  Tubercles  conical,  pronotum  transversely  elliptical 

Goera,  Silo,  Lithax 
ee  No  dorsal  tubercle 
/  No  lateral  tubercles 

Brachycentrus,  Oligopletrum,  Micrasema 
ff  Lateral  tubercles  present 

Crunoecia,  L  ep  i  d  ost  oma,  Lasiocephala 
hh  Hiud  legs  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  first  pair,  abdominal  constrictions 

slight,  cylindric  case  of  sand  and  small  stones Leptoceridae 

aa  Larva  campodeiform,  i.  e.  with  head  in  line  with  the  main  axis  of  the  body, 
tubercles  and  lateral  fringe  wanting,  gill  filaments,  when  present,  branched 
h  Abdomen  little,  if  any,  thicker  than  the  thorax 
c  Third  pair  of  legs  about  the  same  length  as  fi.rst  pair,  no  portable  larval 

case Hydropsychidae 

cc  Third  pair  of  legs  a  little  longer  than  the  first.    No  larval  cases 

Ehyacop  h  ilid  ae 

M  Abdomen  much   thicker  than  the  thorax:    case  kidney  shaped,  of  small 

stones,  or  flat  and  parchment-like Hydroptilidae 

SPECIES    REARED   AT   SARANAC    INN 

Molanna  cinerea  Hagen 

Plate  13,  figures  1-6 
1861  Molanna   cinerea  Hagen,    Synopsis  Neur.  N.  Am.  p.  276 
1892  Molanna   cinerea   Banks,  Am.  ent.  soc.  Trans.  19  :  366  (listed) 

Habitat.  Larvae  and  pupae  were  found  in  great  abundance  on  sand 
bottoms  with  little  or  no  vegetation.  Adults  rest  on  vegetation  or  other 
support  near  the  place  of  emergence,  their  appearance,  specially  their 
position  (pi.  13,  fig.  5),  with  antennae  laid  flat  on  support,  wings  and 
abdomen  elevated,  causing  them  to  be  easily  mistaken  for  small  snags. 

Occurrence.     Abundant  throughout  the  period  of  work. 

Case.  (PI.  13,  fig.  6)  Flat  case  of  sand  and  very  fine  stones. 
Rounded  at  both  ends.  Forward  end  extended  on  dorsal  side,  forming 
a  protection  to  the  larva  even  when  reaching  out  of  its  case.  Length  20 
mm.     Greatest  width  of  10  mm  near  the  forward  end. 

Larva.  (PI.  13,  fig-  J-2)  Length  12  mm.  Width  2  mm.  The  head, 
prothorax,  and  mesothorax  are  hght  brown  or  yellowish.  Metathorax  and 
abdomen  are  light  green .  A  black  Y-shaped  Hne  extends  over  the  head  and 
prothorax,  the  arms  of  the  Y  running  from  the  corners  of  the  mouth  and 
joining  at   the  rear  of  the  head.      The  pedicel  of  the  Y  extends  over  the 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  565 

prothorax.  Another  black  line  incircles  the  head  and  prothorax,  running 
through  the  base  of  the  Y,  passing  obliquely  downward  to  the  gula 
which  is  of  the  same  color.  The  mesothoracic  shield  is  spotted  with 
black  and  brown.  The  legs  are  light  brown,  the  coxa,  trochanter, 
and  proximal  part  of  the  femur  being  margined  with  black.  The 
first  and  second  pairs  of  legs  each  have  one  prominent  spur  on 
the  tibia.  The  third  pair  of  legs  is  more  slender  and  hairy  than 
the  others,  and  the  tarsi  are  terminated  by  small,  feathery  brushes 
instead  of  hooks.  Two  rows  of  respiratory  filaments  occur  on  the  dorsal, 
and  two  on  the  ventral  side.  The  number  of  filaments  issuing  at  the  same 
spot  on  the  dorsal  side  is  o,  4,  4,  4,  3,  2,  2,  o,  o,  and  on  the  ventral  side 
°i  3j  3>  3)  2,  2,  o,  o,  o,  the  figures  representing  the  segments  in  order. 
These  filaments  are  placed  at  the  anterior  margins  of  the  segments.  The 
hooks  terminating  the  body  are  supported  on  two-jointed  prolegs. 

Pupa.  (PI.  13,  fig.  3)  Length  12  mm.  Width  2  mm.  Antennae 
10  mm.  Wings  7  mm.  Head  and  thorax  white;  abdomen  pink  or 
green.  Two  black  lines  run  the  length  of  the  body  both  above  and 
beneath.  Respiratory  filaments  persist  on  both  dorsal  and  ventral  sides. 
The  lateral  fringe  which  forms  a  loop  under  the  eighth  segment  is  com- 
posed of  soft  black  hairs.  The  spurs  on  the  tibiae,  which  appear  as 
feathery  brushes,  number  2,  4,  4  on  the  first,  second  and  third  pairs 
of  legs  respectively.  Hooks  pointing  backward  occur  in  two  rows  on  the 
dorsal  side  of  the  third,  fourth,  fifth  and  sixth  segments  at  the  anterior 
edge  of  the  segments.  Two  plates  with  spikes  pointing  forward  are  at 
the  posterior  edge  of  the  fifth  segment. 

Polycentropus  lucidus  Hag.  ? 

Plate: 3,  figures  7-11 

Habitat.  Larvae  and  pupae  were  found  in  sandy  bottoms  with  Httle 
or  no  vegetation.  Adults  were  commonly  found  resting  on  vegetation 
in  the  creek  and  on  the  side  of  the  hatchery  near  the  stream. 

Occurrence.     Abundant  throughout  the  period  of  work. 

Case.  (PI.  13,  fig.  10)  Very  soft  tubular  case  of  fine  sand.  It  is 
frequently  branched  and  where  the  insect  lies  has  two  distinct  layers. 
The  tube  is  much  longer  than  the  larva  and  is  not  portable.  The 
position  of  the  larva  or  pupa  is  readily  recognized.  They  lie  in  a  part  of 
the  case  twice  the  diameter  of  the  rest  of  the  tube. 

Larva.  (PI.  13,  fig.  7)  Length  14  mm.  Width  2  mm.  Head 
yellow  ;  prothorax  yellow  with  black  line  incircling  its  rear  margin.     The 


566  '  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

remainder  of  the  body  white;  legs  yellow  with  black  line  extending 
backward  from  the  coxa  of  the  second  and  third  pairs  of  legs  over  the 
mesothorax  and  metathorax  respective!}''.  No  respiratory  filaments, 
tubercles  or  lateral  fringe  are  present.  The  terminal  hooks  are  each 
supported  on  a  very  long  two-jointed  proleg. 

Pupa.  (PI.  13,  fig.  8)  Length  12  mm.  Width  2  mm.  Antennae 
7  mm.  Wings  4  mm.  Head  and  thorax  yellowish  white;  antennae 
and  legs  yellow;  abdomen  pinkish  with  slightly  darker  band  on  the 
middle  of  the  dorsal  side.  A  single  respiratory  filament  occurs  on  each 
side  of  the  first  segment.  A  pair  of  filaments  occur  in  similar  position 
on  the  second,  third  and  fourth  segments.  The  hairy  tibial  spurs  on  the 
legs,  are  3,  4,  4  on  the  first,  second  and  third  pairs  respectively.  The 
body  ends  in  two  blunt,  hairy,  appendages  of  two  lobes  each.  Hooks 
pointing  backward  occur  in  two  rows  on  the  dorsal  side  of  the  third, 
fourth,  fifth,  sixth  and  seventh  segments  at  the  anterior  edge.  Two 
plates  with  spikes  pointing  forward  are  found  at  the  posterior  edge  of  the 
fifth  segment. 

Eggs.  Eggs  of  this  species  laid  by  an  adult  which  was  bred,  are 
shown  in  plate  13,  figure  11. 

Hvdropsyche  species?  (near  phalerata  Hag.) 

Plate  15,  figures  1-4,  7 

Habitat.  Larvae  and  pupae  found  in  rapid  currents  in  Little  Clear 
creek.     Adults  settled  in  great  numbers  on  the  hatchery  windows. 

Occurrence.     Abundant  throughout  the  period. 

Case,  No  larval  case,  only  strands  of  silk  between  the  rocks.  Pupal 
case  (pi.  15,  fig.  4)  of  rather  coarse  stones  fastened  to  larger  stones  or 
other  supports. 

Larva.  (PL  15,  fig.  3)  Length  16  mm.  Width  3  mm.  Head 
brownish  yellow.  A  dark  brown  patch  in  front,  and  in  the  center  of  this, 
a  horseshoe  shaped,  yellow  mark  opening  posteriorly.  Labium  almost 
black.  Prothorax  brownish  yellow  margined  with  black.  Mesothorax 
same  except  that  the  black  margin  is  not  complete.  Instead,  there  is  a 
semicircular  black  line  at  posterior  margin.  Mesothorax  is  similar  with 
black  spot  instead  of  the  semicircle.  Legs  yellow  with  white  spots  on 
coxa  and  femur.  Abdomen  white,  the  dorsal  side  thickly  set  with  blunt, 
brown  hairs.  No  tubercles  on  the  first  segment.  Filaments  occur  only 
on  the  ventral  side.     They  are  set  in  two  rows  on  the  mesothorax,  the 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  56/ 

metathorax  and  the  first  seven  segments  of  the  abdomen.  Two  stalks 
occur  together  on  each  side  of  the  segment,  and  these  are  in  turn  divided 
into  six  or  nine  filaments.  Instead  of  four  stalks  the  mesothorax  has  two, 
the  metathorax  three  and  the  seventh  abdominal  segment  one.  Two 
brown  spots  are  very  prominent  on  the  ventral  side  of  the  eighth  and  of 
the  ninth  segments.  The  anal  hooks  are  on  very  large  prolegs  of  one 
joint  each.  A  bunch  of  hairs  is  at  the  base  of  each  hook.  One  or  two 
stout  hairs  arise  near  the  base  of  the  hook  and  extend  to  meet  its  point. 
Pupa.  Length  11  mm.  Width  2  mm.  Head  pinkish.  Thorax 
white.  Spurs  on  the  tibiae  arranged  in  the  order  1-4-4.  Abdomen 
white  with  brick  red  on  the  dorsal  side.  Hooks  pointing  backward  are 
on  the  third,  fourth,  fifth,  sixth,  seventh  and  eighth  segments.  Plates 
with  spurs  pointing  forward  are  on  the  third  and  fourth  segments.  I  was 
able  to  make  out  but  eight  abdominal  segments  in  this  pupa. 

I  Halesus  species? 

Plate  32,  figures  3,  6;  plate  33,  figure  3 

Habitat.  Larvae  and  pupae  were  found  in  Little  Clear  creek  and 
along  the  shore  of  Little  Clear  lake,  specially  on  wood  strewn  bottoms. 

Occurrence.  Larvae  were  quite  plentiful  during  the  entire  period. 
Pupae  were  obtained  only  at  the  last.  Only  two  or  three  adults  were 
seen  and  those  during  the  last  week  of  work.  A  single  specimen  of  this 
species  was  bred  Aug.  31,  1900. 

Case.  (PI.  33,  fig.  3)  Case  of  thin  pieces  of  wood  placed  at  right 
angles  to  the  length  of  the  case  with  their  ends  crossed.  The  coarseness 
of  the  material  used  varies  but  is  uniform 
for  each  case.  Length  18  to  20  mm. 
Width  7  mm. 

Larva.  (PI.  32,  fig.  3)  Length  15  mm. 
Width  4  or  5  mm.  Head  brownish  black 
with  broad  white  stripes  running  obliquely 
from  the  corners  of  the  mouth  along  both 
dorsal  and  ventral  sides  of  the  eyes.  There 
is  a  white  spot  where  the  inner  pair  of  stripes 

Fig.  37   Dorsal  view  of  end  of  abdo- 

would  unite  if  continued.  The  anterior  half  men  of  larva 
of  the  dorsal  side  of  the  prothorax  is  black,  the  posterior  half  white. 
The  mesothoracic  shield  blackish  brown  bordered  with  black.  Meta- 
thorax yellow  with  large  brown  spots.  Legs  yellow  with  triangular  white 
spot  on  the  outside  of  each  femur  at  its  joint  with  the  tibia.  Two  spurs 
on  each  tibia.      Abdomen  purplish,  whiter  beneath.      Anal  hooks  are  on 


568 


NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 


single  jointed  prolegs.     The  position  and  number  of  respiratory  filaments 
may  be  represented  diagrammatically. 

Dorsum  Venter 


3         3               3         3  3               3 

3 3 3        3 3        3 

3        3              3        3  3              3 

2        3 3        2         3        3 3        3 

2                 2  3                 3 

22  2223  32 

2  2  3  3 

12  21  13  31 

2  2     '  2  2 

2  2  2  2 

2  2 

I  I 


Fig.  38   Caudal  processes  of 
the  pupa 


Pupa.     (PI.  32,  fig.  6)     Length  16  to  18  mm.     Width  4  to  5  mm. 
Antennae  as  long  as  the  body.     Wings  10  mm.     Head  yellow,  thorax 
white.     Spurs  on  the  tibiae  occur  in  order  1-3-3. 
V  /'       Abdomen  white  with  dull  brick  red  on  the  dorsal 

side,  specially  on  the  anterior  segments.  Fila- 
ments are  also  of  a  dull  brick  red  color.  Hooks 
pointing  backward  are  on  the  third,  fourth,  fifth 
and  sixth  segments.  Plates  with  spikes  pointing 
forward  are  at  the  posterior  edge  of  the  fifth 
segment. 

■ggs.  The  eggs  of  this  species  are  laid  in  a 
compact  cluster  with  abundant  gelatin.  A  cluster  of  about  300  eggs 
was  kept  till  the  larvae  hatched  and  their  identity  was  shown  by  the 
characteristic  cases  they  made. 

other  larvae  found  at  saranac  inn 
(arranged  by  families) 

LIMNOPPilLIIDAHi 

2  Halesus  species? 

Plate  32,  figure  2  and  5;  plate  33,  figure  2 

Habitat.  Larvae  and  pupae  found  in  Little  Clear  creek.  The  pupae 
are  commonly  fastened  to  submerged  tree  branches  closely  resembling 
broken  twigs. 

Occurrence.  Larvae  common  throughout  the  period.  Pupae  not 
found  till  the  very  last. 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  569 

Case.  (PL  ss>  fig-  2)  Case  of  irregular  pieces  of  wood  placed 
longitudinally  with  slender  stick  extending  beyond  the  posterior  end. 
Length  23  mm.  Width  8  mm.  Length  of  stick  beyond  the  case  about 
19  mm. 

Larva.  (PI.  32,  fig.  2)  Length  18  mm.  Width  4  mm.  Head, 
prothorax  and  mesothorax  reddish  brown  with  a  pattern  of  black  spots. 
Mesothorax  has  right  angled  black  lines  in  the 
posterior  corners.  Metathorax  is  yellowish 
brown.  Legs  brown,  margined  with  black. 
Spurs  on  the  tibiae  arranged  in  order  2-2-2. 
Abdomen  whitish  with  red  patch  on  the 
dorsal  side.  Respiratory  filaments  occur  with 
or  near  the  divisions  between  the  abdominal 
segments.     Beginning  at  the  division  between 

,        ^  J  ,  .  Fig.  39  Dorsal  view  of  end  of  ab- 

the  first  and.  second   segments,  they  occur  in  domen  of  larva 

the  following  order  on  the  dorsum,  o^  o,  3,  3,   2,   i,   o,  o,  o. 
On  the  ventral  side  their  arrangement  is  o,  o,  3,  3,  3,  2,   2 
I,  o.     Anal  hooks  are  on  two-jointed  prolegs. 

Pupa.  (PI.  33,  fig.  5)  Length  19  mm.  Width  4  mm. 
Antennae  16  mm.  Wings  8  mm.  3  ocelli.  Head  reddish 
yellow.  Thorax  and  legs  yellow.  Spurs  on  the  tibiae 
arranged  in  order  i,  3,  3.  Black  spines  numerous  on  the 
legs.  Abdomen  white  with  reddish  brown  above  and  yellow 
beneath.     Heavy  black  fringe  along  the  rear  four  segments. 

Fig.  40  Lateral  .^  o  o  o 

fringe    of    an  jjooks  pointing   backward    on    the   anterior  edge    of  third, 

abdominal  seg-  r-  o  o  ' 

ment    of    t^ie  |-q^j.|.j^^  ^^^j^^  gj^^j^   and  Seventh  Segments.     Plates  with  spikes 

pointing  forward  at  the  posterior  margin  of  fifth  segment.     Respiratory 

filaments  remain. 

3  Halesus  species? 

Plate  32,  figures  3  and  6;  plate  33,  figure  3 

Habitat.     Larvae  and  pupae  found  in  Little  Clear  creek. 

Occurrence.  Larvae  quite  common  throughout  the  period.  Pupae 
found  only  during  the  last  four  days  of  the  session. 

Case.  (PI.  33,  fig.  3)  Cylindric  case  of  wood  and  sand  ©r  small 
stones,  often  finely  colored.     Length  24  mm.     Width  6  mm. 

Larva.  (PL  32,  fig.  3)  Length  16  mm.  Width  4  mm.  Fewer 
black  spots  on  head  but  otherwise  same  as  larva  just,  described.  The 
length  of  the  pupae  of  this  species  would  seem  to  indicate  that  the  larvae 
taken  were  not  full  grown. 


570 


NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 


Pupa.     (PI.  32,  fig.  6)     I  could  distinguish  no  difference  between 
this  and  the  pupa  just  described. 


Flsf.  41  End  of  abdomen  of  larva  Fig.  43   Head  of  pupa,  showing  "moustache" 

4  Halesus  species? 
One  specimen  found. 

Case.  This  larva  was  found  among  some  of  no.  3  of  this  genus  and 
presumably  was  accidentally  placed  there  because  of  similarity  of  case. 

Larva.  Length  18  mm.  Width  5  mm.  Head,  prothorax  and 
mesothorax  yellowish  brown  spotted  with  black .  Mesothorax  has  a  black 
mark  like  that  of  no.  i  and  2.  Abdomen  white  with  brick  red  on  dorsal 
side.  Legs  have  white  spot  on  the  outside  of  the  femur  at  the  joint  with  the 
tibia.  A  white  dot  occurs  at  the  anterior  edge  of  each  half  of  the 
third,  fourth,  fifth,  sixth  and  seventh  segments.  Anal  hooks  are  on 
two-jointed  prolegs.  The  respiratory  filaments  occur  in  position  and 
number  indicated  in  the  diagram. 


Dorsum 


Venter 


23    32 
23    32 

to          OJ 
OJ  OJ    OJ  OJ 

OJ  OJ    OJ  OJ 
to          OJ 

3    3      3    3 
3      3 

23      32 
3      3 

3      3 

23    32 

12      21 
2      2 

3       3 
22      22 

2      2 
2      2 

2      2 
22      22 

2      2 
2      2 

2      2 
12      21 

I      I 

AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  57I 

SERICOSXOIMAXIIDJS^B 
I 

One  specimen  taken  from  hatchery  trough  June  19,  1900. 

Case.  Cyhndric  yellow  case  slightly  curved,  composed  mainly  of 
silk  with  multitudes  of  spicules  of  fresh- water  sponge.  Length  10  mm. 
Width  tapers  from  3  at  the  anterior  end  to  2  mm.  at  the  posterior  end. 

Larva.  Length  8  mm.  Width  1.5  mm.  Head  and  thorax  light 
yellow.  Lines  of  black  chitin  over  each  side  of  the  mesothorax  and  also 
on  the  dorsal  side  of  the  first  segment,  extending  obliquely  over  the  lower 
tubercles.  Numerous  respiratory  filaments  occur  on  the  second,  third, 
fourth,  fifth,  sixth  and  seventh  segments  both  above  and  below.  The 
anal  hooks  are  supported  on  two-jointed  prologs. 

2 

One  specimen  taken  from  hatchery  trough  June  19,  1900. 

Case.  Length  8  mm.  Tapers  from  3  to  i  mm.  in  diameter.  Com- 
posed of  small  pieces  of  wood  or  bark  and  is  of  a  straight  cylindnc  shape. 

Larva.  Length  7  mm.  Width  i  mm.  Head  and  prothorax  yellow- 
ish brown  with  numerous  lighter  dots.  Mesothorax  and  metathorax 
white.  A  black  line  curved  outward  is  on  each  half  of  the  dorsal  side 
of  the  mesothorax.  Black  line  on  margin  of  each  coxa.  In  case  of 
the  second  and  third  pairs  of  legs  this  line  extends  nearly  to  the 
rear  margin  of  the  mesothorax  and  metathorax.  Abdomen  white.  On 
the  first  abdominal  segment  a  black  line  runs  from  the  rear  of  the  seg- 
ment downward  to  the  top  of  the  lower  tubercles.  Numerous  small  fila- 
ments occur  on  the  second,  third,  fourth,  fifth,  sixth  and  seventh  seg- 
ments on  both  dorsal  and  ventral  sides.  The  two  two-jointed  prolegs 
each  supports  a  single  large  hook  with  a  smaller  one  at  its  base. 

LB  fTOCERID  AB 
I 

One  specimen  taken  June  19,  1900. 

Case.  Cylindric  case  of  bark  slightly  curved.  Length  11  mm. 
Width  I  mm.  A  slender  piece  of  light  colored  wood  is  fastened  along 
one  edge,  extending  two  or  three  mm  beyond  the  case  at  each  end,  and  a 
rectangular  piece  of  wood  is  fastened  to  the  case  at  the  rear  end  on 
the  side  opposite  the  slender  stick. 


572  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

Larva.  Length  7  mm.  Width  5  mm.  Head  and  thorax  yellowish 
white  with  a  pattern  of  dark  brown  spots.  The  legs  are  long  and  slen- 
der. Abdomen  is  white.  The  ninth  segment  is  incircled  by  a  row  of 
spines  pointing  backward.  There  are  no  respiratory  filaments.  The 
two  single-jointed  prolegs  each  have  four  hooks. 

CASES  FOUND  WITHOUT  LARVAE  OR  PUPAE 
I 

Case  composed  of  pieces  of  wood  7  mm  long  placed  lengthwise  in  a 
spiral  band.  This  case  has  three  complete  turns  of  the  band.  Diameter 
tapers  from  8  to  6  mm.  Found  in  Little  Clear  creek  July  14,  1900.  This 
case  was  evidently  of  a  Phryganeid  larva. 

2 

Slightly  curved  cylindric  case  of  very  fine  sand.  Length  about 
15  mm.  Diameter  decreases  from  3  to  2  mm.  Found  in  very  great 
abundance  in  Bone  pond. 

3 

Tubular  case,  slightly  curved,  composed  mainly  of  silk  closely  woven 
with  some  material  resembling  the  bark  of  young  twigs,  having  a  yellow 
appearance  within  and  brownish  black  without.  Length  15  mm.  Diame- 
ter decreases  from  3  to  2  mm.   Found  in  hatchery  trough  June  19,  1900. 

4 

Cylindric  case  of  small  pieces  of  wood.  A  large,  flat,  rectangular  piece 
of  wood  10x12  mm  is  beneath  the  forward  end.  A  long  round  piece 
runs  along  the  upper  side.  Length  of  this  piece  10  mm  ;  diameter  2  mm. 
The  case  proper  measures  10  mm,  with  a  diameter  of  from  4  to  6  mm. 

5 

Case  of  hemlock  leaves  fastened  by  their  bases.  The  other  ends  stand 
out  obliquely  from  the  case.     Length  17  mm.     Diameter  8  mm. 

6 

Cyhndric  case  made  of  silk  with  bits  of  bark;  a  hemlock  leaf  lies  flat 
on  each  side  of  the  case.     Length  11  mm.     Width  2  mm. 

LIST  OF  ADULT  CADDIS  FLIES  FOUND  AT  SARANAC  INN 

Phryganeidae 

Phryganea  cinerea  Hag.  (pi.  30,  fig.  i)  August  5 
Phryganea  vestita  Walk.     July  25 
N  e  u  r  o  n  i  a  do  s  s  u  a  r i  s  Say.     August  10 
Neuronia  postica  Walk.     July  1 6 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  573 

Limnophilidae 

Limnophilus   ornatus   Banks     July  1 8 

Goniotaulius   dispectus  Walk.  ?  (pi.  30,  fig.  2)  August  8 

Goniotaulius  pudicus   Hag.     July  18 

Halesus  indistinctus   Hag.  (pi.  30,  fig.3)  August  14 

Halesushostis   Hag.   (pi.  31,  fig.  i)  July  30 

Stenophylax  scabripennis  Ramb.  July  22 

An  undetermined  Limnophilid.     August  20 

Leptoceridae 

Molanna  cinerea  Hag.  (reared)  (pi.  13,  fig.  1-6)  July  6  to  August 

20 
Triaenodes  ignita  Walk.   (pi.  34,  fig.  2)  July  16,  18 
Leptocerus  species ?  August  4 

Leptocerus  species  ?   {tiear  flaveolata)  June  29,  July  7 
Leptocerus  resurgens  Walk.  (pi.  34,  fig.  i)  July  2,  August  8 
Mystacides  nigra  Linn.  August  i 

Hydropsychidae 

Hydropsyche  scalaris   Hag.   (pi.  34,  fig.  3)  July  3,  August  12 
Hydropsyche  species?    near    phalerata    (reared)   (pi.    15,  fig.   1-4) 

July  5,  August  14 
Polycentropus  lucidus  Hag ?  (reared)  (pi.  13,  fig.  7-1 1)  July  7, 

August  19 

Rhyacophilidae 

Chimarrha  aterri-ma  Walk.  July  15,  19 
Chimarrha  species ?  July  18 

Order  DIPTERA 

Of  this  immense  group  a  considerable  part  is  aquatic.  That  part  is 
abundantly  represented  at  Saranac  Inn,  but  did  not  receive  a  fair 
measure  of  attention.  Dipterous  larvae,  comparatively  speaking,  are 
somewhat  better  known  than  are  the  immature  stages  of  the  "lower" 
orders  to  which  we  gave  our  principal  attention.  Only  those  Diptera 
which  in  their  immature  stages  were  most  accessible,  or  seemed  likely  to 
yield  new  or  interesting  forms,  were  studied.  Below  is  an  annotated 
list  of  the  groups  which  came  more  or  less  under  observation. 

Tipulidae — Crane  flies.  Abundant  in  individuals,  representing  a  con- 
siderable number  of  species.  No  attempt  was  made  to  determine 
the  few  specimens  collected,  save  the  giant  Tipula  abdominalis 
Say,  whose  larva  is  described  below.  A  small  species  with  beautifully 
spotted  wings  was  bred  from  a  floating  pupa,  but  the  single,  imperfect, 
alcoholic  specimen  is  insufficient  for  description.     During  the  month  of 


574  NEW   YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

July  numerous  pupal  cases  of  an  unknown  species  were  seen  sticking  out 
between  the  boards  which  covered  the  bank  of  the  creek  beside  the 
hatchery.  Many  larvae  and  pupae  of  the  singular  Bittacomorpha 
clavipes  were  collected  from  the  rotting  vegetation  in  little  shallow 
bays  in  the  borders  of  Little  Clear  creek,  where  they  were  very 
abundant;  the  imagos  were  seen  commonly,  also,  gliding  slowly  along 
through  the  air  with  a  singularly  phantom-like  appearance  and  motion. 
The  few  that  retained  their  six  caducous  legs  after  pinning  are  in  the 
state  collection  at  Albany. 

Chironomidae  and  Culicidae — gnats,  mosquitos,  midges,  etc.  These 
families  were  abundantly  represented,  and  a  goodly  number  of  species 
were  reared,  but,  unfortunately,  there  has  not  been  opportunity  for  the 
preparation  of  descriptions  in  time  for  incorporation  into  this  report. 

Mycetophilidae.  During  the  last  days  of  our  session  the  large  A  s  i  n  - 
dulum   montanum  Roeder  was  common  in  the  hatchery  windows. 

Siniuliidae.  The  single,  unobtrusive  species,  S.  venustum  Say, 
was  very  common;  during  the  earlier  part  of  our  session  the  hatchery 
windows,  specially  the  windows  nearest  the  inflow  pipes,  swarmed 
with  them.  Some  new  observations  on  the  oecology  and  habits  of  the 
black  fly  in  its  earlier  stages  are  recorded  on  pages  407-8  and  illustrated 
in  plate  15,  figures  9-1 1,  18-20. 

Stratiomyiidae.  Soldier  flies.  But  few  specimens  were  taken  belong- 
ing to  this  family.  These  belonged  to  two  very  interesting  species, 
one  to  our  largest  and  handsomest,  Strationiyia  badius  Walk.,^ 
whose  larva  is  described  on  page  576 ;  and  the  other,  one  of  the  smallest 
members  of  the  family,  representing  a  new  genus  and  species,  is  described 
below  by  D.  W.  Coquillett,  and  named  by  him  Zabrachia   polita. 

Empididae.  A  new  genus  and  species  was  found  in  its  immature 
stages  associated  with  S  i  m  u  1  i  u  m  in  rapids  and  reared  :  it  is  de- 
scribed below  by  Mr  Coquillett  as  Roederiodes  juncta. 
Hilara  mutabilis  Loew  was  common  about  the  shores  of  Lake 
Clear  during  the  last  week  in  June.  Little  companies  would  start  before 
one's  feet  when  approaching  the  edge  of  the  water,  disperse  and  settle 
again  near  by. 

Sciomyzidae.  Two  interesting  swale  flies,  Sepedon  fuscipen- 
n  i  s  Loew  and  Tetanocera  pictipes  Loew,  were  reared  in 
large  numbers.  Their  larvae  and  pupae  are  figured  and  described  here- 
with. These  were  from  below  the  hatchery  on  Little  Clear  creek.  Above 
the  hatchery,  nearer  the  railroad  in  the  natural  meadow  beside  the  water, 
were  collected,  while  sweeping,  several  additional  species  of  T  eta  no- 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  575 

c  e  r  a,  whose  immature  stages  were  not  observed  :  T.  b_o  s  c  i  i  Desv. 
T.  saratogensis    Fitch,  and  T.  c  1  a  r  a  Loew. 

Ortalidae.  All  along  the  above  mentioned  creek  the  handsome  fly, 
Melieria  (Ceroxys)  similis  Loew,  was  very  common  in  the 
grass ;  it  was  always  abundantly  represented  in  sweepings.  Its  imma- 
ture stages  were  not  observed. 

Tabanidae.  These  should  be  mentioned  if  only  for  their  abundance. 
We  collected  quite  a  number  of  species  from  the  hatchery  windows ;  we 
obtained  many  larvae  but  did  not  undertake  to  rear  them ;  all  these  were 
sent,  undetermined,  to  the  state  collection. 

Conopidae  and  Bombyliidae.  It  may  be  worth  while  mentioning  that 
the  splendid  wasp-mimicker,  Physocephala  furcillata  Will, 
was  a  y^ry  common  insect  on  the  flowers  of  thistle  and  goldenrod,  and 
that  a  number  of  species  of  bombyliids  flitted  in  numbers  along  every 
roadside  and  path  through  the  forest. 

Tipula  abdominalis  Say 

Plate  35,  figure  2 

1823  Tipula   abdominalis    Say,  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.   Jour.  3:18      (The 

original  description  is  excellent.) 
1828  C  t  en  o  pho  ra   abdominalis   Wiedmann,  Aus.  zw^eifl.  ins.  1:37 
1848  Tipula   albilatus   Walker,  List  dipt.  ins.  Brit.  mus.  1 :  65 
1859  C  ten  ophora    abdominalis    Leconte,     Complete    writings    T.    Say, 

2 :  45 
1878  Tipula  abdominalis   Osten-Sacken,  Cat.  Dipt.  N.  Am.  p.  37  (listed) 
1900  Tipula   abdominalis?  larva,  Johnson,  Ent.  news.  11 : 578  (note) 

This  giant  crane  fly  was  not  raised.  It  was  common  about  the 
hatchery  during  August,  and  the  workmen,  impressed  by  its  great  size 
and  sprawling  attitudes,  frequently  brought  in  specimens  picked  from  the 
sides  of  the  building.  In  the  borders  of  the  creek  back  of  the  hatchery 
were  found  numerous  tipuline  larvae  so  large  they  could  hardly  belong 
to  any  of  our  species  except  this  one.  They  certainly  could  not  be  the 
larvae  of  any  other  species  we  found  at  Saranac  Inn.  Therefore,  I  have 
referred  them  by  supposition  to  this  species,  and  give  herewith  a  descrip- 
tion and  figures. 

These  larvae  were  associated  with  Bittacomorpha  clavipes 
in  shallow  bays  filled  with  red-rotten  trash  in  the  edges  of  the  creek, 
various  sizes  from  half  grown  to  full  grown  occurring  together.  Pupae 
were  not  found. 

Larva.     PI.  z^,  fig.  i,  2.     Length  51  mm ;  diameter  6  mm. 
Body  cylindric  except  at  ends,  tapering  anteriorly  on  the  thoracic  seg- 
ments, a  little  less  narrowed  on  the  two  posterior  segments  abdominal. 


576  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

Head  retracted  within  the  prothorax,  only  the  blunt  tips  of  the  antennae 
showing  at  the  sides. 

Color  greenish  brown,  darker  toward  the  head  and  on  the  dorsum  of 
the  penultimate  segment,  paler  on  the  ventral  surface,  and  most  trans- 
parent on  the  sides  of  the  body. 

Each  of  the  middle  abdominal  segments  has  a  secondary  transverse 
groove  at  two  thirds  its  length,  and  on  its  posterior  third  a  transverse 
line  of  setigerous  tubercles,  from  which  another  line  extends  anteriorly 
at  the  sides  of  the  dorsum ;  the  seta  at  the  posterior  end  of  this  lateral 
row  is  much  longer  than  any  of  the  other  setae.  The  yellow  color  on 
these  setigerous  ridges  forms  the  basis  of  the  color  pattern,  which  con- 
sists elsewhere  of  multitudinous  spots  that  are  mainly  arranged  sym- 
metrically in  pairs. 

Anal  prominence  pale  yellowish,  bearing  at  its  sides  three  pairs  of 
similar,  equal  appendages,  each  about  as  long  as  the  greatest  diameter 
of  the  body.  The  respiratory  disk  bears  three  pairs  of  marginal  lobes  or 
teeth,  and,  between  the  base  of  the  lowermost  or  ventral  pair  and  the 
anal  prominence,  a  conspicuous,  setigerous  tubercle.  The  six  marginal 
lobes  are  all  blunt  at  the  apex,  where  they  bear  a  few,  fragile  hairs,  and 
are  covered  except  on  the  posterior  face  with  a  close,  brownish 
pubescence.  Paired  black  lines  extend  up  the  posterior  face  of  each  lobe, 
and  at  the  base  of  these  lines  there  is,  on  each  lobe  of  the  lowermost 
pair,  a  pair  of  black  spots.  Between  the  brown,  cup-shaped,  spiracular 
openings  there  is  a  pair  of  black  marks. 

Saranac  Inn,  Little  Clear  creek,  July  and  August  1900. 

Stratiomyia  badius  Walker 

Plate  35,  flg.  1 
1849  Stratiomyia  b'adius   Walker,  List  dipt.  ins.  Brit.  mus.  3:529 
1849  Stratiomyia  ischiaca   (Harr.)   Walker,   List  dipt.  ins.  Brit.  mus. 

3:529 
1866  Stratiomyia  picipes  Loew,  Centur.  7  :  21 

1878  Stratiomyia  picipes  Osten-Sacken,  Cat.  Dipt.  N.  Am.  p.  48  (listed) 
1895  Stratomyia  badius  Jolinson,  Am.   ent.   soc.   Trans.   22:243    (a  full 

description) 
This  fine  soldier  fly  was  not  uncommon  along  the  railroad  track  east 
of  the  Saranac  Inn  station  on  small  clumps  of  goldenrod  during  August. 
On  August  12  Dr  O.  S.  Westcott  and  I  collected  a  few,  finding  them  asso- 
ciated with  the  wasp-mimicking  conopid,    Physocephala  furcil- 

1  a  t  a  Will.,  and  wasps  of  many  species  and  cerambycid  beetles.  The  flower 
clumps  were  rather  few  and  small,  and  collecting  from  them  was  ex- 
cellent. 

A  single  stratiomyiid  larva  was  taken  during  the  season.  It  clearly 
belonged  to  the  genus  Stratiomyia,  of  which  this  was  the  only 
species  observed. 

Larva.     Length  of  body   27.5    mm,    caudal   tuft   of  plumose   hairs 

2  mm  additional ;  greatest  diameter  (across  base  of  abdomen)  4  mm  ; 
width  of  head  1.7  mm.     Color  uniform  blackish. 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  577 

Head  depressed,  in  outline  conic  as  seen  from  above;  mouth  parts  in- 
serted in  a  rectangular  notch  at  its  anterior  end,  the  hind  margin  of  the 
notch  straight  or  nearly  so ;  from  the  hind  angles  of  the  buccal  notch 
there  extends  posteriorly  on  the  top  of  the  head  a  pair  of  grooves,  parallel 
or  a  little  convergent  for  two  thirds  of  their  length,  where  connected  by 
a  transverse  groove,  thereafter  divergent  toward  the  hind  angles  of  the 
head ;  the  depth  of  the  buccal  notch  equals  one  fourth  of  the  length  of 
the  head ;  the  sides  of  the  head  are  rugulose.  The  head  bears  setigerous 
punctures  as  follows  :  a  pair  on  the  hind  angles  of  the  buccal  notch,  a 
pair  posterior  to  these  between  the  grooves,  a  postocular  pair,  and  a  sub- 
ocular  pair,  and  two  pairs  still  lower  on  the  sides  of  the  head. 

The  anterior  third  of  the  thoracic  segments  (which  become  successively 
wider  from  the  front)  is  closely  beset  with  whitish  recurved  hairs,  which 
disappear  on  the  foremost  abdominal  segments;  there  are  a  few  long 
straight  hairs  at  the  lateral  margins  of  all  the  body  segments  excepting  the 
the  last,  which  bears  on  its  lateral  margins  a  line  of  pubescence.  Hairs 
of  caudal  circlet  plumose  their  whole  length,  yellowish  with  a  blackish 
tinge  just  beyond  the  base. 

This  larva  differs  from  that  of  Str.  norma  Wied.  as  figured  and 
described  by  Hart^  farther,  in  that  the  pro  thorax  is  longer  than  meso  or 
metathorax,  the  anal  groove  on  the  ventral  side  of  the  caudal  segment  is 
closed  and  obsolete  for  the  greater  part  of  its  length,  only  the  T-shaped 
anterior  third  of  it  remaining  ;  there  are  no  paired  markings  beside  it,  and 
there  are  no  grooves  on  the  ventral  side  of  the  two  preceding  segments. 

Stratiomyia  seems  to  differ  as  a  larva  from  Odontomyia,  in 
the  squarely  cut  hinder  margin  of  the  buccal  cleft,  in  the  absence  of  ven- 
tral hooks  from  the  apices  of  the  penultimate  and  antepenultimate  seg- 
ments as  well  as  in  the  greater  elongation  of  the  last  segment  indicated 
by  Hart. 

A  single  larva  was  obtained  from  the  surface  of  Little  Clear  creek  back 
of  the  hatchery  building  July  27,  1900.  It  was  an  old  larva,  perhaps  in 
transformation  to  puparium.  A  younger  larva  would  probably  have  shown 
something  more  of  color  pattern ;  structural  characters,  however,  should 
be  as  described. 

During  the  last  fortnight  of  our  session  a  few  specimens  of  a  minute 
soldier  fly  were  picked  from  the  hatchery  ceiling,  where  at  first  they  were 
mistaken  for  Simulium,  till  a  more  careful  glance  discovered  their 
rotundity  of  outlines.  These  proving  to  be  new  to  science,  D.  W.  Co- 
quillett  has,  at  our  request,  prepared  the  descriptions  given  on  p.  585. 

Sepedon  fuscipennis  Loew 

Plate  U,  fig.  1-8 

1859  Sepedon  fuscipennis  Loew,  Wiener  ent.   monatschr,     3  :  299 
1862  Sepedon  fuscipennis  Loew,  Monographs  Dipt.  N.  Am,  1 :  124 
1878  Sepedon    fuscipennis    Osten-Sacken,    Cat.  Dipt.  N.    Am.     p.  178 
(listed) 

This  species  is  reported  in  Osten-Sacken's  catalogue  from  the  middle 
states.     There  are  specimens  of  it  in  the  Museum  of  comparative  zoology 

^111.  lab.  nat.  hist.  Bui.  4:249-52,  pi.  14,  fig.  57. 


578  NEW  YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 

from  the  District  of  Columbia,  from  Cambridge  Mass.  and  from  Nor- 
way Me.  It  was  quite  common  at  Saranac  Inn  in  Little  Clear  creek,  in 
places  where  the  creek  flows  through  beds  of  bur  reed,  Sparganium, 
intermixed  below  the  surface  of  the  water  with  river  weed,  Potamoge- 
t  o  n,  and  algae. 

The  flies  sit  on  the  erect  burred  leaves,  with  wings  laid  flat  on  their 
backs,  their  long  hind  legs  folded  together,  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  slop- 
ing down  and  nearly  touching  the  leaf  and  the  head  lifted  up  high  above 
it,  in  quite  a  froglike  attitude.  They  fly  but  little — that  little  rather 
poorly — sweeping  betimes,  from  one  resting  place  to  another  near  by. 
They  rest  on  the  leaves  head  downward  more  often  than  otherwise;  I 
have  frequently  seen  them  sitting  thus,  close  to  the  surface  of  the  water, 
and  apparently  feeding  on  the  stuff  which  collects  about  the  bases  of  the 
leaves  just  above  the  water  line. 

Nothing  has  been  written'  concerning  the  life  histories  of  any  of  our 
few  American  species.  When,  in  the  course  of  a  quantitative  study  of  a 
little  section  of  the  creek  border,  I  first  noticed  the  singular  pupae,  after 
handling  them  for  half  an  hour  and  throwing  a  number  aside,  having  mis- 
taken them  for  floating  seeds  (see  pi.  14,  fig.  4  and  6),  and  when  I  found 
also  the  larvae,  likewise  floating,  exhibiting  a  muscid  anterior  and  a  tipu- 
loid  posterior  end,  and  hook-bearing,  dorsal  prolegs  for  crawling  beneath 
the  surface  film,  I  was  sure  I  had  found  something  of  which  I  had  read 
no  account,  and  something  it  would  be  worth  while  to  raise,  if  possible.  So 
I  stocked  several  of  my  floating  cages  (fig.  i)  with  larvae  and  pupae. 

When  imagos  had  emerged  and  had  been  determined,  I  found  in 
Brauer's  list  of  the  described  transformations  of  Diptera^  that  immature 
stages  were  known  for  two  European  species  of  the  genus:  S.  s  p  h  e  g  i  u  s 
and  S.  s  p  i  n  i  p  e  s  ;  but  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  the  paper  in  which 
these  are  described "" . 

Larva.  (PI.  14,  fig.  1,2.)  Length  full  grown  11-12  mm;  greatest 
diameter  2  mm. 

Color  yellowish  or  greenish  brown  of  varying  depth  in  different  spec- 
imens, with  tracheae  showing  through  the  thin  integument  more  or  less 
distinctly. 

Body  cylindric,  strongly  tapering  anteriorly  from  the  second  abdominal 
segment,  slightly  tapering  on  the  upturned  posterior  end  behind  the  sev- 
enth abdominal  segment ;  skin  granular ;  head  segment  minute,  blackish, 
retractile  within  the  prothorax ;  the  thoracic  segments  strongly  retractile 
and  protrusible,  almost  telescopic;  mesothoracic  twice  as  long,  and  meta- 

1  Brauer,  F.  (Syst.  studien  Dipt,  larv.)  Denkschr.  math-nat  classe  k.  acad.  wiss.  WIen.  1883. 
47  : 1-100,  5  plates. 

2  Gerke.    Vehr.  d.  nat.  unterhalt.  Hamburg  1876.    3: 145,  pi.  3. 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  579 

thoracic  three  times  as  long  as  the  prothoracic  segment,  smooth  except 
for  a  single  piliferous  tubercle  each  side. 

Abdominal  segments  1-7  similar,  and  of  nearly  equal  length,  each 
bearing  three  rings  of  tubercles,  a  median  ring  of  tubercles  of  moderate 
size,  and  at  each  end  close  beside  the  suture  separating  the  segments  a 
ring  of  minute  tubercles;  median  ring,  with  the  pair  of  tubercles  beside 
the  middorsal  line  (pi.  2)^,  fig.  3a)  very  mobile,  transversely  elongated, 
bearing  a  stiff  brush  of  recurved  or  hooked  bristles,  well  adapted  for  crawl- 
ing beneath  the  surface  film  ;  on  the  ventral  side,  two  pairs  of  prominent 
rounded  tubercles ;  between  the  dorsal  and  the  ventral  there  are  on  either 
side  four  or  five  lesser  tubercles,  mostly  unisetigerous,  sometimes  not  very 
distinct,  the  third  of  them,  counting  from  above,  a  httle  out  of  line,  in 
advance  of  the  others.  There  is  a  broad  median  ventral  lobe  on  the  eighth 
abdominal  segment,  liplike  rounded,  covered  with  very  minute  re- 
curved prickles. 

Apex  of  the  abdomen  (pi.  36,  fig.  3^)  upturned,  flattened,  tipuloid, 
fashioned  into  a  disk  which  surrounds  the  frmged  respiratory  apertures. 
There  are  two  pairs  of  long  processes  on  the  ventral  half  of  the  margin  of  the 
disk  and  three  pairs  of  lov/  tubercles  on  the  dorsal  half  of  it.  The  two 
submedian  ventral  processes  are  long,  triangular,  almost  lanceolate,  simple; 
those  of  the  pair  external  to  these  are  two-jointed,  the  joint  midway 
their  length  ;  both  pairs  are  pilose,  and  about  equal  in  length  to  the 
diameter  of  the  disk.  Respiratory  apertures  in  two  groups  of  three 
each,  slitHke,  radiating  in  arrangement.  From  the  notches  between  the 
apertures  and  at  their  sides  arise  tufts  of  black,  floating  filaments 
arranged  in  a  flat  whorl,  well  adapted  to  holding  the  breathing  apertures 
up  to  the  surface  of  the  water;  these  filaments  are  black,  dichotomously 
(often  irregularly)  four  or  five  times  branched,  about  10  or  12  in  number, 
and  extending  almost  to  the  margin  of  the  disk. 

The  larva  when  undisturbed  lies  quietly  at  the  surface  of  the  water 

amid   a   tangle    of  vegetation.     It  can   swim  when  disturbed,   and   its 

swimming  is  most  curious.     It  pulls  itself  below  the  surface,  turns  over  on 

its  back,  and  then  progresses  by   bending  and  straightening  its  body, 

striking  the  water  sharply  with  the  flat  face  of  its  caudal  disk. 

Puparium.  (Pl._  14,  fig- 3-5)-  Length  6  mm;  greatest  horizontal 
diameter  3  mm;  vertical  diameter  2.5  mm. 

Color  reddish  brown,  closely  marked  with  yellowish  on  the  ventral  side. 
Body  shaped  like  an  undetermined  seed,  which  was  not  uncommon,  float- 
ing on  the  surface  of  the  creek.  I  first  mistook  the  pupae  for  seeds,  and 
afterward  occasionally  mistook  seeds  for  pupae,  so  good  was  the 
resemblance. 

Body  ovate,  dorsally  flattened  and  ventrally  rounded,  broadly  canoe- 
shaped,  but  suddenly  contracted  anteriorly  into  a  flat,  truncate,  rostral 
prominence  .5  mm  wide  and  .9  mm  long.  There  is  a  black,  middorsal 
curved  mark  (concave  anteriorly)  just  behind  the  base  of  this  beak. 
(When  the  imago  emerges,  this  beak  splits  down  its  sharp  lateral  margins, 
and  across  the  dorsum  of  the  body  near  to  the  aboved  mentioned  black 
mark,  and  comes  off  as  one  half  of  the  cap.) 

The  posterior  end  is  suddenly,  and  strongly  contracted  into  a  cyhndric 
tail,  which  is  directed  upward  at  an  angle  of  75°  with  the  axis  of  the 
body.     The  float  of  the  larva  persists  on  the  summit  of  this  tail,  and 


580  NEW   YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

doubtless  continues  functional.  The  fleshy  processes  and  tubercles  which 
surrounded  the  float  in  the  larva  are  Avithdrawn  anteriorly  in  the  pupa  and 
flattened  down  against  the  sides  of  this  taillike  projection  so  as  to  be 
barely  distinguishable. 

Larvae,  pupae  and  images  were  easy  to  find  through  July  and  August, 
never  in  open  water,  and  the  imagos  were  not  found  away  from  water. 

A  single  parasite  bred  from  a  puparium  of  this  species,  sent  to  Mr 
Ashmead  for  determination,  proved  to  be  new  to  science.  At  our  re- 
quest he  has  prepared  the  description  of  it,  given  on  p.  588.  Mr  Ash- 
mead says  he  believes  that  hitherto  nothing  has  been  known  of  the  habits 
of  wasps  of  the  genus   Atractodes. 

Tetanocera  pictipes  Loew 

Plate  14,  fig.  9-14 
1859  Tetanocera  pictipes   Loew,  Die  nordamerikanisclien  arten  der  Gat- 
tungen  Tetanocera  und   S  e  p  e  d  o  n   Wiener,  ent.  mouatschr.  3  :  292 
1862  Tetanocera  pictipes  Loew,  Monograpli  N.  Am.  Dipt.  1 :  111 
1878  Tetanocera  pictipes  Osten-Sacken,  Cat.  Dipt.  N.  Am.  p.  177. 

I  find  no  published  account  of  the  immature  stages  of  any  species  in 
this  large  genus,  save  an  antiquated  one  by  Dufour  for  the  European 
species  T.  ferruginea^.  The  figures  are  poor.  There  is  an  imago  of 
this  species,  T.  pictipes,  in  the  Museum  of  comparative  zoology, 
reared  from  the  pupa  by  H.  G.  Hubbard  at  Milton  Mass.  Mar.  27,  1874, 
and  another  pupa  is  pinned  beside  it.  I  found  larvae,  pupae  and  imagos 
common  at  Saranac  Jnn,  associated  in  all  stages  with  S  e  p  e  d  o  n 
f u s  c ip  e  n  n  i  s.  The  larvae  and  pupae  are  similar  to  the  same  stages 
inSepedon,  but  more  slender,  and  with  good  differential  characters ; 
they  are  apparently  entirely  similar  in  habits. 

The  imagos  are  found  in  the  same  bur  reed  beds,  but  they  rest  on  the 
leaves  habitually  near  the  surface  of  the  water,  and  so  are  little  in  evi- 
dence. Imagos  of  S  e  p  e  d  o  n,  while  not  more  common,  were  much 
more  easily  taken.  In  fact,  I  should  probably  not  have  found  imagos 
of  Tetanocera  pictipes,  had  I  not,  after  breeding  one,  gone  out 
specially  to  look  for  them. 

Larva.  (PI.  14,  fig-  9,  10)  Full  grown.  Length  10-12  mm; 
greatest  thickness  1.8  mm. 

Color  transparent  yellowish  or  greenish  brown,  lighter  shades  prevail- 
ing. Body  cylindric,  tapering  anteriorly  to  a  long  point,  and  narrowed 
a  very  little  just  before  the  disk  at  the  posterior  end  of  the  body.  The 
relative  lengths  of  the  segments  are  about  as  given  for  the  larva  of 
S  e  p  e  d  o  n.    The  three  rings  of  tubercles  on  each  of  the  abdominal  seg- 


1S49  Soc.  ent.  France.    Ann.  (2)  7  :  67,  pi.  3. 


,  AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  581 

ments  are  much  the  same,  but  the  individual  tubercles  are  in  general 
a  little  more  distinct  in  T.  p  i  c  t  i  p  e  s ;  the  brush  of  hooked  bristles  on 
the  dorsal  locomotor  tubercles  is  a  little  shorter  (this  is  omitted  altogether 
from  Dufour's  figure  of  the  larva  of  T.  ferruginea);  there  are  four 
fairly  distinct  lateral  tubercles  each  side  in  the  median  ring  of  the  seg- 
ment ;  the  subterminal  ring  of  lesser  tubercles  is  less  distinct  than  in 
S.  fuscipennis,  except  on  the  ventral  side  where  it  is  more  distinct, 
and  has  the  pair  of  little  tubercles  beside  the  midventral  line  fused  more 
or  less  completely  into  one. 

The  respiratory  float  at  the  end  of  the  body  (pi.  36,  fig.  4)  is  similar 
to  that  of  S.  fuscipennis,  but  is  a  little  less  copiously  fringed,  and 
the  fringe  is  a  little  shorter,  reaching  but  about  two  thirds  of  the  distance 
to  the  margin  of  the  disk.  The  fleshy  processes  and  tubercles  bordering 
the  disk  are  very  different.  The  ventral,  submedian  pair  of  processes  are 
broad  and  blunt.  The  lateral  processes  have  a  broad  obtuse  base  sup- 
porting a  slender  second  joint.  The  tubercles  forming  the  dorsal  border 
of  the  disk,  excepting  the  external  one  each  side,  are  nearly  obsolete. 
By  the  characters  mentioned  in  this  paragraph  the  larva  of  this  species 
(possibly,  of  this  genus)  may  readily  be  distinguished  from  S  e  p  e  d  o  n — 
at  least,  from   Sepedon   fuscipennis. 

Puparium,     (PI.  14,  fig.  n,  12)     Length  6  mm;  diameter  2  mm. 

Color  reddish  brown,  more  reddish  on  the  obsolescent  larval  tubercles, 
and  on  the  upper  side  of  the  beak  into  which  the  body  is  contracted  at 
the  front  end.  There  is  no  black  arcuate  mark  at  the  base  of  the  beak 
on  the  dorsal  side. 

Body  more  slender  than  in  Sepedon,  less  convex  below,  less 
flattened  above,  though  of  much  the  same  general  appearance.  The  tail- 
like prominence  at  the  posterior  end  bears  at  its  apex  the  unaltered 
larval  float,  and  at  its  sides  the  scarcely  distinguishable  remains  of  the 
processes  and  tubercles  which  surrounded  the  caudal  disk  of  the  larva. 
This  "  tail  "  is  bent  upward  at  an  angle  of  about  45°  with  the  axis  of  the 
body.  By  this  lesser  degree  of  angulation,  as  well  as  by  the  general 
slenderness  of  form,  this  species  is  readily  distinguished  from  S.  fusci- 
pennis   in  the  pupal  stage. 

Roederiodes  juncta  Coquillet 

Plate  15,  fig.  5-8 

The  reader  is  referred  to  page  586  for  the  technical  description  of  the 
imago  of  this  species.  It  was  found  in  a  rapids  in  Little  Clear  creek  just 
below  the  railroad  embankment.  Larvae  and  pupae  were  found  first,  the 
former  crawHng  among  the  pupa  cases  of  S  i  m  u  1  i  u  m  ,  the  latter 
usually  resting  within  an  abandoned  Simulium  pupa  case.  After 
these  had  been  bred,  the  imagos  were  found,  clinging  in  companies  to 
the  under  side  of  pieces  of  boards  which  rested  just  above  the  level  of 
the  water.  They  were  not  seen  flying,  except  when  disturbed,  and  then 
they  took  flight  slowly  and  flew  poorly.  A  piece  of  board  might  be  lifted 
with  a  score  of  the  flies  sticking  to  it  within  an  area  of  a  few  square 
inches,  and  most  of  them  could  be  gathered  into  a  cyanid  bottle  before 


S82  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

attempting  to  escape.  The  spot  on  the  board  where  these  groups 
occurred  was  always  a  wet  one,  and  on  it  there  was  to  be  seen  a  mass  of 
very  minute  white  eggs  in  the  midst  of  a  matrix  of  thin,  transparent  gela- 
tin.    In  these  companies  of  adults,  males  and  females  were  intermingled. 

Larva.     (PI.  15,  fig.  6)     Length  5.7  mm;  greatest  diameter  i  mm. 

Body  cylindric,  tapering  anteriorly  on  the  thoracic  segments  to  the 
head,  which  is  minute  and  more  or  less  completely  retracted  within  the 
prothorax.  Segments  increasing  a  little  in  thickness  to  the  sixth  abdom- 
inal, and  in  length  to  the  seventh  abdominal. 

Color  uniform  whitish.     Skin  finely  rugulose  striate. 

There  are  paired  prominent  ventral  prolegs  on  the  first  eight  abdominal 
segments;  those  on  segments  1-7  similar,  blunt,  cylindric,  equaling 
in  length  one  third  the  diameter  of  the  abdomen,  bearing  two  termi- 
nal rows  (of  six  to  nine  each)  of  thin,  flat  sharp,  strongly  curved 
exteriorly  directed  claws.  Prolegs  of  the  eighth  segment  longer,  curved 
posteriorly,  bearing  a  greater  number  of  thin  claws  or  hooks  with  apices 
directed  anteriorly,  the  innermost  much  the  largest. 

There  are  two  fine  setae  on  the  ventral  side  of  the  prothorax  near  its 
anterior  end.  The  apex  of  the  abdomen  bears  two  pairs  of  setigerous 
processes,  and  below  and  at  the  sides  of  these  a  pair  of  low,  bare,  blunt 
prominences.  The  processes  of  the  upper  of  the  two  above  mentioned 
pairs,  divaricate,  wide  apart,  as  long  as  the  anterior  prolegs,  bearing  each 
three  setae  longer  than  itself.  The  lower  pair  shorter,  approximated  on 
the  apex  of  the  abdomen,  each  with  two  shorter  setae. 

Pupa.     Length  4.2  mm. 

Free,  cylindric,  arcuate;  clear  yellow,  with  brownish  spines  and  angles. 

Face  directed  ventrally ;  two  pairs  of  strong  setae  on  the  top  of  the 
head,  with  a  corrugated  surface  between  them;  cases  of  the  antennae 
simple,  short,  not  exceeding  half  the  length  of  the  face.  Mouth  parts, 
wings  and  legs  as  usual,  the  hind  legs  under  the  wings.  Prothorax  at 
its  anterior  margin  elevated  in  a  pair  of  pyramidal  triangular  processes, 
directed  above  the  hind  angles  of  the  head. 

There  are  a  few  stiff  setae  on  the  thoracic  dorsum ;  abdominal  segments 
1-8  bear  each  a  median  transverse  whorl  of  stiff  setae,  alternating  larger 
and  smaller,  and  becoming  much  stouter  dorsally  toward  the  hind  end  of 
the  abdomen  and  much  fewer  on  the  eighth  segment ;  ninth  segment 
very  short,  with  a  pair  of  apical  lobes,  each  of  which  bears  a  strong,  long, 
ventrally  curved  hook,  as  long  as  segments  8  and  9  together.  On 
the  inner  side  of  this  hook  at  its  base  is  a  minute,  erect  spinule. 

STRAY  NOTES  ON  OTHER  ORDERS 
ORTHOPTERA 

No  effort  was  made  to  collect  these,  but  a  few  that  were  picked  up 

incidentally  were  taken   to   Mr   Scudder,  who  has  kindly  given  me  the 

following  list  of  their  names. 

Acrididae 

Tettix  granulatus    Kirby.     This  was  not  uncommon  on  the  dry 

lichen  mats  on  Blueberry  island  in  Little  Clear  pond. 

Tettigideaparvipennis    Harris.     In  bogs  on  sphagnum. 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  583 

Camnula  pellucida  Scudder 

Dissosteira    Carolina  Linnaeus 

Spharageraon    sp.  ?     (nymph) 

Podisma  glacialis  Scudder.     On   bushes  in    openings   in    the 

woods. 

Locustidae 

Scudderia  pistillata  Brunner 
Xiphidium  fasciatum  DeGeer 

HEMIPTEKA 

I  was  struck  with  the  absence  of  the  larger  aquatic  Hemiptera,  such 
asBelostoma,  Zaitha,  Nepa,  etc.,  from,  all  the  waters  in 
which  I  did  any  collecting  about  Saranac  Inn,  I  was  not  looking  for 
them;  but,  if  they  had  ever  got  into  my  net,  as  they  have  done  unfail- 
ingly in  every  other  locality  in  which  I  have  ever  collected,  they  could 
not  but  have  been  seen.  OfRanatra  I  caught  a  few  specimens  in 
the  vegetation  about  the  shores  of  Bone  pond.  Of  terrestrial  Hemiptera 
there  seemed  to  be  no  scarcity. 

MECOPTERA 
Panorpa  signifer  Banks 
Panorpa  nebulosa  Westw. 

These  were  not  uncommon  in  the  damp  woods  along  the  road  between 
the  railroad  and  Little  Green  pond. 

COLEOPTERA 

Though  little  attention  was  paid  this  order,  considerable  material  was 
collected.  But  two  species  were  reared,  however:  Galerucella 
n  y  m  p  h  a  e  and  Donacia  emarginata.  The  latter  species 
was  associated  with  D.  sub  tills  Kunze  and  D.  pusilla  Say; 
and,  because  of  unfamiHarity  with  the  distinctive  characters  of  Donacia 
larvae  and  pupae,  I  have  been  unable  to  determine  as  yet  whether  I  have, 
among  the  numerous  larvae  collected,  those  of  more  species  than  the  one 
that  was  reared.  For  the  present,  I  content  myself  with  giving  a  few 
biologic  notes  and  figures.  Plate  9,  from  photographs  made  from  life, 
of  Donacia  emarginata  Kirby  on  Sparganium  in  several 
stages  will  doubtless  be  welcome  to  entomologists.  The  material  for 
these  photographs  was  obtained  while  making  the  second  quantitative 
study  detailed  in  part  2,  and  farther  oecological  information  is  there 
recorded  (see  pages  404,  405). 

A  figure  is  also  given  of  the  singular  bug-like  Macronychus 
glabratus   in  plate  12  (fig.  9)  a  species  commonly  found  associated 


584  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

with  fresh-water  sponges  on  the  under  side  of  submerged  logs.  I  found 
them  mainly  on  logs  which  had  shed  their  bark,  but  this  may  have  been 
due  to  the  greater  ease  of  discovery  on  the  smooth  logs. 

HYMENOPTERA 

A  few  representatives  of  this  order,  parasitic  on  aquatic  insects,  were 
found.  Under  the  account  of  Chauliodes  on  page  547  there  has 
been  mentioned  the  minute  egg  parasite,  Trichogramma  minu- 
t  u  m  which  was  found  a  very  abundant  parasite  of  the  eggs  of  one 
species  of  the  above  mentioned  genus,  destroying  at  least  70%  of  the  eggs. 

A  new  species  of  Atractodes  was  found  parasitic  on  the  swale  fly, 
Sepedon  fuscipennis,  mentioned  under  the  account  of  that  species 
on  page  580.  A  description  of  the  parasite,  furnished  by  Mr  Ashmead, 
under  the  name  Atractodes  sepedontis  Ashm.  is  given  on 
page  588. 

Four  species  of  parasitic  micro-hymenoptera  were  taken  in  the  first 
qualitative  study  detailed  above  in  part  2,  page  403,  all  new  to  science. 
Mr  Ashmead  has  at  our  request  furnished  descriptions  (see  pages 
586-88). 

A  few  sawflies,  collected  at  random  during  the  summer,  were  sub- 
mitted to  A.  D.  MacGillivray,  who  reports  on  them  as  follows. 

LIST  AND  TWO  NEW  SPECIES  OF  SAWFLIES 

BY   A.    D.'  MACGILLIVRAY,    CORNELL    UNIVERSITY,    ITHACA    N.    Y. 

Trichiosoma    angulatum   Kirby 
Tentliredo    verticalis   Say 
Tenth  redo    rufipes   Say 
Pachyprotasis    omega  Norton 
Pontania    hyalina  Norton 
Dolerus    bicolor    Norton 
Strongylogaster    annulosus    Norton 

Pachynematus  corticosus  sp.  nov. 
$  Black,  with  the  following  parts  yellowish  rufous,  the  clypeus,  the 
tegulae,  the  apical  margin  of  the  pronotum,  the  apices  of  the  coxae, 
the  trochanters,  the  femora,  the  tibiae,  except  the  posterior  pair  at  apex, 
the  front  and  middle  tarsi,  the  middle  pair  slightly  infuscated  at  apex, 
apical  margin  of  abdominal  tergites  two  to  four,  and  the  venter;  the 
clypeus  roundly  emarginate,  the  lobes  broad  and  evenly  rounded,  the 
head  expanded  back  of  the  eyes,  the  vertex  finely  punctate,  the  lateral 
walls  of  the  ocellar  basin  sharp  and  moderately  well  defined,  the  frontal 
crest  well  developed  and  not  interrupted,  the  antennal  fovea  deep 
and  elongate ;  the  antennae  elongate,  tapering,  the  third  segment  slightly 
longer  than  the  fourth ;    the  sheath  broad,  its  upper  margin  horizontal, 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  585 

its  lower  margin  strongly  oblique  and  straight,  and  its  apex  broadly 
rounded ;  the  veins  and  stigma  black,  the  costa  pale  at  base.  Length, 
7  mm.     Habitat,  Saranac  Inn  N.  Y. 

Taxonus  innominatus  sp.  nov, 
9  Black,  with  the  following  parts  rufous:  the  labrum,  the  apical  half 
of  the  mandibles,  the  femora,  the  tibia,  the  front  tarsi,  the  apex  of  the 
second,  and  the  entire  third  and  fourth  abdominal  segments;  the  tegulae, 
the  apices  of  the  front  and  middle  coxae,  and  trochanters  lutescent; 
the  clypeus  deeply  roundly  emarginate ;  the  third  segment  of  the  antennae 
longer  than  the  fourth ;  wing  veins  blackish.  Length,  8  mm.  Habitat, 
Saranac  Inn  N.  Y. 

ORIGINAL  DESCRIPTIONS    OF  NEW  DIPTERA 

BY  D.  W.  COQUILLETT,  U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  WASHINGTON  D.  C. 

ZABRACHiA,  gcu.  nov.  Stratiomyiidae 
Closely  related  to  Pachygaster,  differing  chiefly  in  the  shortened, 
simple  third  vein.  Head  in  profile  only  slightly  higher  than  long;  face 
and  lower  part  of  the  front  almost  perpendicular;  eyes  nearly  orbicular; 
antennae  shorter  than  the  head,  the  complex  third  joint  transversely  el- 
liptic, the  apical,  slender  style  slightly  longer  than  remainder  of  antennae; 
third  vein  of  wings  simple,  terminating  at  about  one  third  of  the  length  of 
the  second  vein  beyond  the  apex  of  the  latter;  four  posterior  cells,  a  part 
of  each  of  them  bordering  on  the  discal  cell.  Type,  the  following 
species. 

Zabrachia  polita  sp.  nov. 

Black,  polished,  the  antennae  except  the  styles,  also  the  tibiae,  tarsi  and 
apices  of  femora,  yellow,  knobs  of  halteres  white,  each  marked  with  a 
black  spot  on  basal  half  of  the  upper  side  ;  wings  hyaline,  stigma  pale 
yellowish;  length,  2.5  mm.  Two  females,  collected  Aug.  8,  1900,  by 
Prof.  James  G.  Needham. 

Type.     Cat.  no.  5344,  U.  S.  national  museum 
Habitat.     Saranac  Inn  N.  Y. 

ROEDERiODES,  geu.  nov.  Empididae 
Closely  related  to  C  1  i  n  o  c  e  r  a.  Face  bare,  not  separated  from  the 
cheeks  by  a  groove ;  cheeks  two  thirds  as  broad  as  the  eye  hight ;  pro- 
boscis nearly  as  long  as  hight  of  head,  rigid,  the  labella  not  developed; 
third  joint  of  antennae  oval,  pointed  at  the  apex,  the  apical  style  about 
as  long  as  remainder  of  antennae;  no  acrostichal  bristles,  scutellura 
bearing  bristly  hairs  in  addition  to  the  two  marginal  bristles ;  wings 
destitute  of  a  brown  stigmal  spot,  third  vein  forked,  discal  cell  complete, 
sending  two  veins  to  the  wing  margin,  of  which  the  upper  vein  is  forked, 


586  NEW  YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 

hind  cross  vein  very  oblique,  vein  at  apex  of  anal  cell  nearly  perpen- 
dicular, sixth  vein  not  prolonged  beyond  apex  of  anal  cell ;  legs  slender, 
destitute  of  bristles  and  of  long  hairs,  pulvilli  and  empodia  well  developed. 
Type  the  following  species. 

Roederiodes  juncta,    sp.  nov. 

Black,  the  coxae  and  femora  yellow,  tibiae  and  tarsi  brown;  head 
whitish  pruinose,  the  front  and  upper  part  of  the  occiput  grayish  black ; 
thorax  opaque ;  mesonotum  grayish  black  pruinose,  an  elongated  spot  in 
front  of  the  scutellum  and  the  pleura  whitish  pruinose ;  five  pairs  of 
dorsocentral  bristles,  scutellum,  except  its  extreme  base,  gray  pruinose, 
abdomen  opaque,  almost  velvety;  wings  grayish  hyaline,  unmarked; 
length,  2.5  mm.  Three  female  specimens,  also  one  male  without  a  head. 
Collected  July  29,  1900,  by  Prof.  James  G.  Needham.  (Plate  15, 
figures  5-8) 

Type.     Cat.  no.  5345,  U.  S.  national  museum 

Habitat.     Saranac  Inn  N.  Y. 

This  genus  is  apparently  nearest  related  to  the  European  genus 
R  o  e  d  e  r  i  a  Mik,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  absence  of  the  stigmal 
spot  and  of  the  long  hairs  near  the  apices  of  the  front  femora;  the 
venation  also  is  different. 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF  FIVE  NEW  PARASITIC  HYMENOPTERA 

BY  WILLIAM  H.  ASHMEAD,  ASSISTANT  CURATOR,  U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 

Family  56  scelionidae- 
TELENOMUS   HaKday 
Telenomus  longicornis  sp.  nov. 
$    Length  1,4  mm.     PoHshed  black  ;  the  antennae  are  much  longer 
than  the  body,  asinT.  dolichocerus  Ashm.   the  flagellum  brown- 
black,  hairy,  the  first  joint  of  same  being  about  the  length  of  the  third, 
the  second  joint  very  long,  much  longer  than  either  the  first  or  third,  the 
fourth  a  Httle  shorter  than  the  third,  the  following  joints  very  impercepti- 
bly shortening.     Wings  hyaline,  iridescent,  the  veins  brown,  the  tegulae 
black.     Legs  black,  the  trochanters  and  tibial  spurs  pale  yellowish,  a  dot 
on  knees  testaceous,  the  tarsi  fuscous.     Abdomen  normal,  the  first  seg- 
ment longitudinally  striate,  the  following  smooth  and  polished. 

Type.     Cat.  no.  5365,  U.  S.  national  museum 

Habitat.  Saranac  Inn  N.  Y.  One  specimen  taken  in  June  1900, 
by  Prof.  James  G.  Needham. 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  587 

Family  77    alysiidjve 

BRACHYSTROPHA    Forstcr 

Brachystropha  quadriceps  sp.  nov. 

$,  Length  1.8  mm.  Polished  black ;  mandibles  rufous,  palpi  white; 
antennae  black,  23  jointed,  the  scape  beneath  reddish,  the  extreme  apex 
of  the  pedicel  yellowish  white ;  legs  flavo-testaceous,  the  tibiae  and  tarsi 
darker,  more  of  a  reddish  color,  the  tarsi  fuscous.  Wings  hyaline,  iri- 
descent, the  stigma  and  veins  dark  brown,  the  stigma  subtriangular  in 
shape,  wider  than  the  first  abscissa  of  the  radius  and  scarcely  extending 
to  half  the  length  of  the  marginal  cell. 

The  head  is  quadrate,  with  the  temples  broad,  full,  the  face  below  the 
antennae  smooth,  impunctate,  but  with  a  deHcate  median  ridge.  The 
median  fovea  on  the  mesonotum  posteriorly,  so  conspicuous  in  many 
forms,  is  very  minute,  nearly  obsolete.  The  scutellum  is  bifoveate  at 
base.  The  metathorax  is  rugulose,  bare,  but  with  a  median  carina.  The 
mesopleural  suture  is  distinct,  crenate.  The  abdomen  is  clavate,  the 
petiole  being  long  and  striate  with  prominent  spiracles,  the  following 
segments  all  smooth,  shining. 

Type.     Cat.  no.  5366,  U.  S.  national  museum 

Habitat.     Saranac  Inn  ;  N.  Y.      One   specimen  in   July   by   Prof. 

James  G.  Needham. 

RHiZARCHA  Forster 

Rhizarcha  astigma  sp.  nov. 

$  Length  2  mm.  Polished  black;  mandibles  rufous;  palpi  white; 
antennae  black,  24  jointed,  the  scape  and  pedicel  rufo-piceous,  the  latter 
narrowly  yellow  at  apex;  legs  rufo-testaceous,  the  coxae  and  trochanters 
paler,  more  or  less  pale  yellowish ;  wings  hyaline,  the  veins  brown. 

The  face  below  the  antennae  is  feebly  punctate  and  with  a  short 
median  carina.  The  mesonotum  posteriorly  has  a  median  fovea  and  a 
short  grooved  line  just  in  front  of  the  scutellum.  The  scutellum  is 
bifoveate  at  base.  The  metathorax  is  rugulose  but  so  densely  clothed 
with  a  pale  pubescence  as  to  be  obscured  and  the  sculpture  overlooked. 
The  stigma  in  the  front  wings  is  not  developed,  being  narrow  and  linear 
as  in  A  s  p  i  1  o  t  a .  The  mesopleural  suture  is  distinct  but  smooth,  not 
at  all  crenate.  The  abdomen  is  oblong  oval,  scarcely  as  long  as  the 
head  and  thorax  united,  the  ovipositor  not  prominent,  at  the  most  sub- 
exserted,  the  first  segment  longitudinally  striate,  those  beyond  smooth 
and  shining. 


588  NEW  YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 

$  Differs  from  the  $  in  having  the  antennae  longer,  26  jointed, 
while  the  legs  are  sHghtly  differently  colored,  the  extreme  apices  of  the 
middle  and  the  hind  tibiae  and  their  tarsi  being  fuscous. 

Type.     Cat.  no.  5367,  U.  S.  national  museum 

Habitat.  Saranac  Inn  N.  Y.  Taken  in  June  and  July  by  Prof. 
James  G.  Needham. 

Family  78   braconidak 

APHiDius  Nees. 

Aphidius  nigripes  sp.  nov. 

^Length  1.5  mm.  Entirely  black  except  as  follows:  the  extreme 
apex  of  the  clypeus,  the  mandibles,  the  second  joint  of  the  trochanters 
and  the  knees  are  honey-yellow,  the  tibiae  and  tarsi  dark  brown  or  fus- 
cous, almost  black.  The  antennae  are  19  jointed,  longer  than  the  body, 
the  joints  of  the  flagellum  being  not  quite  thrice  as  long  as  thick.  Wings 
hyaline ;  tegulae  and  veins  brown,  the  stigma  within,  the  recurrent  ner- 
vure,  the  transverse  cubitus  and  the  second  abscissa  of  the  radius  being 
pallid  or  subhyaline. 

Type.     Cat.  no.  5368,  U.  S.  national  museum 

Habitat.  Saranac  Inn  N.  Y.  Taken  in  June  and  July  by  Prof. 
James  G.  Needham. 

This  species  in  a  table  of  our  species,  prepared  for  my  Monograph  of 
the  North  American  Braconidae,  falls  next  to  A.  obscuripes,  but  is 
distinguished  by  the  color  of  the  legs  and  differences  in  antennal  char- 
acters. 

New  stilpnine  parasitic  on  dipterous  puparia 

Atractodes  sepedontis  sp.  nov. 

$  Length  5  mm.  Black,  with  the  second  and  third  abdominal  segments, 
the  mandibles,  and  the  legs,  except  the  hind  tarsi  rufous ;  hind  tarsi  dark 
fuscous  or  black.  Antennae  21  jointed,  black,  the  third  joint  the  longest, 
a  httle  longer  than  the  second,  the  following  gradually  and  almost  imper- 
ceptibly shortening.  Head  and  thorax  polished,  the  parapsedal  furrows 
well  defined  anteriorly,  gradually  becoming  obsolete  posteriorly  before 
attaining  the  base  of  the  scutellum.  Mesosternum  and  metathorax 
rugulose  opaque,  the  latter  sloping  from  the  base  to  apex,  with  the  basal 
lateral  and  pleural  areas  alone  well  defined.  Wings  hyaline,  the  stigma 
and  veins  dark  brown,  the  tegulae,  the  median  and  submedian  veins  in 
the  front  wings  toward  the  base  and  the  subcostal  vein  in  the  hind  wings 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  589 

yellowish;  areolet  open,  the  submedian  cell  a  little  longer  than  the 
median.  Abdominal  petiole  about  twice  as  long  as  the  hind  coxae, 
bifurrowed  and  subcoriaceous  above. 

Type.     Cat.  no.  5316,  U.  S.  national  museum 

Habitat.     Saranac  Inn  N.  Y. 

Host.  Diptera:  Sepedon  f  u  s  cipenni  s' Loew.  Bred  Aug.  24, 
1900,  from  a  puparium  of  Sepedon  fuscipennis  Loew,  by  Prof. 
James  G.  Needham. 

This  species  comes  very  close  to  the  European  Atractodes 
gravidus  Haliday;  but  is  readily  distinguished  by  a  slight  difference 
in  color  and  by  decided  differences  in  antennal  and  metathoracic 
characters. 


590  NEW   YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES 

PLATE  1 

Outlet  of   Little  Clear  pond  ;   view,  looking  northward  from  the  railroad. 

Photo  by  J.  G.  Needham 

PLATE  2 

Little  Clear  pond  ;  view  from  the  outlet,  looking  toward  Green  hill :  St  Regis 
mountain  in  the  distance.     Photo  by  J.  G.  Needham 

PLATE  3 
Little  Clear  creek  on  the  grounds  of  the  Adirondack  hatchery;  looking  down 
stream  from  the  railroad.     Photo  by  C.  Betten 

PLATE  4 
Little  Clear  creek  Just  below  the  hatchery.     Photo  by  K.  C.  Spears 

PLATE  5 

Little  Clear  creek  at  the  edge  of  the  woods  below  tbe  hatchery;  cages,  nets 

and  trap  lantern.     From  the  bare  strip  partly  occupied  by  a  single  screen  cage 

in  the  foreground  the  first  quantitative  study  detailed  in  part  2  was  made. 

Photo  by  J.  G.  Needham 

PLATE  6 

Little  Clear  creek  on  the  hatchery  grounds,  looking  toward  tbe  railroad. 
F'rom  the  boarded  bank  of  the  pool  in  the  foreground  the  dragonfly  exuviae 
were  collected  for  the  count  recorded  in  part  2.     Photo  by  J.  G.  Needham 

PLATE  7 
View  across  Little  Bog  pond,  from  the  "  carry  ".     Photo  by  J.  G.  Needham 

PLATE  8 

Shore  of  Little  Bog  pond.    Photo  by  C.  Betten 

PLATE  9 

Bur  reed  (Sparganium)  with  long-horned  leaf  beetles  (Donacia 
emarginata  Kirbyj.  a  summit  of  the  plant,  with  beetle  on  the  leaf 
(greatly  reduced);  h  roots  as  withdrawn  from  the  water,  with  larval  and  pupal 
cases  of  the  beetle  attached  (slightly  reduced).     Photos  by  J.  G.  Needham 

PLATE  10 
Fig.  Leucorhinia  glacialis  Hagen 

1  Two  nymphs  on  the  bottom  of  the  pond 

2  The  empty  nymph  skin,  left  clinging  to  a  branch  after  transformation 

3  The  female  imago 

4,  5  Dorsal  and  lateral  views  of  the  male  imago 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  59I 

PLATE  11 

Ephemera  varia  Etn.,  and  Siphlurus  alternatus  Say 

FIG. 

1  Lateral  view  of  the  nymph  of  E  .   varia 

2  Dorsal  view  of  the  nymph  of  E  .   v  a  r  i  a 

3  Lateral  view  of  the  male  imago  of  E.   varia 

4  Dorsal  view  of  the  male  imago  of  E  .   varia 

5  Lateral  view  of  the  nymph  ofri.   alternat u's 

6  Dorsal  view  of  the  nymph  of  S.   alternatus 

7  Lateral  view  of  the  male  imago  ofS.   alternatus 

PLATE  12 

Climacia  dictyona  Needham,  nov.  sp.,  and  Sisyra  umbrata 

Needham,  nov.  sp. 

Fig. 

1  Imago  of  C.  dictyona,   lateral  view,  x  4 

2  Imago  of  C.  dictyona,  dorsal  view,  x  3 

3  Larva  of  C.  dictyona,  dorsal  view,  x  6 

4  Pupal  cases  of  C.  dictyona,  in  situ,  natural  size 

5  One  of  the  same,  enlarged,  showing  the  hexagonal  meshes  of  the  outer  cov- 

ering 

6  Imago  of  S.  u  m  b  r  at  a,  lateral  view,  x  4 

7  Imago  of  S.  umbrata,  dorsal  view,  x  3 

8  Two  newly  formed  pupae  of  S.  umbrata,  lateral  and  ventral  views,  x  6 
9Macronychus  glabratus   Say  (Coleoptera:  Parnidae);  an  associate 

of  the  sponge  fly  larvae,  on  submerged  timbers 

10  Fresh-water  sponges    (Spongilla  ?fragilis  Leidy)  in  situ,  with  the 

sponge  fly  larvae  crawling  about  over  them 

11  Two  pupal  cases  of  S.  umbrata,  showing  the  closely  woven  outer  cover- 

ing, natural  size 

PLATE  13 

Molanna  cinerea  Hagen  and  Polycentropus  lucidus  Hagen 

Fig. 

1  Dorsal  view  of  larva  of  Molanna  cinerea,   x4 

2  Lateral  view  of  larva  of  M.   cinerea,   x5 

3  Lateral  view  of  the  pupa  of  M.   cinerea,  x4|^ 

4  Dorsal  view  of  imago  of  M.   cinerea,    x4 

5  The  accustomed  resting  position  of  the  imago  of  M.   cinerea 

6  Ventral  view  of  the  flat  larval  case  ofM.   cinerea,   x2 

7  Lateral  view  of  larva  of  Polycentropus  lucidus,    showing  the  very 

long  anal  prolegs,  and  the  absence  of  gill  filaments,  x5 

8  Lateral  view  of  pupa  of  P.  lucidus,   x6 

9  Dorsal  view  of  imago  of  P.  lucidus,  x3i 

10  Larval  case  of  P.  lucidus;  tube  composed  of  sand  and  silk;  the  enlarge- 

ment near  the  end  is  two  layered,  and  contains  the  pupa. 

11  Eggs  laid  by  P.  1  u  ci  d  us  female  on  a  stick  protruding  from  the  water  in  a 

breeding  cage 


592  NEW   YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 


PLATE  14 


Sepedon  fuscipennis   Loew  and  Tetanocera  pictipes  Loew 

Fig. 

1  Larva  of  S.  fuscipennis,  dorsal  view,  x  5 

2  Larva  ofS.  fuscipennis,  lateral  view,  x  6 

3  Puparium  ofS.  fuscipennis,  dorsal  view,  x  5 

4  Puparium  ofS.  fuscipennis,  lateral  view,  x  5 

5  Open  puparium  of  S.  fuscipennis,  x5 

6  A  seed  floating  which  the  puparium  simulates,  x  5 

7  Imago  of  S.  fuscipennis,  dorsal  view,  x  5 

8  Imago  ofS.  fuscipennis,  lateral  view,  x  5 

9  Larva  of  T.  pictipes,  dorsal  view,  x  6 

10  Larva  of  T.  pictipes,  lateral  view,  x  6 

11  Puparium  of  T.  pictipes,  lateral  view,  x  6 

12  Puparium  of  T.  pictipes,  dorsal  view,  x  5 

13  Imago  of  T.  pictipes,  dorsal  view,  x  5 

14  Imago  of  T.  pictipes,  lateral  view,  x  5 

PLATE  15 

Simulium  Society 

Simulium  venustum  Say,  Hydropsyche  sp.?,  Heptagenia 
pulchella  "Walsh,  Baetis  pygmaea  Hagen,  Leuctra  tenella 
Provancher  and  Eoederiodes  juncta  Coqaillett. 

Fig. 

1  Two  imagos  of  Hy  dro  psyche  sp.?,   at  rest,  natural  size 

2  Imago  of  Hydropsyche   sp.  ?,   lateral  view,  x  6 

3  Larva  of  H  y  d  r  o  p  s  e  h  e  sp.  ?,   lateral  view,  x  3^ 

4  Pupal  case  of  Hydropsyche   sp.  ?,   x2 

5  Imago  of  Eoederiodes  juncta,    lateral  view,  x  10 

6  Larva  of  Eoederiodes  juncta,   lateral  view,  x  5 

7  Pupa  of  Eoederiodes  juncta,  lateral  view,  x  5 

8  Pupa  of  Eoederiodes  juncta   in  an  habitual  position  in  the  abandoned 

pupal  case  of  Simulium  venustum 

9  Egg  masses  of  S.   venustum,  and  two  females  ovipositing 

10  Pupae,  empty  pupa  skins,  and  pupal  cases  ofS.   venustum 

11  Larva  of  S.  venustum,   x5 

12  Male  imago  of  Leuctra  tenella,   dorsal  view,  x  4 

13  Imago  of  Bae  t  is  pygmaea,   lateral  view,  x  5 

14  Imago  of  Baet  i  s  pygmaea,    dorsal  view,  x  5 

15  Imago  of  Heptagenia  pulchella,  x2 

16  Nymph  of  Heptagenia   pulchella,   natural  size 

17  Pupal  eases  of  Hydropsyche  sp.?,   in  situ,  natural  size 

18  Pupae  of  Simulium  venustum,   in  situ 
19,  20  Larvae  of  S.  v  e  n  u  s  t  u  m  in  situ 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  593 

PLATE  16 

Hexag-enia  variabilis  Eaton 

Fig. 

1  Female  imago,  natural  size.     Photo  from  life  by  J.  G.  Needham 

2  Dorsal  view  of  the  head  of  the  nymph 

3,  aPore  and  ^hiud  feet  of  the  nymph  ;  /femur;    *tibia 

PLATE  17 

Dragonflies 

Fig. 

1  Aeschna   constricta   Say 

2  Gomphus   scudderi   Selys 

Natural  size:  photos  from  life  by  J,  G.  Needham 

PLATE  18 

Dragonfly  nymphs:  photos  by  J.  G.  Needham 
Fig. 
IDromogomphus   spinosus   Selys 
2  Gomphus  scudderi   Selys 
3G.  brevis  Selys 
4G.   spicatus   Selys 
5  Ophiogomphus  aspersus  Morse 
GLantlius  parvulus   Selys 
THageniuS   brevistylus   Selys 
SDidymops   transversa   Say 
Fig.  1  to  7  are  from  cast  skins. 

PLATE  19 

Eggs  of  nine  genera  of  dragonflies   (Odonata-Anisoptera) 
Fig. 

1  Egg  of  An  ax  Junius   Dru:  the  line  k-k  indicates  the  depth  of  its  inser- 

tion into  cat-tail   (T  y  p  h  a  )    stems. 

2  Egg  of  Hagenius  brevistylus   Selys 

3  Egg  of  Gomphus  descriptus  Banks  var.    b  o  r  e  a  1  i  s  Ndm. 

4  Egg  of   Cordulia   Shurtleffi   Sciuld. 

5  Egg  ofPlathemislydia 

6  Egg  of    Leucorhinia  glacialis   Hagen 

7  Egg  of   C  eli  t  h  e  m  i  s   eponina   Dru. 

8  Egg  of  Perithemis   domitia   Dru. 

9  Egg  of  Tramea  lacerata  Hagen 

Gelatinous  euvelops  (g)  are  indicated  for  all  the  figures  except  1  and  8: 
all  are  magnified  about  50  diameters. 

PLATE  20 

Gomphinae 

Fig. 
1-4  Occiput  of  the  female  of    Ophiogomphus    carolus    Ndm.,   seen 

from  the  front,  showing  variations  in  occipital  spines 
5  Genital  hamules  of  O.johannus  Ndm.,  from  the  left  side,  inverted 


594  NEW  YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 

FIG. 

6  Genital  hamules  of  O.    carol  us   Ndm. 

7  Inferior  abdominal  aj)pendage  of  O.   carolus   Ndm.,  seen  from  below 

8  Head  of  nymph  of  Lanthus  parvulus  Selys,  seen  from  above  and  in 

front 

9  Mentum  of  labium  of  L.  parvulus    from  above 

10  End  of  abdomen  of  L.   parvulus 

11  End  of   abdomen  of  Gomphus   frateruus   Say,  nymph 

12  Part  of  labium  of  G.   fraternus  Say,  nymph 

13  End  of  abdomen  of  Go  mphu  s   pa  11  id  us  Selys,  nymph 

14  Part  of  labium   of   Gomphus  pallidus   Selys,  nymph 

15  End  of  abdomen  of  Gomphus  spiniceps  Walsh,  nymph 

16  Part  of  labium  of  Gomphus   spiniceps   Walsh,  nymph 

From  the  Canadian  entomologist,  1897,  v.  29,  pi.  7,   "Preliminary  studies 
of  North  American    Gomphinae,"  by  James  G.  Needham. 

PLATE  21 

Cordulinae 

Fig. 

ISomatochlora  elongata  Selys.     Photo  from  life  by  J.  G.  Needham 
2  Cast  nymph   skin  of    E  p  i  c  o  r  d  u  1  i  a  p  r  i  u  c  e  p  s   Hagen  :  drawn  by   Mrs 
Needham 

PLATE  22 

Cordulinae 

Fig. 

1  Epicordulia  princeps  Hageu,  $  :  drawing  by  Mrs  Needham 

2  Tetragoneuria    spinosa    Selys,  ^  showing  peculiar  wing  markings. 

Photo  by  H.  N.  Howland. 

PLATE  23 

Libellulinae 

Fig. 
1  Libellula  semifasciata  Burm. 
2L.   pulchella  Dru. 

PLATE  24 

Libellulinae 

Fig. 
1  Plathemis  lydia  Dru. 
2Celithemis   eponina   Dru. 
SPerithemis   domitia  Dru.  5 
4  P.    domitia   Dru.  5 

PLATE  25 

Nymphs  of  S  y  m  p  e  t  r  u  m 

Fig. 

1  Sympetrum   illotum   Hagen 

2  Sympetrum  semieinctum  Say 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  595 

PLATE  26 

Neuroptera 

Fig. 
1  Chauliodes  serricornis  Say,    newly    transformed.      The    east    off 
pupal  skia  is  seen  banging  out  of  burrow  in  rotten  wood.     Photo  from  life 
by  J.  G.  Needham 
2Polystoechotes  punctatus   Say.     Photo  by  J.  G.  Needham 

PLATE  27 

Chauliodes  serricornis  Say 

a  k.    pair    in  copulo    beneath    a    leaf  of    the   flowering    fern    (Osmunda 

recalls  L. ;  a  large  number  of  eggs  already  present. 
&  Same  pair,  enlarged 
c  Female  of  the  same  pair,  ovipositing  later 

Photos  from  life  by  ,T.  G.  Needham 

PLATE  28 
Horned  Corydalis,  C  o  r  y  d  a  1  i  s   cornuta  Linn.:   «the  larva  ;  ''the  pupa 
cfhe  male  imago ;   <*head  and  thorax  of  the  female  (after  Riley) 

PLATE  29 

Sialis  infumata  Walk. 

Fig. 

1  Wing  of  the  imago 

2  Lateral  view  of  the  pupa 

3  Dorsal  view  of  the  larva 

Drawings  by  Miss  Anthony 

PLA-TE  30 

Caddis  flies  (Trichoptera) 

Fig.  f  I 

IPhryganea    cinerea    Walker 

2  Gouiotaulius    dispectus    Walker 

3  Hales  us    indistinctus     Hagea 

PLATE    31 
Caddis  flies  (Trichoptera) 

1  Halesus   hostis   Hageu 

2  H.  sp.  ? 

PLA.TE   32 

Caddis  flies  (Trichoptera) 

Fig.  ^  ^  ' 

1  Larva  of  H  a  1  e  s  u  s    sp.  ?  no.  3,  dorsal  view 

2  Larva  of  Halesus  sp.  ?  no.  2,  dorsal  view 

3  Larva  of  H  a  1  e  s  u  s   sp.  ?  no.  1,  dorsal  view 

4  Pupa  of  Halesus  sp.  ?  no.  3,  lateral  view 

5  Papa  of  H  al  e  s  n  s  sp.  ?  no.  2.  lateral  view 

6  P(ipa  of  H  a  1  e  s  u  s  sp.  ?  no.  1,  lateral  view 


596  NEW   YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 

PLATE   33 

Caddis  fly  cases  and  eggs 

Fig. 

1  Larval  case  of  H  a  1  e  s  u  s  sp.  ?  no.  3 

2  Larval  case  of  H  a  1  e  s  u  s  sp.  ?  no.  2 

3  Larval  ease  of  H  a  1  e  s  u  s  ep.  ?  no.  1 

4  Egg  ring  of  an  unknown  caddis  fly.    Photo  by  C.  Betten  from  life 

PLATE  34 

Caddis  flies  ( T  r  i  c  h  o  p  t  e  r  a  ) 

Fig. 
1  Leptocerus  resnrgens  Walker 
2Triaenodes  ignita  Walker 
3  Hydropsyche  scalaris  Hagen 

PLATE  35 

Diptera 

Fig. 

1  Strati  omyia  badius   Walker;  drawing  by  Miss  Anthony 

2  Tipula  abdominalis  Say,  photo  by  H.  N.  Howland. 

PLATE  36 

Larvae  of  Diptera 

Fig. 

1  Dorsal  view  of  larva  of  Tipula   abdominalis  Say 

2  End-  of  abdomen  of  same,  more  enlarged 

3  a  Dorsal  prolegs  of  one  segment  of  larva  of    Sepedon    fuscipenuis 
.    Loew  (developed  for  crawling  beneath  the  surface  film) 

&  End  of  abdomen  of  larva  of  Sepedon   fuscipennis  Loew 

4  End  of  abdomen  of  larva  of  Tetanocera  pictipes   Loew 


a 
o 
n 


^    OS 


o  •« 


Plate  5 


Photo    by   J.    G.    Xi  ed'aam 

Little  Clear  creek  at  edge  of  woods  below  the  hatchery.     Cages,  nets 
and  trap  lantern 


Plate  6 


Photo  by  J.   G.    Needham 
Little  Clear  creek  on  the  hatcherA'  cronnds  lookiiiji'  tdward  tl)e  railniiid 


Plate  T 


Photo  by  J.   G.  Needham 


General  view  of  Little  Bog  pond 


Plate  8 


\     %% 


a  Mi?  #*»**^: , 


"»•>»«»(  t-i<^: 


Shore  of  Little  Bog  pond 


Photo  by  C  Betten 


Plate  9 


Photo  from  life,  by  J.  G.  Needham 
Sparganium  with  long-horned  leaf-beetles  (Donacia):  larval  and  pupal 
cases  on  the  roots 


Plate  10 


L.  H.  Joutel,   1900 


James  B.  Lyon,  State   Printer 


Leucorhinia  glacialis 


Plate  11 


L.   H.  Joutel,    1900 


James   B.  Lyon,   State   Printer 


Mayflies 


Plate  12 


L.  H.  Joutel,    1900 


James  B.  Lyon,  State   Printer 


Spongilla  flies 


Plate  13 


L.  H.  Joutel,    1900 


James  B.  Lyon,  State  Printer 


Caddis  flies 


Plate  14 


U.  H.  Joutel,    1900 


James  B.   Lyon,   State   Printer 


Sepedon  and  Tetanocera 


Plate  15 


L.  H.  Joutel,   1900 


James  B.  Lyon,   Stale  Printer 


Bimulium  society 


Plate  16 


Hexagenia  variabilis  Etn, 


Plate  17 


/-'"' 


1  Aeschna  constricta  Say 

2  Gomphus  scudderi  Selys 


Plate  18 


Photos  by  J. 
Dragon-fly  nymphs 


G.  Needham 


Plate  19 


^^^^^^'^ 


Eggs  of  nine  genera  of  dragon-flies 


Plate  20 


Prom  Canadian  entomologist  v.  29,  pi.  7  (1897) 
Structural  characters  of  Gomphinae 


Plate  21 


^   L 


Photo   from  life  by  J.   G.   Needham 


Drawing  by  Mrs  J.  G.  Needham. 


1  Somatochlora  elongata  Selys 

2  Epicordulia  princeps  Hagen 

COEDULINAE 


Plate  22 


Drawing  by  Mrs  J.   G.   Needham 


*v. 


Photo  by  H.  N.  Rowland 


1  Epicordulia  princeps  Hagen  $ 

2  Tetragoneuria  spinosa  Selys    $    nat.  size 

COEDULINAE 


Plate  23 


1  Libellula  semifasciata  Burm. 

2  Libellula  pulchella  Dru. 

LIBELLULINAE 


Plate  24 


1  Plathemis  lydia  Drury 

2  Celithemis  eponina  Drury 

3,  4  Perithemis  domitia  Drury,    S    and   $ 

LIBELIiULJNAE 


Plate  25 


1  S.  illotum  Hagen 

2  S.  semieiuctum  Say 

NYMPHS   OF   SYMPETRUM 


Plate  26 


Photo  from  life  hy  J.   G.  Needh.  m,  nat.  siz.e 
1 


Photo  of  living  but  partly  anesthetized  specimen  hy  J.   G.  Needham 


1  Cbanliodes  serricornis  Say,  newlj'  transformed 

2  Polystoechotes  punctatus  Say 

NEUROPTERA 


Plate  27 


1^^^ 

^Hh 


Photos  from  life  by  J.  G.  Xeedham 
Chauliodes  serricornis  Sav 


Plate  28 


a.  y^^  ^'^      c 

Horned  Corydalis,   Corydalis  cornuta    (After  Riley) 


Plate  29 


Drawings  by  Miss  Anthony 


Sialis  infumata  Walk 


Plate  30 


1  Pbrygauea  ciuerea  Walk. 

2  Goniotaulius  dispectus  Walk. 

3  Halesus  indistinctus  ?Iagen 

CADDIS  FLIES 


Drawings  by   Mrs  J.   H.   ComstccU 


Plate  31 


-V 


^ 


1  Halesus  hostis  Hagen 

2  Halesus  species 


Drawings  by  Mrs  J.   H.   Comstock 


CADDIS  FLIES 


Plate  32 


Drawings  by  Mrs  J.   H.  Comstock 

Caddis  flies  larvae  and  pupae 


Plate  33 


Photo  from  life  by  C.  Betten 
4 
Drawings   (fig.   1-3)    by  Mrs   J.  H.    Comstock 
Caddis  fly  cases  and  eggs 


Plate  34 


Drawings  by  Mrs  J.  H.  Comstock 

1  Leptocerus  resurgens  Walk. 

2  Triaenodes  Ignita  Walk. 

3  Hydropsyche  scalarls  Hagen 

CADDIS  FLIES 


Plate  35 


M 


Drawing  by  Miss  Anthony 


Photo   by   H.    N.    Howland 


2 

1  Stratiomyia  badius  Walk. 

2  Tipula  abdoimlnalis  Say    ?    nat.  size 

DIPTERA 


Plate  36 


1,  2  Tipula  abdominalis  Say 

3  Sepedon  fuscipennis  Loew 

4  Tetanocera  pictipes  Loew 

DIPTEKA 


Fig.  3,  4.     Drawings  by  Miss  Anthony 


AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  597 

TEXT  ILLUSTRATIONS 


PIG, 


PAGE 

Drainage  map  of  Saraaac  region 386 

Map  of  Saranac  Inn  and  vicinity ---  388 

1  Floating  cage 398 

2  Homemaue  cage 398 

3  Trap  lantern,  sectional  diagram 399 

4Leuctra  tenella,   parts  of  adult 416 

5  "  wings.... 417 

6  Face  of  dragon  fly  nymph    (Sympetrum   illotum).. 429 

7  Transformations  of  dragon  fly   (Plathemis  lydia) 430 

8  Dragon  fly  uymph  characters 433 

9  Dragon  fly  wings   (Gomphus    de  script  us) 433 

10  Dragon  fly  head  and  thorax 434 

11  Gomphus   descriptus,   genitalia 453 

12  "  horealis,  n.  var.,  genitalia 453 

13Epiaeschna  lieros,   labium 469 

14  An  ax  Junius,   nymphs 471 

15  Tachopteryx  thoreyi,   labium  antenna 473 

16Cordulegaster  maeulatus,    nymph  labium 477 

17  Libellulid  nymph  labium  (Peritherais   domitia)  478 

18  "  wing  venation  (L  eu  c  or  hini  a   glacialis) 479 

19  Te  t  r  agon  eur  i  a  eggs 491 

20  "  cynosura,   nymph  characters 492 

21  Helocordulia   genitalia 496 

22  "  nymi)h  characters 497 

23  Somatochlora   elongata,    end  of  abdomen 499 

24  "  filosa  "  500 

25  "  linearis  "  501 

26  "  walshii  "  501 

27  "  tenebrosa  "  502 

28  Dorocordulia,   end  of  abdomen , 505 

29Nannothemis  bella,    nymph 510 

30  Symi^etrum,   genitalia 520 

31  Ladona,   genitalia 529 

32Perithemis  lydia,    nymph 537 

33  Sisyra  umbrata,   wing - 555 

34  Maxillae  of   Climacia  and  Sisyra 556 

35Climacia   dictyoua,    wing 558 

36  Labia  of  C  1  i  m  ac  i  a   and   Sisyra 559 

37  Halesus  larval  characters 567 

38  "  pupal  "  568 

39  "  larval  "  569 

40  "  "  "  569 

41  *'  '<  <'  570 

42  •'  pupal  "  570 


I  N  DEX 


The  superior  figures  tell  the  exact  place  ou  the  page  in  ninths;  e.  g.  458' 
means  page  458,  beginning  in  the  third  ninth  of  the  page,  i.  e.  about  one 
third  of  the  way  down. 


abbreviata,  Aeshna,  448^ 
abbreviatus,    Gomphus,    43r,    444", 
445^^  448=. 

abdominalis,  Otenophora,  575°. 

Tipula,  410^  498\  573',  575^-76=; 
explanation    of    plates,    596^ 
596^ 
Acrididae,  582»-83^ 
Acroneuria,  413". 
adelpha,  Aeshnt/,  451^ 
adelphus,  Gomphus,  445-,  446^  45r- 

52^ 
Aeschna,  463»,  464\  469'-70=. 

clepsydra,  469°. 

constricta,  402^  403°,  405^  407% 
469*,  470";  explanation  of 
plate,  593\ 

fraterna,  45r. 

Janata,  466'. 

minor,  466'. 

pentacantha,  467". 

quadriguttata,  464^ 

spiniferug,  470^ 

verticalis,  469'. 

vinosa,  464". 
Aeschnidae,  432^  432",  434^-78'. 
Aeschninae,  430=,  434%  434%  462"-72% 
Aeshna  abbreviata,  448". 

adelpha,  451". 

albistyla,  443^ 

brevis,  449". 

heros,  468'. 

multicincta,  468^ 

naevius,  443% 

parvula,  441%- 

quadricolor,  452% 

spicata,  459% 

vasta,  458% 

villosipes,  460% 


Agrionidae,  430=. 
albicincta,  Somatochlora,  485% 
albifrons,   Diplax,  525% 
Libellula,  525% 
Sympetrum,  521%  521^,  525% 
albilatus,  Tipula,  575% 
albistyla,  Aeshna,  443% 
albistyius,  Gomphus,  443% 

Lanthus,  443% 
Alder  flies,  541% 
alternatus,  Baetis,  423". 

Siphlurus,     391%     423^-25";     ex- 
planation of  plate,  591% 
Alysiidae,  587^-88% 
amanda,  Diplax,  516% 
Amber  wing,  512^-13% 
Amblystoma,  402% 
amica,  Caenis,  426% 
amnicola,  Gomphus,  444",  447%  456% 
Amphipods,  409^. 
Anax,  463",  464%  470^-72% 

Junius,    433,    471=-72^;    explana- 
tion of  plate,  593% 
longipes,  470% 
anchora,  Notoxus,  403% 
angulatum,  Trichiosoma,  584% 
Aaisoptera,  397%  430"-r.40%-    explana- 
tion of  plate,  593% 
annulata,  Baetis,  424% 
annulatus,  Siphlurus,  424% 
annulosus,  Strongylogaster,  584% 
Ant  lions,  540% 
Anthicid  beetle,  403% 
Anthony,  M.  H.,  figures  of  Diptera, 
Plecoptera   and   Ephemerida    by, 
399^. 
Aphidius  nigripes,  403%  588% 
Aphids,  403% 
Aphis  lions,  540% 


6oo 


NEW   YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 


Apparatus  and  methods,  397°-99\ 

areolaris,  Climacia,  558^ 

Argia  violacea,  402^  405^  407\ 

Arigomphus,  447''-48*. 

Ashmead,  W.  H.,  cited,  393^  ac- 
knowledgments to,  399";  descrip- 
tions of  five  new  parasitic  Hy- 
menoptera,  SSG^-Sg'. 

Asindulnm  montanum,  574*. 

aspersus,  Ophiogomphus,  403^  405*, 
407^  43r,  436^  437'-3S^;  explana- 
tion of  plate,  593°. 

assimilata,  Libelhila,  524'. 

assimilatum,  Sympetrum,  403',  405% 
52r,  52r,  522^  524'. 

astigma,  Rhizareba,  403%  587''-88-. 

aterrima,  Cliimarrba,  573% 

Atractodes,  584% 
gravidus,  589^ 
sepedontis,  584%  5S8"-89% 

anripennis,  Libellula,  531%  532%  532^ 

axillena,  Libellula,  532',  533%  533^ 

badius,   Stratiomyia,    574%    576"-77'; 

explanation  of  plate,  596% 
Baetinae,  419'. 
Baetis,  408^  419% 
alternatus,  423% 
annulata,  424% 
femorata,  424% 

pygmaea,   393%   408%   405%   42r- 
23^;  explanation  of  plate,  592% 
Baetisca,  419% 
obesa,  420% 
Baker,  F.   C,  acknowledgments  to, 

399^. 
Banks,    Nathan,    acknowledgments 
to,  399%  563*;  cited,  414%  417%  418% 
43  r,  563% 
basalis,  Libellula,  531%  532%  532% 
Basiaeschna,  463%  464% 

Janata,  403%  407*,  466--67% 
Beetles,  396%  405^  412% 
bella.  Nannophya.  509% 
Nannothemis,  509^. 
berenice,  Diplax,  528% 
Libellula,  528% 
Micratbyria,  52S% 
Betten,   Cornelius,   study  of  caddis 
flies,  397%  56r-73% 


Bibliographies  of  Odonata,  43r-32% 
bicolor,  Dolerus,  584% 
bilineata,  Chloroperla,  409%  414''-15% 
Palingenia,  427^ 
Sialis,  414% 
Biologic  features    of    locality,  385*- 

92% 
Birge,   E.   A.,   acknowledgments  to, 

399% 
bistigma,  Libellula,  534% 
Bittacomorpha    clavipes,   404%   410% 

498%  574^  575% 
Black  flies,  407%  408*,  408^  409%  574% 
Blasturus,  419^ 
Blueberry  island,  390% 
Bog  ponds,  39r-92% 
Bombyliidae,  575'. 
Bone  pond,  389--90*. 
boscii,  Tetanocera,  575% 
Boyeria,  463%  464%  464^-66% 

vinosa,  407%  464^-66% 
Brachycentrus,  564% 
Brachystropha  quadriceps,  403%  587% 
Braconidae,  588'-89". 
Brauer,  F.,  cited,  578% 
brevis,  Aeshna,  449% 

Gomphus,  407%  445%  445%  449'- 

50°;  explanation  of  plate,  593*. 

brevistylus,      Hageuius,    394%    407% 

407%      440'-41=;      explanation       of 

plates,  593%  593^ 
Briggs,  C.  A.,  cited,  414% 
Bugs  of  Little  Clear  creek,  402'-3% 
Bullfrogs,  401%  402\  404% 

Cabot,   cited,  431%  470%    471^    475^ 
•     482% 

Caddis  flies,  389%  391%  392',  394\ 
394*,  397%  402\  404%  404°-5-,  408% 
408^  411^  561^-73°;  adult,  found  at 
Saranac  inn  and  time  of  appear- 
ance, 572^-73°;  explanation  of 
plates,  595"-96*. 
Caenis,  419". 

arnica,   426% 
diminuta,  403',  426^-27% 
Cages,  398% 
Callibaetis,  419% 

ferruginea,  425% 
Calopteryx  maculata,  401%  407*,  407% 


INDEX   TO    AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE   ADIRONDACKS 


60 1 


Calvert,  Dr    P.  P.,  cited,  393S  430*, 

431',  432-,  528',  529",  529". 
Oamuula  pellucida,  5S3\ 
Campeloma,  404^  406". 
canadensis,  Leptura,  409". 
Capnini,  418\ 
Carolina,  Dissosteira,  o63\ 
Libellula,  538°. 
Tramea,  538=,  538^ 
carolinus,  Ophiogomphus,  440\ 
carolus,   Ophiogomphus,    431-,    436", 
437S  439^;   explanation   of  plates, 
593^  594\ 
Carpenter  ant,  401°. 
Castle,  Dr  W.  E.,  acknowledgments 

to,  399'. 
Celithemis,  507*,  508',  513°. 
elisa,  513°,  514=,  514*,  515^ 
eponiua,  513°,  514\  514*,  514^-15='; 
explanation    of    plates,    593S 
594^ 
ornata,  513°,  514^  516*. 
Centroptilum,  419*. 
Ceratopogon,  402^  404=. 
Ceroxys  similis,  575^ 
Chauliodes,  542*,  542^  544=. 
sp.?  402^ 
maculatus,  549'. 
pectinicornis,  545*,  547^-49*. 
rastricornis,  390^  545%  546*. 
serricornis,     545°,     549^-50°;     ex- 
planation of  plates,  595-,  595^ 
Chermes  sp.  ?  403=. 
Chimarrha  sp.  573°. 
aterrima,  573°. 
Chironomidae,  389',  394*,  402=,  403^ 

404',  407^  409*,  574^ 
Chironomous  sp.  ?  402^ 
Ohloroperla,  414*-15'. 

bilineata,  409*,  414°-15'. 
picta,  414'. 
transmarina,  414'. 
Chrysopidae,  541-. 
Cicadula  divisa,  403*. 

sexnotata,  402'. 
cinerea,  Molanna,    404*,    404°,    563*, 
564%      573';     explanation      of 
plate,  591'. 
Phryganea,  572°;  explanation  of 
■plate,  595'. 


Clams,  402=,  404^ 

Clara,  Tetanocera,  575*. 

Clarke,  C.  H.,  cited,  562°. 

clavipes,  Bittacomorpha,  404%  410% 

498*,  574%  575^ 
clepsydra,  Aeschna,  469°. 
Climacia,  550%  551%  552=,  552°,  557^- 
60°. 
areolaris,  558% 

dictyona,  393',  558*-59°;  explana- 
tion of  plate,  591% 
Cloe  pygmea,  421% 
Cloeon,  419-". 

Coleoptera,  396%  405%  412*,  583°-84*. 
communis,    Helochara,   402°. 
complanata,  Cordulia,  494% 
Comstock,  J.  H.  &  A.  B.,  Manual  for 

the  study  of  insects,  410°. 
Comstock,    Mrs    J.   H.     figures    of 

Trichoptera  by,  399^  563=. 
confusa,   Libellula,   536% 
Coniopterygidae,  546''. 
Conopidae,  575% 

constricta,  Aeschna,  4€3%  405%  407=, 
469%  470=;  explanation  of  plate, 
593% 
Coquillet,  D.  W.,  cited,  393^  ac- 
knowledgments to,  399°;  Original 
descriptions  of  new  Diptera,  585"- 
86=. 
Cordulegaster,  474*. 

diastatops,  474*,  474=,  474°,  475% 

475%  475%  475=,  476*,  477^-78% 
dorsalis,  475% 
erroneus,  474=,  474^,  475% 
fasciatus,  474%  475*. 
lateralis,  477% 

maculatus,  403°,  405^  407%  407°, 
431%  474*,  474=,  474%  475%  475=, 
476*,  476°-77'. 
obliquus,  474%  475=. 
sayi,  474',  474°,  475%  477% 
Cordulegaster inae,    430*,    434%    434% 

■473*-78% 
Cordulia,  485*,  485*,  485^  502=-3°. 
complanata,  494% 
cynosiu'a,  494=. 
elongata,  499*. 
filosa,  500% 
lateralis,  494% 


6o2 


NEW  YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 


Oordulia  lepida,  506\ 
libera,  504\  504^ 
linearis,  50r. 
lintneri,  484^  504^ 
modesta,  486\ 
princeps,  4SS-. 
selysi,  495^ 
semiaquea,  494^ 

shurtleffi,  391^   431^   491^   502°- 
3^  518^;  explanation  of  plate, 
593^ 
tenebrosa,  501^ 
uhleri,  495*,  497\ 
walshii,  50r. 
Cordulinae,  480=,  480=.  484^-506^  ex- 
planation of  plates,  594*. 
cornuta,  Corydalis,  550°;  explanation 

of  plate,  595*. 
corrupta,  Diplax,  525^ 
Mesothemis,  525^. 
corruptum,  Sympetrum,    520^    521^ 

525^. 
corticosus,  Pachynematus,  584'. 
Corydalis,  542^  542*,  550^ 

cornuta,    550°;    explanation    of 
plate,  595*. 
costifera,  Diplax,  522'. 
costiferum,  Sympetrum,    521°,    521', 

522^ 
Crane  flies,  40r,  403',  404*,  405',  410% 

498\  573^-74',  575^ 
Crawfish,  404'. 
Crunoecia,  564^ 
Ctenopliora  abdominalis,   575°. 
Culicidae,  574'. 

cyanea,  Libellula,  531',  532=,  534'. 
cynosura,  Cordulia,  494=. 
Epitbeca,  494'. 
Libellula,  494\ 

Tetragoneuria,    489°,    490*,    492, 
493',  493%  494\ 

Damsel  flies,  4ir,  430'. 

decora,  Ephemera,  429^ 

deplanata,  Libellula,  528°. 

descriptus,  Gomphus,  393^  431', 
433,  444^  446°,  452'-54^  455=;  ex- 
planation of  plate,  593^ 

Diastatomma  rupiusulense,  437'. 


diastatops,  Cordulegaster,  474\  474', 
474°,  475^  475',  475*,  475%  476*, 
477^-78'. 
Thecapbora,  477'. 
dictyona,    Climacia,    393%    558*;    ex- 
planation of  plate,  591'. 
Didymops,  481%  481',  481% 
obsolete,  486'. 

transversa,    407',    407°,    481'-82°; 
explanation  of  plate,  593% 
diminuta,  Caenis,  403^  426^-27% 
Diplax  albifrons,  525% 
amanda,  516=. 
berenice,  528*. 
corrupta,  525% 
costifera,  522'. 
elisa,  515% 
intacta,  517% 
obtrusa,  525% 
ornata,  516% 
rubicundula,  524*,  524% 

var.  assimilata,  524% 
semicincta,  523% 
vicina,  522% 
Diptera,   393%   394\   396%   397%   403=, 
404%    405°,    406%    409%    410%    412=, 
573°-82';    original    descriptions    of 
new,     585'-86°;      explanation      of 
plates,  596*. 
dispectus,     Goniotaulius,     573^;     ex- 
planation of  plate,  595% 
Dlssosteira  Carolina,  583% 
Diving  beetle,  392'. 
divisa,  Cicadula,  403% 
Dobsons,  540%  541*. 
Dolerus  bicolor,  584% 
domitia,  Libellula,  512*. 

Perithemis,  433,  512';    explana- 
tion of  plates,  593%  594% 
Donacia,  406=. 

emarginata,  405=,  583';  explana- 
tion of  plate,  590% 
pusilla,  583% 
subtilis,  583% 
Dorocordulia,  485=,  485%  485%  504% 
lepida,  506% 
libera,  504^-5%  518% 
lintneri,  506'. 
dorsalis,  Cordulegaster,  475% 
dossuaris,   Neuronia,   572% 


INDEX    TO    AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE   ADIRONDACKS 


603 


Dragon  flies,  3S9«,  391^  392^  393', 
394^  394^  396^  401^  402^  403°, 
405^  406S  4ir,  4'29«-540^  explana- 
tion of  plates,  593^ 

Dragon  fly  exuviae,  count  of,  406^-7'. 

Drainage  map  of  Saranac  I'egion, 
386. 

Dromogomplius,  435',  436^  461\ 

spinosus,    461^-62^;    explanation 
of  plate,  593^ 

Eaton,  cited,  418',  418^ 
elisa,    Celithemis,    513^    514^    514^ 
515^ 
Diplax,  515^ 
elongata,  Cordulia,  499*. 

Somatochlora,    485^    498^    499^; 
explanation  of  plate,  594^ 
emarginata,  Donacia,  405^  583";  ex- 
planation of  plate,  590^ 
Empididae,  40S^  574^  585^-86=. 
Enallagma  sp.?  407^ 
Entomostrachan,  409^ 
Eptiemei'a,  420\ 
decora,  429'. 

varia,  403^  405",  428%  429';  ex- 
planation of  plate,  591\ 
Ephemerella,  419^. 

excrucians,  403^  405%  409^  420% 

425'=-26% 
invaria,  425^ 
Epliemeridae,   391^   393^   394%  397^ 
403^    405%    406',    408^    408^    409% 
411%  418--29% 
Ephemerinae,  419% 
Epiaeschna,  463%  464*,  468% 

heros,  467%  468°-69% 
Epicordulia,  484%  485%  485%  488% 
princeps,  488'-89%  489%  490' ;  ex- 
planation of  plates,  594%  594% 
Episcbura  lacustris,  409^. 
Epitheca  cynosura,  494% 
obsoleta,  486% 
princeps,  488% 
eponina,  Celithemis,  513^  514',  514*, 
514^;    explanation    of    plates, 
593^  594^ 
Libellula,  514\ 
Epopbthalmia  lateralis,  494^ 
Erpetogompbus   rupinsulensis,   437". 


erroneus,   Cordulegaster,   474%   474% 

475'. 
eurina,  Lestes,  518% 
excrucians,  Ephemerella,  403',  405", 

409%  420^  425"-26% 
exilis,    Gomphus,    405%    407%    444% 

446',  455*-56% 
exusta,  Ladona,  529'. 
Libellula,  528% 

fasciatum,  Xiphidium,  583-. 
fasciatus,   Cordulegaster,  474^  475'. 
Felt,  Dr  E.  P.  acknowledgments  to, 

384% 
femorata,  Baetis,  424% 
ferruginea,  Callibaetis,  425% 

Tetanocera,  580°. 
filosa,  Cordulia,  500% 

Somatochlora,  500% 
Fish  flies,  541% 

comb-horned,  547% 
saw-horned,  549". 
Fisheries,  game  and  forest  commis- 
sion, acknowledgments  to,  384% 
Fishes   and  insects,   food  relations, 

395=-96% 
flavescens,  Libellula,  539% 

Pantala,  539% 
Flies,  393',  394',  396',  397',  403%  404% 

405%  406',  409',  410',  412=;  of  Little 

Clear  creek,  403^ 
Floating  cage,  398% 
Flora,   of    locality,     387";     of     Bog 

ponds,  392';   of  Bone  pond,  389^; 

of  Little  Clear  creek,  400',  401";  of 

Little  Clear  pond,  391*;  of  Little 

Green  pond,  390% 
Fonscolombia  vinosa,  465'. 
Food  relations  of  insects  and  fishes, 

395^-96*. 
fragilis,    Spongilla,    explanation    of 

plate,  591% 
fraterna,  Aeschna,  451'. 
fraternus,  Gomphus,  444%  446^  451'; 

explanation  of  plate,  594% 
Frogs,  402% 
furcifer,   Gomphus,   431%  444',   448% 

461'. 
furcillata,  Gomphaeschna,  464% 
Physocephala,  575% 


6o4 


NEW   YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 


fuscata,  Sisyra,  554^ 

fuscipenuis,  Sepedon,  404',  574^  577^- 

80=,     580=,     584';     explanation     of 

plate,  592\  596". 

Galerucella  nympliae,  583'. 
Gerke,  cited,  578'. 

glabratus,    Macronychus,    583°;    ex- 
planation of  plate,  591". 
glaeialis,     Leucorhinia,     39r,     393^ 
431^  516',  516^  516^  518';    ex- 
planation of  plates,  590^  593^ 
Podisma,  583-. 
Glossipbonids,  402". 
Gnats,    389^    394*,    402',    403',    404*, 

407S  409*,  574'. 
Goera,  564\ 
Golden-wing,  532^-33^ 
Gompliaeschna,  431*,  464". 

furcillata,  464'. 
Gomphinae,  429^,  434',  434%  434'-62^; 

explanation  of  plate,  593°-94'. 
Gomphiirus,  446^-47% 
Gomphus,  389^  390°,  407",  435",  436', 
443°-62^ 
abbreviatus,     431=,     444",     445^ 

448'. 
adeipbus,  445%  446',  45r:52*. 
albistylus,  443\ 
amnicola,  444",  447',  456". 
brevis,  407^  445\  445°,  449'-50°; 

explanation  of  plate,  593*. 

descriptus,  433,  444S  446",  452^- 

54",  455'. 

var.  borealis,  .393',  431',  453°; 

explanation  of  plate,  593". 

exilis,  40.5*,  407-,  444%  446^  455*- 

56*. 
fraternus,    444%    446',    451';    ex- 
planation of  plate,  594^ 
furcifer,  43r,  444^  448%  461^ 
lividus,  454^ 
minutus,  454°. 
uaevius,  44.3". 
pallidus,    explanation    of   plate, 

594'. 
parvulus,  441'. 
plagiatus,  445%  447',  458". 
quadricolor,  43r,  444^  446%  452% 


Gompbus  scudderi,  403",  410',  431% 
44.3S  444%  447*,  456^-57°;  ex- 
planation of  plates,  593% 
593*. 

sordidus,  431',  444",  446",  454^-55'. 

spicatus,  403",  407S  444%  448', 
453%  459*-60-;  explanation  of 
plate,  593". 

spiniceps,  443',  445',  447%  458°- 
59^;  explanation  of  plate,  594'. 

spinosus,  461". 

umbratus,  455*. 

vastus,  445-,  447%  458% 

ventricosus,  444",  447',  456*. 

villosipes,  444*,  448*,  460'-61\ 
Goniotaulius     dispectus,     573*;     ex- 
planation of  plate,  595% 

pudicus,  573^ 
granulatus,  Tettix,  582°. 
gravidus,  Atractodes,  589'. 

Habits  of  insects,  study  of,  394°-95'. 
Haemopis,  402% 

Hagen,   Dr  H.   A.   cited,   393*,  431% 
431°,  432%  452',  475',  512',  528%  529*, 
55r. 
Hagenius,  435",  436%  440'-41". 

brevistylus,  394%  407',  407",  440'- 
41";     explanation     of     plates, 
593%  593% 
Halesus,  404%  405*. 

sp.,     567*-70°;     explanation     of 

plates,  595%  596% 
bostis,     573-;     explanation     of 

plate,  595% 
indistinctus,  573=;  explanation  of 
plate,  595% 
Hatcbery  pipes  and  trougbs,  life  of, 

4O8'-10% 
Helocbara  communis,  402°. 
Helocordulia,  484%  485',  485%  495% 

ubleri,  496°,  497*-98". 
Hemerobiidae,  397%  411%  541',  550"- 

60°. 
Hemerobius,  551'. 

pectinicornis,  547'. 
Hemiptera,  411%  583',  583*. 
Hensbaw,       Samuel,       acknowledg- 
ments to,  399% 
Heptageuia,  408%  419% 


INDEX    TO    AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS  605 


IJeptagenia     pulchella,      408=,  409*, 
420'-21';  explanation  of  plate, 
592=. 
vicaria,  421\ 
Heptageninae,  419^ 
heros,  Aeshna,  468^ 

Epiaeselina,  467^  468°-69''. 
Herpetogomphus  pictus,  437^ 
Hexagenia,  420\ 
sp.?  428\ 
limbata,  427^ 

variabiUs,     403^     427"-28»;     ex- 
planation of  plate,  593\ 
Hilara  mutabills,  574^ 
Horseflies,  405',  409^ 
bostis,  Halesus,  573';  explanation  of 

plate,  595^ 
Howland,  H.  N.,   acknowledgments 

to, 385^ 
hyalina,  Pontania,  584^ 
Hydras,  409^ 

Hydrellia  scapularis,  403^     ' 
Hydropsyebe,  408^  409^ 

sp.?  404^  408=,  566'-67^  573";  ex- 
planation of  plate,  592°. 
scalaris,    573=;    explanation    of 
plate,  59Q\ 
Hydropsycbidae,  564*,  573=. 
Hydroptilidae,  564*. 
Hygrotrecbus  sp.?  402\  402^ 
Hymenoptera,    parasitic,    393^   403% 
584=;    descriptions    of    five    new, 
586''-89^ 

ignita,  Triaenodes,  573^;  explana- 
tion of  plate,  5961 

illinoiensis,  Macronaia,  482%  483=, 
483^ 

illotum,  Sympetrum,  429^;  explana- 
tion of  plate,  594". 

incesta,  Libellula,  53r,  532^ 
533^ 

indistinctus,  Halesus,  573=;  explana- 
tion of  plate,  595^ 

infumata,  Sialis,  542=;  explanation 
of  plate,  595=. 

innominatus,  Taxonus,  585\ 

Insects,  place  of  in  natural  societies. 
394=;  and  fisbes,  food  relations, 
395^-96*;     life     bistories,     396*-97^ 


410*-582^;  new  species  of,  555*-57^ 

584'-89\ 
intacta,  Diplax,  517\ 

Leucorbinia,  516^  516^  516^  517^ 
invaria,  Epbemerella,  425^ 
Irene,  Neballennia,  402^ 
iscbiaca,  Stratiomyia,  576". 
Iscbnura  verticalis,  402^ 

Janata,  Aescbna,  466'. 

Basiaescbna,  403',  407*,  466=-67*. 

jobannus,  Opbiogompbus,  431=,  436', 
439'-40';  explanation  of  plate,  593^ 

Joutel,  L.  H.,  colored  plates  made 
by,  399^ 

julia,  Ladona,  43r,  529*,  530=. 
Libellula,  528^  530=. 

juneta,  Roederiodes,  408^  409\  574", 
581^-82^  586=;  explanation  of  plate, 
592^ 

junia,  Libellula,  470^ 

Junius,  Anax,  433,  471=-72';  explana- 
tion of  plate,  593^ 

Kellicott,  cited,  431",  432=,  452^  459^ 

Keys,  to  Aescbna,  469^;  Aescbnidae, 
434=;  Aescbninae,  463=-64°;  Aquatic 
insect  larvae,  orders  of,  41P-12=; 
Arigompbus,  448';  Caddis  fly 
larvae,  563''-64*;  Celitbemis,  514"; 
Cordulegaster,  474='-75=;  Cordu- 
linae,  Nortb  American  genera, 
484*-85'';  Epbemerid  nympbs,  419^- 
20=;  Gompbinae,  435^-36^  Gom- 
pburus,  447';  Gompbus,  445M6^; 
Gompbus,  images,  444' -45';  Heme- 
robiidae,  551*;  Ladona,  529*;  Leu- 
corbinia, 516';  Libellula,  53r-32=; 
Libellulidae,  479^-80°;  Libellulinae, 
506^-9*;  Macromia,  483=;  Macro- 
miinae,  481*;  Neuroptera,  540^- 
41';  Odonata,  432';  Opbiogompbus, 
436'-37*;  Sialidae,  541^-42';  Sty- 
lurus,  447';  Sympetrum,  520^-22=; 
Tetragoneuria,  493*;  Tramea,  538=. 

Kirby,  W.  F.,  cited,  43r,  512'. 

Klapalek,  Fr.,  cited,  563=. 

lacerata,    Tramea.    538=,    538°,    539*; 

explanation  of  plate,  593^ 
lacustris,  Episcbura,  409'. 
Ladona,  507^  509*,  528''-30^ 


6o6 


NEW   YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 


Ladona  exusta,  529*. 

Julia,  531^  529^,  530-. 
Lanthus,  435^  436^  441'=-43^ 

albistylus,  443\ 

parvulus,    441^-42°;    explanation 
of  plates,  593=,  594\ 
Lasiocephala,  564". 
lateralis,  Cordulegaster,  477^. 

Cordulia,  494-. 

Epophthalmia,  494'. 
Leeches,  402\ 
lepida,  Cordulia,  506\ 

Dorocordulia,  506^ 

Somatochlora,  506-. 
Lepidoptera,  411'. 
Lepidostoma,  564-. 
Lepomis,  402^ 

Leptoeeridae,  564^  571''-72®,  573^ 
Leptocerus  sp.,  573^ 

resurgens,   573*;  explanation  of 
plate,  596'. 
Leptophlebia,  419'. 
Leptura  canadensis,  409°. 
Lestes  eurina,  518". 

unguiculata,  402^ 
Leucorliinia,  507^  508^  5161 

glacialis,  391^  393^  431^  516=, 
516^  516^  518^-19';  explanation 
of  plates,  590^  593^ 

intacta,  516^  516^  516^  517^ 
Leuctra,  415^-18\ 

tenella,  393°,  405%  408^  416^-18^; 
explanation  of  plate,  592% 
Libellula,  508\  509",  529^  530^ 

albifrons,  525°. 

assimilata,  524*. 

auripennis,  531^  532%  532'-33% 

axillena,  532% 

incesta,   533^ 
vibrans,  533% 

basalis,  531«,  532^  532% 

berenice,  528% 

bistigma,  534% 

Carolina,  538% 

confusa,  536% 

cyanea,  531',  532%  534% 

cynosura,  494% 

deplanata,  528% 

domitia,  512% 

eponina,  514% 


Libellula  exusta,  528% 

fiavescens,  539% 

incesta,  53r,  532^  533% 

Julia,  528%  530% 

junia,  470^ 

longipennis,  526^. 

luctuosa,  532% 

lydia,  533%  536% 

maculata,  535% 

obsoleta,  486% 

ornata,  516% 

plumbea,  531%  532^  534% 

polysticta,  486% 

pulchella,   486%   53r,   532%   536'; 
explanation  of  plate,  594% 

quadrimaculata,  431^  53r,  532% 
534^-35% 

quadrupla,  534% 

rubicundula,  524% 

semiaquea,  494% 

semicincta,  523'. 

semifasciata,  531%  532%  535^  ex- 
planation of  plate,  594'. 

simplicicollis,  527% 

tenebrosa,  501% 

ternaria,  535% 

transversa,  481% 

trimaculata,  536'. 

vibrans,  531%  533% 
Libellulidae,  432^  432%  478*-540*. 
Libellulinae,    430%    480%    480«,    488% 
506''-40*;     explanation    of     plates, 
594'. 
libera,  Cordulia,  504^  504% 

Dorocordulia,  504%  518% 

Somatochlora,  504% 
Liburnia  pellucida,  403% 
Life    histories    of    insects,    396*-97% 

410*-582% 
Life  of  Little  Clear  creek,  400^-10% 
limbata,  Hexagenia,  427^. 

Palingenia,  427% 
Limnaea,  402%  402%  404% 
Limnicolous  oligochaetes,  404% 
Limnophilidae,  563^  568',  573S  573% 
Limnophilus  ornatus,  573% 
linearis,  Cordulia,  501% 

Somatochlora,  501% 
Lintner,  Dr  J.  A.,  cited,  393*,  545*, 
552% 


INDEX   TO    AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE   ADIRONDACKS 


607 


liutueri,  Cordulia,  484^  504*. 

Dorocorclulia,  506\ 

Somatochlora,  506*. 
Littiax,  564^. 

Little  Clear  creek,  life  of,  400'-10^ 
Little  Clear  pond,  seO'-Ol". 
Little  Green  pond,  390^. 
lividus,  Gomplixis,  4.54^ 
Locnstidae,  583'. 
Longicorn  beetle,  40U'\ 
lougicornis,  Teleuomiis,  403'',  586'. 
lougipeunis,  Libellula,  526-. 

Mesothemis,  526'^ 

Pachydiplax,  526". 
longipes,  Anax,  470'. 
Incidus,    Polycentropus,    404',    405', 
563\    565',    573';    expln  nation    of 
plate,  59r. 
luctnosa,  Libellula,  532\ 
lydia,  Libellula,  533«,  536^ 

Plathemis,   430-',    536^;    explana- 
tion of  plates,  593',  594\ 
Lygaeid,  408-. 

MacGillivray,  A.  D.,  Sawflies,  393\ 

584^-85-. 

McLaclilan,  cited,  415'. 

Macrogomplins  spiniceps,  458''. 

Macromia,  48r,  481\  482". 

i'llinoiensis,  482°,  483=,  483*-84\ 
taeniolata,  482',  483^  483^  484-. 
transversa,  481*. 

Macromiinae,   430',   479",    480\   480"- 

84^ 

Macronychus    glabratus,    583";    ex- 
planation of  plate,  591". 
maculata,     Galopteryx,     401",     407', 
4071 
Libellula,  535'. 
niacnlatus,  Chaitliodes,  549''. 

Cordulegaster,  '  403",    405',    407', 
407",  431^  474\  474=,  474^  475^ 
475^  476*,  476"-77'. 
Neuromus,  549''. 
niadidns,  Peripsocus,  403'. 
niainensis,       Ophiogoniphus,       431", 

436^ 
Mantispidae,  540'. 
Maps  of  Saranac  region,  386,  388. 
May  flies,  391=,  393',  394*,  397=,  403^ 


405^     406'-,    408=,  408',  409',    411^ 

418=-29^ 
Mecoptera,  583^ 
Melieria  simills,  575=. 
Mesothemis,  507',  .508",  527'. 
corrupta,  525'. 
lougipeunis,  526=. 
simplicicollis,  527*-28=. 
metallica,  Somatochlora,  485°. 
Mia  11,  L.  C,  cited,  543". 
Micrasema,  504=. 
Micrathyria,  43P,  507',  508*,  528'. 

berenice,  528*. 
Micromiis,  551'. 
Midges,  574'. 
minor,  Aeschna,  466\ 
minutum.  Trichogramma,  584'. 
niinutus,  Gomphus,  454". 
modesta,  Cordulia,  486*. 
Molanna    cinerea,    404\    404^    503\ 

504-'^-6.5",  573';  explanation  of  plate, 

591'. 
Mollusks,  402*,  404'. 
montannm,  Asindulum,  574*. 
Moore,    Dr    J.    P.,    cited,    393*;    ac- 

knoAvledgments  to,  .399^ 
Morse,  A.  P.,  referred  to,  528'. 
Mosquitos,  403',  405',  574'. 
Moths,  4ir. 

mnlticincta,  Aeshna,  468'. 
Muscidae,  403'. 
mutabilis,  Hilara,  .574'. 
Mycetophilidae,  574*. 
Myrmeleonidae,  540'. 
Mystacides  nigra,  573*. 

naevius,  Aeshna,  443=. 

Gomphus,  443=. 
Nannophya  bella,  509". 
Nannothemis,  506^  508*,  509". 

bella,  509^-11'. 
Nasiaeschna,  463",  464',  467*. 

pentiicantlia,  467^-68". 
Natural  societies,  place  of  insects  in, 

394=. 
nebulosa,  Panorpa,  583\ 
Needham,    Dr    J.    G.,    acknowledg- 
ments to,  563". 
Nehallennia  irene,  402'. 
Nemourinae,  417'-18*, 


6o8 


NEW   YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 


Neuraeschna  vinosa,  464®. 
Neurocordiilia,  484",  485%  486\  495*. 

obsoleta,  486^-87',  536^ 

ulileri,  497\ 
Neuromus  maculatus,  549'''. 
Neuronia  dossuaris,  572". 

postica,  572". 
Neuroptera,    397%    411',    4ir,   540*; 

explanation  of  plate,  595\ 
nigra,  Mystacides,  573^ 
nlgripes,  Aphidius,  403%  588'. 
Notidobia,  564% 
Notoxus  ancliora,  403*. 
Nunney,  W.  H.,  cited,  543% 
nympbae,  Galerucella,  583'. 

obesa,  Baetlsca,  420^ 

Objects  and  results  of  work,  384^*- 

85=,  392*-99*. 
obliquus,  Cordulegaster,  474^  475°. 
obscurus,  Progomphus,  436% 
obsoleta,  Didymops,  486% 
Epitheca,  486% 
Libellula,  486% 
Neurocordulia,  4S6^  536% 
obtrusa,  Diplax,  525*. 
obtrusum,     Sympetrum,    52r,    521% 

522%  525^ 
Odonata,  392%  393%  394',  394%  396^ 
401^  402%  403%  405^  406\  411%  429'- 
540*;    bibliographies    of,    431"^-32% 
explanation  of  plate,  593% 
Oecisnins,  564% 

oligochaetes,  Limnicolous,  404^. 
Oligopletrum,  564"^. 
omega,  Pachyprotasis,  584% 
Opliiogomplms,  407%  435=,  436S  436'- 
40=. 
aspersus,    403%    40.5*,    407%    431% 
436%   437'-,38'';    explanation   of 
plate,  593=. 
carolinus,  440*. 

carolus,  431=,  436^  437*,  439';  ex- 
planation of  plates,  593°,  594% 
johannus,  431%  436%  439'-40^;  ex- 
planation of  plate,  593". 
mainensis,  431-,  436% 
rupinsnlensis,  436^  437% 
Orl  fly,  542*. 
ornata,  Celitbemis,  513",  514\  516'. 


ornata,  Diplax,  516*. 

Libellula,  516*. 
oruatus,  Limnopbilus,  573'. 
Ortalidae,  575'. 
Orthoptera,  582^-83% 
Osborn,  Herbert,   acknowledgments 

to,  399«. 
Osmjdus,  552=. 

Pachydiplax,  507%  508%  526*. 

longipennis,  526=-27=. 
Pacbynematus  corticosus,  584% 
Pachyprotasis  omega,  584% 
Palingenia  bilineata,  427% 
limbata,  427% 
pnlchella,  420*. 
pallidus,    Gomphus,    explanation   of 

plate,  594% 
Panorpa  nebulosa,  583% 

signifer,  583% 
Pantala,  508^  509*,  539% 
flavescens,  539"-40% 
parvipennis,  Tettigidea,  582% 
parvulus,  Aeshua,  441% 
Gomphus,  441% 

Lanthus,    44r-42'';    explanation 
of  plates,  593%  594'. 
pectinicornis,  Chauliodes,  545*,  547°. 
Hemerobius,  547% 
Semblis,  547*. 
pellucida,  Gamnula,  583*. 

Liburnia,  403*. 
pentacantha,  Aeschua,  467'. 

Nasiaoschna,  467''-68% 
Peripsocus  madidus,  403% 
Perithemis,  506^  508%  511% 

domitia,   433,   512'-13-';   explana- 
tion of  plates,  593%  594% 
Perlinae,  417% 
Perlini,  417% 
Petalnra  thoreyi,  472% 
Petalurinae,  43r,  434*,  434%  472=-73% 
Phantom  flies,  410%  498*. 
Phryganea    cinerea,    572';    explana- 
tion of  plate,  595'. 
vestita,  572% 
Phryganeidae,  563',  572% 
Physa,  401^  402%  402*. 
Physocephala  furcillata,  575% 
picipes,  Stratiomyia,  576% 


INDEX    TO    AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS 


609 


picta,  Cliloroperla,  414'. 

Pictet,  F.  J.,  cited,  412^  418^  543^ 

pictipes,  Simulium,  393*. 

Tetanocera,    574»,    SSO^-Sr;    ex- 
planation of  plate,  592\  590". 
pictus,  Herpetogomplius,  437''. 
pistillata,  Scudderia,  583-. 
plagiatns,  Gomphus,  445",  447',  458°. 
Plates,  explanation  of,  590^-96''. 
Plathemis,  50S-,  509-,  536^ 

lydia,  430=,  536^-37';  explanation 

of  plates,  593',  594^ 
trimaculata,  537^ 
Plecoptera,  394\  39r,  408^  40U\  411*, 

412=-18\ 
plumbea,  Libelhila,  531',  532^  534\ 
Podisma  glacialis,  5831 
polita,  Zabrachia,  409",  574',  585". 
Polycentropus    lucidus,    404S    405\ 
563S  565'-66%  573^  explanation  of 
plate,  591'. 
Polymitarcys,  419^ 
polysticta,  Libellula,  486'. 
Polystoecljotes,  55P,  551*. 

punctatus,  551';  explanation  of 

plate,  595^ 

Pontania  hyalina,  584". 

postica,  Neuronia,  572". 

princeps,  Oordulia,  488^ 

Epicordulia,  488\  489",  490';  ex- 
planation of  plates,  594%  594". 
Epitheca,  488^ 
Progomphus,  435*,  435°. 

obscurus,  436*. 
Propagating  ponds,  389--92^ 
Psoeid,  403*. 
Pteronarcini,  417'. 
pudicus,  Goniotaulius,  573°. 
pnlehella,     Heptagenia,    408°,    409*, 
420*-2r;  explanation  of  plate, 
592=. 
Libellula,   486%   53r,   532^   536'; 

explanation  of  plate,  594'. 
Palingenia,  420''. 
punctatus,  Polystoecbotes,  551';  ex- 
planation of  plate,  595-. 
pusilla,  Donacia,  583'. 
pygmaea,    B'aetis,    393',    405',  408', 
421'-23^•  explanation  of  plate,  592'. 
pygmea,  Oloe,  421^ 


quadriceps,      Bracbystropba,     408% 

587°. 
qnadricolor,  Aesbna,  452% 

Gompbus,  431=,  444%  446',  452% 
quadriguttata,  Aescbna,  464% 
quadrimaculata,  Libellula,  431%  531', 

532=,  534% 
qnadrupla,  Libellula,  534% 
Quantitative  studies   of    insect  life. 

400''-6*. 

Rana,  401%  402%  404'. 

Ranatra,  583*. 

Rapids,  life  of,  407'. 

rastricornis,    Cbauliodes,    390',   545% 

546*. 
Reproductive    capacity    of    insects, 

394% 
resurgens,     Leptocerus,     573*;     ex- 
planation of  plate,  596% 
Rbizarcba  astigma,  403%  587"-88=. 
Rbyacopbilidae,  564*,  573". 
Roederiodes,  585'-S6% 

juncta,  408%  409%  574',  581'-82', 
586=;     explanation     of     plate, 
592% 
Rotifers,  409*. 
rubicundula,  Diplax,  524%  524'. 

Libellula,  524". 
rubicundulum,      Sympetrum,      521% 

521',  522%  524". 
ruflpes,  Tentbredo,  584% 
rupinsulense,  Diastatomma,  437'. 
rupinsulensis,  Eirpetogompbus,  437=. 
Opbiogompbus,  436',  437^ 

Salamandier,  402'. 

Saranac  Inn  and  immediate  vicinity, 
map,  388. 

Saranac  region,  map,  386. 

saratogensis,  Tetanocera,  575*. 

Sawflies,  393',  584^-85% 

sayi,  Cordulegaster,  474%  474%  475=, 
477'. 

scabripennis,  Stenopbylax,  573=. 

scalaris,  Hydropsycbe,  573^;  ex- 
planation of  plate,  596% 

seapularis,  Hydrellia,  403'. 

Scarabaeid  beetle,  401% 

Sceliouidae,  586". 


6io 


NEW   YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 


Schiller,  cited,  418^ 

Sciomyzidae,  574^-75\ 

Screen  cage,  398^ 

Scudder,  S.  H.,  acknowledgments  to, 

399'. 
scudderi,  Gomphus,  403',  410^  431% 
443'',  444^  447\   456^-57";   explana- 
tion of  plates,  593^  593^ 
Scudderia  pistillata,  583'. 
Selys,   cited,  453°. 
selysi,  Cordulia,  495^ 
Semblis  pectinicoruis,  547\ 
semiaquea,  Cordulia,  494^ 
Libellula,  494'. 

Tetragoneuria,    407',  490\  493", 
493^  494S  494^ 
semicincta,  Diplax,  523'. 

Libellula,  523'. 
semicinctum,  Sympetrum,  521^  522", 

523^;  explanation  of  plate,  594". 
semifasciata,    Libellula,    531^    532^ 

535°;  explanation  of  plate,  594'. 
Semiscolex,  402% 

Sepedon  fuscipennis,  404^  574-,  577*- 
80\  580°,  584=*;  explanation  of 
plate,  592%  596°. 
spliegius,  578'. 
spinipes,  578'. 
sepedontis:,  Atractodes,  584*,  588'-S9\ 
Sericostoma,  564\ 
Sericostomatidae,  583%  571% 
serricornis,    Chauliodes,    545%    549% 

explanation  of  plate,  595%  595^ 
sexnotata,  Cicadula,  402'. 
Sheraton,  W.,  cited,  393% 
shurtleffi,   Cordulia,   391%  431%  491% 
502%    518%    explanation    of    plate, 
593% 
Sialidae,  397%  411%  541%  541% 
Sialis,  541%  542%  542% 
bilineata,  414°. 

infumata,    542^-44%    explanation 
of  plate,  595% 
Sieve  net,  397% 
signifer,  Panorpa,  588% 
Silo,  564% 
similis,  Ceroxys,  575-. 

Melieria,  575% 
simplieicollis,  Libellula,  527% 
Mesothemis,  527^ 


Simuliidae,  574% 

Simulium,  408%  408%  explanation  of 
plate,  592% 
pictipes,  393'. 

venustum,   404%    407^,    574%    ex- 
planation of  plate,  592\ 
Siphlurus,  419% 

alternatus,     391%     423'*-25%     ex- 
planation of  plate,  591% 
annulatus,  424-. 
Sisyra,  551%  552%  552%  552%  552'-57'. 
fuscata,  554". 

umbrata,  393%  555S57%  explana- 
tion of  plate,  591^ 
vicaria,  554% 
Skimmers,  478'-540% 
Snails,  401%  402%  402%  404% 
Soldier  flies,  574%  576% 
Somatochlora,  484%  485%  498%  504% 
albicincta,  485% 
elongata,    485%    498%    499^-500% 

explanation  of  plate,  594% 
fllosa,  500*. 
lepida,  506-. 
libera,  504% 
linearis,  501'. 
lintneri,  506% 
metallica,  485% 
tenebrosa,  501°-2% 
walshii,  501% 
sordidus,   Gomphus,  431%  444%  446% 

454'-55% 
Sphaerium,  402%  404% 
Spharagemon  sp.?  583\ 
sphegius,  Sepedon,  578% 
spicata,  Aeshna,  459% 
spicatus,   Gomphus,  403%  407%  444% 
448%  453%  459^-60%  explanation  of 
plate,  593% 
spiuiceps,  Gompihus,  443%  445%  447% 
458'-59^;  explanation  of  plate, 
594% 
Macrogomphus,  458% 
spiniferus,  Aeschna,  470^% 
spinigera,  Tetragoneuria,  490%  493% 

493%  493°. 
spinipes,  Sepedon,  578'. 
spinosa,    Tetragoneuria,    431^,    490^, 
493%    493°,    495';    explanation    of 
plate,  594% 


INDEX    TO    AQUATIC    INSECTS    IN    THE    ADIRONDACKS 


6ii 


spinosus,    Dromogomphus,   461°-62'; 
explanation  of  plate,  598*. 
Gomphus,  461". 
Sponge  flies,  560^ 
Spongilla  flies,  397',  409-,  560\ 
Spongilla    fragilis,     explanation     of 

plate,  591". 
State    museum,    additions    to,  392'- 

93='. 
Stenopliylax  scabripeunis,  578-. 
Stone  flies,  394\  397-,  405%  408\  409\ 

411\  412--18'. 
Stratiomyia    badius,    574",    576^-77'; 
explanation  of  plate,  590*. 
isehiaca,  57G". 
plcipes,  570". 
Stratiomyidae,  409",  574". 
Strongylogaster  anuulosus,  584". 
Struck,  Dr  R.,  cited,  5G3-. 
Stylurus,  447% 
subtilis,  Donacia,  588'. 
Sunfish,  402% 
Swale  flies,  574^ 
Swett,  L.  W.,  acknowledgments  to, 

385% 
Sympetrum,  507%  508^  519";  explana- 
tion of  plate,  594% 
albifrons,  521%  52r,  525% 
assimilatum,  403^  405%  521=,  521«, 

522",  524^ 
cori'uptum,  520%  521%  525% 
costiferum,  521%  521^  522% 
illotum,     429^;     explanation    of 

plate,  594% 
obtrusum,  521%  521%  522^  525% 
rubicundulum,   521*,    521',    522^ 

524°-25% 
semicinctum,  521%  522-,  523'-24=; 

explanation  of  plate,  594% 
vicinum,  521°,  522^  522^-23% 
Syrphus  fly,  401% 

Tabanid  larvae,  404% 
Tabanidae,  405',  409',  575% 
Tachopteryx  thoreyi,  431",  472*-78% 
taeniolata,  Maeromia,  482",  488^  483% 

484% 
'"neniopteryx,  418% 
-•axoiuis  innomlnatns,  585% 
Telenomus  longicoruis,  403%  586% 


tenebrosa,   Cordulia,  501% 
Libellula,  501% 
Somatochlora,  501% 
tenella,  Leuctra,  393",  405%  408%  416'- 

18^^;  explanation  of  plate,  592% 
Tentliredo  rufipes,  584". 

verticalis,  584% 
ternai'ia,  Jjibellula,  535". 
Tetanocera,  574% 
boscii,  575%  . 
Clara,  575% 
ferruginea,  580% 
pictipes,  574%  580^-81";  explana- 
tion of  plates,  592%  596% 
saratogensis,  575% 
Tetragoneuria,  390",  484^  4S5^  485", 
489^-95%   496% 
cynosura,  489",    490%    492,    493% 

493%  494% 
semiaquea,  407^  490^  493^  493", 

494%  494^ 
spinigera,  490%   493=,  493*,  493". 
spiuosa,   431%    490^    493*,    493", 
495';     explanation     of    plate, 
594". 
Tettigidea  parvipeunis,  582% 
Tettix  granulatus,  582% 
Thecapbora  diastatops,  477% 
thoreyi,  Petalura,  472% 

Tachopteryx,  431",  472*-73% 
Uropetala,  472% 
Thysanura,  411% 

Tipula  abdominalis,  410%  498%  573% 
575'-7G^;  explanation  of  plate, 
596^  596% 
albilatus,  575". 
Tipulidae,  405',  573^-74% 
Tramea,  508',  509*,  53r-39% 
Carolina,  538%  538% 
lacerata,    538^    538%    539^;   ex- 
planation of  plate,  593% 
transmarina,  Ohloroperla,  414% 
transversa,     Didymops,    407^    407", 
48r;     explanation     of     plate, 
593% 
Libellula,  481% 
Maeromia,  481% 
Trap  lanterns,  398"-99*. 
Triaeuodes  ignita,  573';  explanation 
of  plate,  596% 


6l2 


NEW    YORK    STATE    MUSEUM 


Trichiosoma  angulatum,  584^. 

Tricbogramma  minutum,  5S4^ 

Trichoptera,  39r,  392^  SM\  394^ 
397^  402S  404S  4€4»-5=,  408=,  408^ 
411«,  561^-73';  explanation  of 
plates,  595''-9G^ 

trlmaculata,  Libellnla,  53G'. 
Platliemis,  537\ 

uhleri,  Cordulia,  495',  497\ 
Helocorclulia,  496',  497\ 
Neurocordulia,  497\       ' 

umbrata,  Sisyra,  393°,  555*;  explana- 
tion of  plate,  591'.    • 

umbratus,  Gomplius,  455\ 

unguiculata,  Lestes,  402". 

TJropetala  thoreyi,  472\ 

varia,    Epbemera,    403S    405',    428=, 

429';  explanation  of  plate,  59r. 
variabilis,  Hexagenia,  403',  427^-28"; 

explanation  of  plate,  593\ 
vasta,  Aeslina,  458^ 
vastus,  Gomplius,  445',  447^  458\ 
Vaysseire,  cited,  418'. 
ventricosus,     Qiomplius,    444',    447^ 

456^ 
venustum,  Simulium,  404*,  407^  574°; 

explanation  of  plate,  592^ 
verticalis,  Aescbna,  469'. 
Isehnura,  402'. 
Tenthredro,  584". 


vestita,  Phryganea,  572'. 
vibrans,  Libellula,  531",  533^ 
vicaria,  Heptagenia,  421^ 

Sisyra,  554\ 
vicina,  Diplax,  522". 
vieinum,     Sympetrum,     521'',     522', 

522^ 
villosipes,  Aeshna,  460\ 

Gomphus,  444*,  448*,  460^-61=. 
vinosa,  Aeschna,  '464". 

Boyeria,  407*,  464"-66=. 

Fonscolombia,  465\ 

Neuraescbna,  464'. 
violacea,  Argia,  402\  405*,  407*. 

Walsh,  B.  D.,  cited,  413'. 

walsbii,  Cordulia,  50r. 
Somatocblora,  501*. 

Wasp-mimicker,  575^ 

Water  skaters,  402\  402^ 

Weitli,  R.,  cited,  509^ 

Westcott,    Dr    O.    S.,    acknowledg- 
ments to,  385^ 

Williamson,  E.  B.,  cited,  43r,  431', 
432',  472',  472^  515^ 

Xiphidium  fasciatum,  583-. 

ZabracMa,  585*. 

polita,  409»,  574',  585". 
Zoraeua,  478^ 
Zygoptera,  430*. 


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37  — —  Catalogue  of  some  of  the  more  important  injurious  and  benefi- 
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Contents:  Clarke,  J:  M.    A  remarkable  occurrence   of  Orthoceras  in  the 

OneoDta  beds  of  the  Chenango  valley,  N.  Y. 
Paropsonema  cryjitophya;  apeciiliar  echinoderm  from  the  Intumescens- 

zone  (Portage  beds)  of  western  New  York. 

Dictyoninehexactiuellid  sponges  from  the  Upper  Devonic  of  New  York. 

The  water  biscuit  of  Squaw  island,  Canaudaigua  lake,  N.  Y. 

Simpson,  G:  B.   Preliminary  descriptions  of  new  genera  of  Paleozoic  rugose 

corals. 
Loomis,  F:  B.     Siluric  fungi  from  western  New  York. 

40  Simpson,  G:  B.  Anatomy  and  physiology  of  Polygyra  albolabris  and 
Limax  maximus  and  embryology  of  Limax  maximus.  82p.  28  pi. 
Oct.  igoi.  25c 

41  Beauchamp,  W;  M.  Wampum  and  shell  articles  used  by  New.  York 
Indians.     i66p.  ypl.     Mar.  1901.  — ..     %^c 

42  Ruedemann,  Rudolf.  Hudson  river  beds  near  Albany  and  their  taxo- 
nomic  equivalents.     ii4p.  2pl.  map  24.5x51.5  cm.     Ap.  1901.       25c 

43  Kellogg,  J.  L.  Clam  and  scallop  industries  of  New  York.  ^6p.  2pl. 
map  25.5x11.5  cm.     Ap.  1901.  loc 

44  Ries,  Heinrich.     Lime  and  cement  industries  in  New  York.     In  press 

45  Grabau,  A.  W.  Geology  and  paleontology  of  Niagara  falls  and 
vicinity.     286p.il.  i8pl.  map  38x84.5  cm.  Ap.  1901.     65c;    cloth  90c 

46  Felt,  E.  P.  Scale  insects  of  importance  and  list  of  species.  94P. 
15  pi.     June,  1901.  25c 

47  Needham,  J.  G.  &  Betten,  Cornelius.  Aquatic  insects  in  the  Adiron- 
dacks.  234p.  36  pi.  Sep.  1901.  45c 
Merrill,  F:  J.  H.  Directory  of  natural  history  museums  in  U.  S.  and 
Canada.  In  press 
Clarke,  J:  M.  Catalogue  of  type  specimens  of  paleozoic  fossils  in 
the  New  York  state  museum.  In  press 
Ruedemann,  Rudolf;  Clarke,  J:  M.,  &  Wood,  Elvira.  Paleontologic 
papers  2.  In  press 
Contents:  Ruedemann,  Rudolf.     Trenton  conglomerate  01  Rysedorph  hill.. 

Clarke,  J:  M.  Limestoues  of  central  aud  western  New  York  interbedded  with 
bituminous  shales  of  the  Marcellus  stage. 

Wood,  Elvira.     Marcellus  limestones  of  Lancaster,  Erie  co  N.  Y. 

Clarke,  J:  M.     New  agelacrinites. 

Value  of  amnigenia  as  an  indicator  of  fresh  water  deposits  during  the 

Devonic  of  New  York,  Ireland  and  the  Khiueland. 
Eckel,  E.  C  &  Paulmier,  F.  C.     Check  list  of  reptiles  and  batrachians 
of  New  York.  In  press 

Woodworth,  J.  B.  Pleistocene  geology  of  Nassau  county  and  Queens 
borough.  In  press 

Fairchild,  H.  L.  Pleistocene  geology  of  western  New  York.  In  press 
Gushing,  H.  P.  Geologic  work  in  Franklin  and  St  Lawrence  counties 
and  Precambrian  outlier  at  Littlefalls.  In  press 

Beauchamp,  W:  M.  Horn  and  bone  implements  of  New  York  In- 
dians. In  press 
Bean,  Tarleton.  Check  Hst  of  the  fishes  of  N.  Y.  In  press 
Dickinson,  H.  T.     Bluestone  quarries  in  New  York.  In  press 


MUSEUM    PUBLICATIONS 

Museum  memoirs.  New  York  state  museum.  Memoirs.  Q.  Albany 
1889-date. 

1  Beecher,  C:  E.  &  Clarke,  J:  M.  Development  of  some  Silurian 
brachiopoda.     g6p.  8pl.     Oct.  1889.  Out  of  print 

2  Hall,  James  &  Clarke,  J:  M.  Paleozoic  reticulate  sponges.  35op.  il. 
7opl.     Oct.  1899.  ?^7  doth 

3  Clarke,  J:  M.  The  Oriskany  fauna  of  Becraft  mountain,  Columbia 
CO.  N.  Y.     i28p.  9pl.     Oct.  1900.  80c 

4  Peck,  C:  H.    N.  Y.  edible  fungi,  1895-99.    io6p.  25pl.  Nov.  1900,    75c 

This  consists  of  revised  descriptions  and  illustrations  of  fungi  reported  in  the 
49th,  51st  and  52d  reports  of  the  state  botanist. 

Natural  history.  New  York  state.  Natural  history  of  New  York. 
30V.  il.  pi.  maps.     Q.     Albany  1842-94. 

DIVISION  I  ZOOLOGY.  De  Kay,  James  E.  Zoology  of  New  York;  or 
the  New  York  fauna,  comprising  detailed  descriptions  of  all  the  animals 
hitherto  observed  within  the  state  of  New  York  with  brief  notices  of 
those  occasionally  found  near  its  borders,  and  accompanied  by  appro- 
priate illustrations.     5  v.  il.     pi.  maps.  sq.  Q.     Albany  1842-44. 

Out  of  print 
Historical  introduction  to  the  series  by  Gov.  W;  H.  Seward.     178p. 

V.  1  ptl    Mammalia.     13+I46p.     33pl.     1842. 
300  copies  with  hand-colored  plates. 

V.  2pt2    Birds.     12+380p.     141pl.     1844. 
Colored  plates. 

V.  3  pt3    Reptiles  and  amphibia.    7+98p.    pt4  Fishes.     15+415p.     1842. 
pt3-4  bound  together. 

V.  4    Plates  to  accompany  v.  3.    Reptiles  and  amphibia,  23pl.  Fishes,  79pl.  1842. 

300  copies  with  hand-colored  plates. 

V.  5  pt5    MoUusca.    4+271p.  40pl.    pt6  Crustacea.    70p.  13pl.  1843-44. 
Hand-colored  plates:  pto-6  bound  together. 

DIVISION  2  BOTANY.  Torrcy,  John.  Flora  of  the  state  of  New  York; 
comprising  full  descriptions  of  all  the  indigenous  and  naturalized 
plants  hitherto  discovered  in  the  state,  with  remarks  on  their  economical 
and  medical  properties.     2V.  il.pl.  sq.  Q.     Albany  1843.     Out  of  print 

v.  1    Flora  of  the  state  of  New  York.     12+484p.  72pl.    1843. 

300  copies  with  hand-colored  plates. 

V.  2    Flora  of  the  state  of  New  York.    572p.  89pl.     1843. 
300  copies  with  hand-colored  plates. 

DIVISION  3  MINERALOGY.  Bcck,  Lewis  C.  Mineralogy  of  New  York; 
comprising  detailed  descriptions  of  the  minerals  hitherto  found  in  the 
state  of  New  York,  and  notices  of  their  uses  in  the  arts  and  agricul- 
ture,    il.  pi.  sq.  Q.     Albany  1842.  Out  of  print 

V.  I  ptl  Economical  mineralogy.  pt2  Descriptive  mineralogy.  24-j-536p.  1842. 
8  plates  additional  to  those  printed  as  part  of  the  text. 

DIVISION  4  GEOLOGY.  Mather,  W:  W.;  Emmons,  Ebenezer ;  Vanuxem. 
Lardner  &  Hall,  James.  Geology  of  New  York.  4V.  il.  pi.  sq.  Q- 
Albany  1842-51.  Out  of  print 

v.  1  ptl    Mather,  W:  W.    First  geological  district.    37+653p.  46pl.     1843. 

V.  2  pl2    Emmons,  Ebenezer.     Second  geological  district.    10-|-437p.  17pl.   1842. 

v.  3  pt3    Vanuxem,  Lardner.    Third  geological  district.     306p.    1851. 

V.  4  pt4  Hall,  James.  Fourth  geological  district.  22+683p.  Map  and  19pl. 
1843. 

DIVISION  5  AGRICULTURE.  Emmons,  Ebenezer.  Agriculture  in  New 
York ;  comprising  an  account  of  the  classification,  composition  and 
distribution  of  the  soils  and  rocks  and  the  natural  waters  of  the  dif- 
ferent geological  formations,  together  with  a  condensed  view  of  the 


UNIVERSITY   OF  THE    STATE   OF    NEW   YORK 


meteorology  and  agricultural  productions  of  the  state.     5V.  il.  pi.  sq.  Q. 

Albany  1846-54.  Out  of  print 

V.  1    Soils  of  the  state,  their  composition  and  distributiou.    ll+371p.  21pl.    1846. 
V.  2    Analyses  of  soils,  plants,  cereals,  etc.    8+343+46p.    42pl.  1849. 

With  hand-colored  plates. 
V.3    Fruits,  etc.     8+340p.   1851.    " 

V.  4    Plates  to  accompany  v.  3.    95pl.    1851.    >  4 

Hand-colored. 

V.  5    Insects  iujurious  to  agriculture.     8+272p.     50pl.     1854. 
With  hand-colored  plates." 

DIVISION  6  PALEONTOLOGY     Hall,  Jamcs.     Paleontology  of  New  York. 

8v.  il.  pi.  sq.  Q.     Albany  1847-94.     Bound  m  cloth. 
V.  1    Organic  remains  of  the  lower  division  of  the  New  York  system.    23+338p. 

99pl.  1847.  Out  ofimnt 

\.  2    Organic  remains  of  lower  middle  division  of  the  New  York  system.    8+362p. 

104p].     1852.  Out  of  print 

V.  3    Organic  remains  of  the  lower  Helderberg  group  and  the  Oriskany  sandstone. 

ptl,  test.     12-{-532p.     1859.  [$3.50] 

pt2,  143pl.     1861.  ,  $2.50 

V.  4    Fossil  braehiopoda  of  the  upper  Helderberg,  Hamilton,  Portage  and  Che- 
mung groups.     ll-(-l-f-428p.  99pl.     1867.  $2.50 
V.  5  ptl     Lamellibrauchiata  1.     Monomyaria  of  the  upper  Helderberg,  Hamilton 

and  Chemuijg  groups.  18-f-268p.  45pl.  1884.  $2.50 
Lamellibrauchiata  2.     Dimyaria  of  the  upper  Helderberg,  Hamilton, 

Portage  and  Chemung  groups.  62+293p.  51pl.  1885.  $2.50 
pt2    Gasteropoda,  pteropoda  and  cephalopoda  of   the  upper  Helderberg, 

Hamilton,  Portage  aud  ChemuQg  groups.     2v.  1879.     v.  1,  text.     15-|-492p. 

V.2,  120pl.  $2.50  for  2  V. 

V.  6    Corals  aud  bryozoa  of  the  lower  and  upper  Helderberg  and  Hamilton 

groups.     24-f298p.  67pl.     1887.     .  $2.50 

V.  7  Trilobites  and  other  Crustacea  of  the  Oriskany,  upper  Helderberg,  Hamil- 
ton, Portage,  Chemung  and  Catskill  groups.    64-f236p.  46pl.    1888.     Cont. 

supplement  to   v.  5,  pt  2.     Pteropoda,  cephalopoda  and  annelida.  42p.  18pl. 

1888.  '  _    $2.50 

V.  8  ptl    Introduction  to  the  study  of  the  genera  of  the  paleozoic  braehiopoda. 

$2.50 
pt2    Paleozoic  braehiopoda.     i6-f394p.  85pl.    1894.  $2.50 

Museum  handbooks.    7j^.xi2^  cm.    Albany  1893-date.  / 

Prices  in  quantities,  1  cent  for  each  16  pages  or  less.  Single  copies  postpaid 
as  below. 

H5  New  York  state  museum.     i4p.  il.  ,1   3c 

Outlines  history  and  work  of  the  museum;  with  list  of  staff  and  scientific 
publications,  1893. 

H13  Paleontology.     8p.  2c 

Brief  outline  of  state  museum  work  in  paleontology  under  heads  :  Definition ; 
Relation  to  biology :  Relation  to  stratigraphy :  History  of  paleontology  in  New 
York. 

H15  Guide  to  excursions  in  the  fossiliferous  rocks  of  NewYork.    i2op.    8c 
Itineraries  of  32  trips  covering  nearly  the  entire  series  of  paleozoic  rocks,  pre- 
pared specially  for  the  use  of  teachers  and  students  desiring  to  acquaint  them- 
selves more  intimately  with  the  classic  rocks  of  this'  state. 

H16  Entomology.     8p.  Out  of  print 

H17  Geology.  In  preparation 

Maps.  Merrill,  F:  J."  H.  Economic  and  geologic  map  ot  the  state 
of  New  York.  59x67  cm.  1894.  Unmounted  25c,  backed  on  muslin  75c 
Scale  14  miles  to  1  inch.    New  edition  in  preparation. 

— Geologic  map  of  New  York.     1900.     j^  $2.50 

Scale  5  miles  to  1  inch. 


